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The Magnoliidae is recognized as a paraphyletic assemblage of nine orders: Calycanthales, Magnoliales, Laurales, Illiciales, Lactoridales, Ranunculales, Aristolochiales, Piperales and Nymphaeales.
The Calycanthaceae and Idiospermaceae are segregated as the new order Calycanthales, which is hypothesized to be the archetype for angiosperms.
The Amborellaceae and Winteraceae are early branches of Illiciales.
The hypogynous flowers and unilocular nodes without stipules are all diagnostic features of the Illiciales, but only when it is noted that the pollen has 3 or 6 apertures.
In this last feature, Illiciales may be distinguished from the other members of the Magnoliidae that have ethereal oils.
There is general agreement that the Illiciales consists of two families, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae.
Within the basal angiosperm lineages Nymphaeales and Illiciales, female gametophytes are characterized by a single developmental module that produces a four-celled/four-nucleate structure with a haploid uninucleate central cell.
Because of their basal phylogenetic position, Amborella, Nymphaeales, and Illiciales (and allies) are key to reconstructing ancestral character states and to tracing character state transitions that occurred during the earliest radiation of flowering plants.
Among extant seed plants, new phylogenetic hypotheses suggest that Gnetales, a group of nonflowering seed plants widely hypothesized to be the closest extant relatives of angiosperms, may be less closely related to angiosperms than was believed.
American Journal of Botany, 77, 12, December, 1990(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
Cladistic analysis of these fossils plus modern Winteraceae and Illiciales, which have been associated with each other, implies that Afropollis and Schrankipollis represent an extinct sister group of Walkeripollis, Winteraceae, and Illiciales, derived from a common ancestor before origin of the tetrad condition.
The single tricolpate grains of Illiciales are derived from ulcerate tetrads, which helps explain their thin proximal exine and Garside's Rule aperture arrangement.
These results imply that extinct relatives of Winteraceae and Illiciales were an important component of Early Cretaceous tropical floras and extended into Laurasia, and that the present austral temperate distribution of Winteraceae was attained later.
In my lab, we have been analyzing DNA sequences of several genes located in mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes from a large number of basal angiosperms, to reconstruct the early diversification patterns of angiosperms, which are the most dominant group in the modern earth's vegetation.
We identified an assemblage of taxa called ANITA (Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileya) as the earliest living angiosperms.
Through an international collaboration with two other labs, we are currently amassing an even larger data set, nine genes in total and approximately 16 kb from ~100 species, to resolve the remaining issues in basal angiosperm phylogeny, in particular, the origins of eudicots and monocots.
Our strategy is to boost the signal/noise ratio rather than to try to optimize a particular model for phylogenetic analysis, which typically involves a unpredictable number of poorly understood factors that generate homoplasy.
Through a previously NSF-DOE-USDA funded coordinating project (Deep Green), we collaborated with Doug and Pam Soltis at Washington State University and Mark Chase at Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, and identified an assemblage of taxa dubbed ANITA (Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileya) as the earliest living angiosperms.
We are currently amassing an even larger data set, nine genes in total and approximately 16 kb from ~100 species, to resolve the remaining issues in basal angiosperm phylogeny, in particular, the origins of eudicots and monocots.
Abstract: Light microscopy was used to study leaf hypodermis, vein sclerenchyma, stomatal subsidiary cell types, and root xylem in liquid-preserved material of Amborella trichopoda; oblique borders on tracheid pits, scalariform end walls on tracheids, and porosities in end-wall pit membranes were studied with scanning electron microscopy.
These data are consistent with a basal position in angiosperms for Amborella, and for a close relationship with, but not inclusion in, Illiciales; inclusion in a monofamilial order is conceivable.
Both loss of pit membranes or pit membrane portions on end walls and increase in cell diameter are requisites for origin of vessels.
Encyclopedia: Dicotyledon(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
Families See text The Austrobaileyales are an order of basal flowering plants comprising the following families: Family Austrobaileyaceae Family Trimeniaceae Family Illiciaceae (star anise) Family Schisandraceae (schisandra, kadsura) This essentially corresponds to the order Illiciales in the older Cronquist system, which only included the last two families.
Species Ceratophyllum is a cosmopolitan genus of flowering plants, commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions.
Genera See text The Aristolochiaceae, or the Birthworth family, are a family of flowering plants with 7 genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales.
The next diverging lineage corresponds to Nymphaeales, the water lilies; its sister clade of the remaining angiosperms receives 98% BS and 99% JK support.
Numbers above branches are branch lengths (ACCTRAN optimization); these below in italics are bootstrap values (only those above 50% are shown; for branches related to ANITA (bold type), numbers below branches before the slash are bootstrap values and those after are jackknife values).
We observed one INDEL (insertion/deletion) in matR that supports the basal position of Amborella, Nymphaeales and Illiciales-Trimeniaceae-Austrobaileya (ANITA) in angiosperms: an 18-base-pair (bp) deletion in all euangiosperms but not in ANITA or gymnosperms, some of which have 6-15-bp deletions (Fig.
Amazon.ca: Books: Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Laurales/Sensu Armen Takhtajan(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
Amazon.ca: Books: Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Laurales/Sensu Armen Takhtajan
Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Magnoliales, Illiciales, and Laurales/Sensu Armen Takhtajan
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Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses by J.H. Miller and K.V. Miller, published by The University of Georgia Press in cooperation with the Southern Weed Science Society.
Reason for Sampling: Our current deep EST sampling covers most of the key basal angiosperms, but one omission involves the strongly supported clade of Illiciales, Austrobaileyaceae, and Trimeniaceae, a clade that “follows” Amborella and Nymphaeales as sister to all other angiosperms.
Illicium parviflorum is a logical addition in that it is diploid (2n = 28), but with a moderate sized genome (2n = 13.4), easily cultivated in the greenhouse, with prolonged flowering, and moderate-sized flowers having numerous spirally arranged parts and an undifferentiated perianth.
