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Topic: Illinoian glaciation

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	Glacial Limits
		The late Wisconsin glacial limit on the map of surficial deposits and materials is the southernmost extent of glacial deposits attributed to the late Wisconsin glaciation.
		The Illinoian glacial limit on the map of surficial deposits and materials is the southernmost extent of glacial deposits attributed to Illinoian glaciation.
		Illinoian glaciation was represented by fluctuations of the ice sheet margin, and the glacial limit in some regions is younger than the limit in other regions.
	www.nationalatlas.gov /articles/geology/a_glacial.html (471 words)

	Pleistocene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Glaciers existed in the mountains Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas mountains.
		Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglacials, stadials and interstadials, mirroring periodic changes in climate.
		In oxygen isotope ratio analysis, variations in the ratio of O-18 to O-16 (two isotopes of oxygen) by mass (measured by a mass spectrometer) present in the calcite of oceanic core samples is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean temperature change and therefore of climate change.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pleistocene (1847 words)

	Freeze Frame - The Ice Age in Indiana; Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Glaciers can be thought of as rivers of ice, slowly flowing outward from their source to their terminus.
		Glacial deposits consist of finely ground fragments of a myriad of rock types, and the rich soils that have developed on them contain a virtual A to Z of major and minor plant nutrients.
		From Glacier Park in Montana to the Antarctic Ice Cap, areas covered by active glaciers as recently as 100 years ago are now ice free, and there is speculation (thus far unconfirmed) of impending collapse of large parts of the Antarctic ice shelf.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/ancient/freezeframe/freezeframe02.cfm (1666 words)

	TREC: Glaciation
		Glaciation is responsible for much of the landscape in the northern mid-latitudes and is the result of periodic worldwide climate changes.
		Stratigraphy, texture, and composition of glacial deposits can be used to define individual glacial advances and changes in source area of the ice.
		Students from the glacial geology class are describing and sampling core for a class project.
	www.uakron.edu /colleges/artsci/depts/geology/TREC/trecglaciation.php (317 words)

	Quaternary Geology
		During peak glaciations in the Eurasian north, the large rivers of N Russia and Siberia entering the Arctic Ocean were dammed by the huge ice sheets and forced to flow southwards.
		Because much of Beringia was not glaciated throughout the last glacial cycle, vast areas remained open to active eolian deposition, with resultant loess/yeodoma dune fields and blanketing of the landscape.
		Baffin Island was heavily glaciated and partly overrun by ice of the Laurentide ice sheet advancing from the Foxe Basin to the west.
	www.hi.is /~oi/quaternary_geology.htm (5409 words)

	Search Tuna Report for glacial till (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Glacial till is a heterogeneous mixture of clay to boulder size particles deposited within or beneath glacial ice....
		Glacial drift composed of an unconsolidated, heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders....
		Surficial sediments are comprised mainly of loamy textured glacial till, although clayey sediments, derived from erosion of the surrounding uplands during deglaciation, occur sporadically in the southern regions....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/990.html (1880 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Pleistocene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start of the Pleistocene are well identified, but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly uncertain.
		To cover the recent period of repeated glaciations, however, the start was set too late and some early cooling and glaciation are now set in the Pliocene.
		Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1500-3000 meters thick, resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 meters or more.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Pleistocene (518 words)

	Glaciotectonic bibliography
		Benn, D.I. and Evans, D.J.A. Glaciers and glaciation.
		Christiansen, E.A. and Whitaker, S.H. Glacial thrusting of drift and bedrock.
		Owen, L.A. Neotectonics and glacial deformation in the Karakoram Mountains and Nanga Parbat Himalaya.
	www.geospectra.net /glatec_biblio/glatec_biblio.htm (12422 words)

	Glaciations of Southern Indiana
		The last two glaciations severe enough to reach this part of the state were the Illinoian and the Wisconsinan.
		The Illinoian glaciation peaked ~220,000 years ago and its maximum southern extent is indicated by the blue line at left.
		Glacial sediments buried much of the karst present in the older limestones north of these glacial boundaries.
	www.caves.org /conservancy/ikc/slideshow/slide_6.htm (258 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Morton and Hanthorpe
		At the highest edge, in the west, the geology is chalky glacial till (boulder clay) but most of the upland is Jurassic, including a little Oxford Clay but mostly Kellaways Sand and some Cornbrash and Kellaways Clay.
		The landward part of the fen was fl soil, composed largely of peat.
		The Kansan Glaciation (known in UK as the Anglian Glaciation and sometimes referred to as the Illinoian Glaciation, Elster glaciation in northern Europe and the Mindel glaciation in the Alps) was a very severe glacial period in the Pleistocene.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Morton-and-Hanthorpe (1009 words)

	Gates of the Arctic
		The second (Sagavanirktok River) is thought to be broadly equivalent to the Illinoian glaciation of central North America.
		Glaciers were generated at relatively high altitudes near the crest of the range during the more extensive glaciations.
		The U.S. Geological Survey found the quality of water in the Kobuk and Noatak rivers within the park to be unaffected from their natural state and most of the other surface waters in the park remain almost totally unaffected except for the John River, which may show some effects from the village of Anaktuvuk Pass.
	www.nps.gov /archive/gaar/Expanded/visitor_info/student_guide.htm (5857 words)

	Géographie physique et quaternaire : PRE-LATE WISCONSINAN AGE FOR PART OF THE GLACIOLACUSTRINE STRATIGRAPHY, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Thus, the Upper Till is related to the Late Wisconsinan glacial maximum and the glaciolacustrine, diamict, and till deposits beneath are most likely deposits emplaced during the advance or retreat of earlier Illinoian glaciation.
		As that ice receded from the valley in late Illinoian time, a proglacial lake formed between the receding ice and the reverse slope of the valley and the Lower Lacustrine unit was emplaced in the lake on top of the Lower Till.
		Thus, the Illinoian units in the stratigraphy include the Lower Till, which resulted from the Illinoian glaciation, and the Lower Lacustrine, Diamict, and Upper Lacustrine units, which resulted from depositional events during the recessional phase of the Illinoian glaciation.
	www.erudit.org /revue/gpq/1999/v53/n1/004817ar.html (4952 words)

	Understanding the formation and extent of North American Glaciers & Icefields
		Glaciers can be broken into two zones, the zone of accumulation, and the zone of ablation or melting.
		Loose pieces of rock and debris, may freeze to the base of the glacier, and be ‘plucked’ from the ground as the ice continues to move.
		Glacial ice is constantly moving, but although the deepest ice is acting like a thick liquid, the ice on the surface of the glacier remains brittle.
	www.mountainnature.com /Geology/Glaciers.htm (2434 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ice age
		An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
		The end of the last glacial also corresponds quite closely to the development of permanent human settlements and agriculture, and it is possible that there is a connection between the two events.
		Long Island was formed from glacial till, and the watersheds of Canada were so severely disrupted that they are still sorting themselves out — the plethora of lakes on the Canadian Shield in northern Canada can be almost entirely attributed to the action of the ice.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ice_age (2040 words)

	Alberta's Rockies The Backcountry: The Backcountry in Alberta's Rockies, Alberta
		Our glacial age started a little less than 2,000,000 years ago when the Antarctic continent, and the ring of northern continents obstructed warm ocean currents from reaching the poles.
		During the last three glacial advances, there is supporting evidence that greater than average uplifting had occurred.
		Glaciations within a glacial age seem to be closely linked to the Milankovitch cycle.
	www.discovertherockies.com /FeaturesReviews/TheBackcountry/8-47.html (1254 words)

	CVO Website - Glaciations and Ice Sheets
		The effects of the glaciers can be seen in the stony soil of some areas, the hilly land surfaces dotted with lakes, the scratched and grooved bedrock surfaces, and the long, low ridges composed of sand and gravel which formed at the front of the ice sheet.
		Most north-facing glaciers today terminate at altitudes of 1,830 to 1,980 meters (6,000 to 6,500 feet), and the lower limits of perennial snow on the south slope of the volcano seem to be at about 2,150 meters (7,000 feet).
		Exposures of glacial drift in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens and in the Lewis River valley west of the volcano show that the area was glaciated at least three times prior to the Fraser Glaciation and prior to the formation of the Swift Creek assemblage.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/Glaciers/IceSheets/description_ice_sheets.html (7881 words)

	DNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Grand Prairie Section - This section includes the part of Illinois that was affected by the late stages of the Wisconsinian glaciation, that is outside the Northeastern Morainal Division and that does not include outwash and sand areas.
		Sand prairie and marsh were the predominant vegetation of this section before the land was drained for cultivation.
		Glaciated Section - The topography of this area was modified by the pre-Illinoian and Illinoian glaciation stages.
	dnr.state.il.us /lands/education/biodiversity/divisionsections.htm (1389 words)

	Quaternary Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The interval between the Illinoian Glaciation and Wisconsin Glaciation is called the Sangamon Interglacial.
		It is represented by marine and terrestrial deposits that underlay the till of the Wisconsin glacial period.
		The discontinuation of glacial evidence in the landscape signals the end of Wisconsin Glaciation (and the Pleistocene Epoch) approximately 10,000 years ago.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /fossils/geol/quat.htm (898 words)

	Time
		The probable cause for the first glaciations to occur is a positive feedback loop triggered by the evolution of chlorophyll bearing plants or blue-green algae over 3.0 billion years ago.
		However little is known about this glacial period.
		Glacial and interglacial stages are now commonly referred to by their isotopic stage.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/time2 (1100 words)

	GeoKansas--Glaciated Region--Intro
		The Glaciated Region, true to its name, is the part of Kansas that was glaciated--that is, it was covered by at least two of the eight or nine glaciers that encroached upon much of the northern United States during the Pleistocene Epoch, between 1.6 million and 10 thousand years ago.
		The underlying bedrock in the Glaciated Region is Pennsylvanian and Permian limestones and shales that dip gently to the west and northwest.
		Except for the glacial drift, most of the evidence of glaciation has been erased from the Kansas landscape by erosion.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /Extension/glacier/glacier.html (372 words)

	WildWNC.org : Trees : Yellow Buckeye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Yellow buckeye is abundant in the mesophytic forests almost to the boundary of Wisconsin glaciation (4).
		It grows locally within the area of Illinoian glaciation in Ohio and Indiana but is seldom found within the area of Wisconsin glaciation.
		One report indicated that in glaciated areas where Aesculus octandra is not found, its germ plasm has infiltrated the populations of A. glabra (4).
	wildwnc.org /trees/Aesculus_octandra.html (1928 words)

	General Geology - Natural Resources of South Dakota
		However, the occurrence of small granite boulders on upland positions west of the Missouri River indicates that either minor glacial activity occurred there or that the rock was deposited by ice-rafting.
		Till from an older glaciation, probably during the Illinoian glaciation period, is present in the southeastern part of the state.
		The Niobrara formation is exposed under thin glacial till deposits in the southeastern part of the state where the overlying Pierre shale has eroded away, and on outcrops, roadcuts, and the bluffs along the Missouri River channel south of Chamberlain.
	plantsci.sdstate.edu /woodardh/Geology/Eastern/General_Geology/general_geology.htm (327 words)

	GAGE pre-Wisconsin GIS project
		The Wisconsin and Illinoian glacial stages are still accepted and widely used for glacial stratigraphy and correlation in North America and elsewhere.
		Abstract of Pre-Illinoian glacial geomorphology and dynamics in the central United States, west of the Mississippi (Aber 1999).
		Hallberg, G.R. Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/gage/pre-wisc/pre-wisc.htm (511 words)

	NSDNR, MRB, Virtual Field Trip, Stop 21: Long Point sections
		An intense winter storm in November 2001 cut open the cliffs near Long Point (44/01) exposing layers of sand, peat and wood that were deposited before the onset of the last major glaciation.
		The sand layer is of particular interest because it may have been deposited during a period of higher sea levels during the last interglacial warm interval that exceeded 10 m above present.
		This RSL record suggests the combined effects of climate change and slow forebulge collapse following the Illinoian glaciation although it is not certain that the magnitude of forebulge subsidence indicated by these high interglacial sea levels are predicted by current models.
	www.gov.ns.ca /natr/meb/field/stop21.htm (793 words)

	Mississippi River: mississippi river delta
		The Illinoian Glacier, about 200,000 to 125,000 years before present, blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island, diverting it to its present channel farther to the west (current western border of Illinois).
		The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin.
		South of Hennepin, the current Illinois River is actually following the ancient channel of the Mississippi River to Alton before the Illinoian glaciation.
	winelib.com /wiki/Mississippi_River (3994 words)

	Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre - Giant Beaver
		Here, many fossils (consisting largely of jaws, teeth, leg bones and vertebrae) have been found in deposits varying in age from the last (Sangamonian) interglacial (about 130,000 years ago) to the early part of the last (Wisconsinan) glaciation (about 60,000 years ago)(2).
		A likely time for this northward shift would have been near the beginning of a warm period such as the last interglacial, when ice sheets of the second last (Illinoian) glaciation were melting back.
		The ice age included four major glaciations: the oldest is known as the Nebraskan, and was followed by the Kansan, Illinoian and Wisconsinan.
	www.beringia.com /02/02maina6.html (1011 words)

	Ice Age Fossils of Florissant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The following were found in a ice age lake or swamp deposits exposed along Cold Water Creek in Florissant, Missouri.
		It is believed they date back to the Illinoian glaciation, at a time when glacial meltwater created a swampy conditions in St. Louis county.
		The environment was much like Canada today, with spruce forest (evidenced by fossil spruce trees and cones) as the primary tree type.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/mo/county/stlouis/coldwater.htm (275 words)

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