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Topic: Illocutionary act

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Speech act

	Speech
		To show how statements (performatives) work, linguistic scholars have reduced the illocutionary act to the symbolic expression F(p), in which p is the propositional content and F is the illocutionary force.
		In other words, the illocutionary point is the intention behind the illocutionary act, which is stated in a verb that describes the work the sentence is doing.
		The very act of speaking (or writing) rhetorically presupposes an intention, and intentions of a certain kind may be found in the illocutionary force of a statement as it affects the propositional content.
	rhetorica.net /speech.htm (1112 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Illocutionary act
		Illocutionary act is a technical term introduced by John L. Austin in investigations concerning what he calls 'performative' and 'constative utterances'.
		Some followers of Austin, such as David Holdcroft, view illocutionary force as the property of an utterance to be made with the intention to perform a certain illocutionary act -- rather than as the successful performance of the act (which is supposed to further require the appropriateness of certain circumstances).
		Illocutionary force indicating devices are those elements or aspects of linguistic devices which indicate either (dependent on which conceptions of "illocutionary force" and "illocutionary act" are adopted) that the utterance is made with a certain illocutionary force, or else that it constitutes the performance of a certain illocutionary act.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Illocutionary_act (801 words)

	Speech act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The speech act is a concept in linguistics and the philosophy of language.
		The second example is an illocutionary act with a force of the form I request that in which the speaker is soliciting a reaction.
		The primary illocutionary act is Y's rejection of X's suggestion and the secondary illocutionary act is Y's statement that she is not ready to leave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech_act (2043 words)

	Illocutionary act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is an act performed in saying something, as contrasted with a locutionary act, the act of saying something, the locution and also contrasted with a perlocutionary act, an act performed by saying something.
		Illocutionary force is roughly the speaker's intention behind the production of an illocutionary act, including its communicative point, attitudes involved, and presuppositions.
		Illocutionary force indicators show how a given proposition is to be taken, what illocutionary force the utterance is to have, or what illocutionary act the speaker is performing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Illocutionary_act (381 words)

	[No title]
		An argument conceived as a speech act is not appropriately regarded as valid or invalid--it is instead }{\plain \i deductively correct}{\plain or not.
		In illocutionary logic, it is also possible to explore the differences between negation, denial, and acts of }{\plain \i declining}{\plain to perform such acts as assertion and supposition.
		Conditional assertion is a distinctive illocutionary force, as is the force of a conditional command or a conditional promise.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~kearns/papers/human_activity.doc (3037 words)

	Speech Acts
		Moreover, almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience.
		Whereas the upshot of these illocutionary acts is understanding on the part of the audience, perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a further effect.
		Speech acts, being perlocutionary as well as illocutionary, generally have some ulterior purpose, but they are distinguished primarily by their illocutionary type, such as asserting, requesting, promising and apologizing, which in turn are distinguished by the type of attitude expressed.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/spchacts.html (4418 words)

	“Wittgenstein’s Meaning and Use in Philosophical Investigations, Searle’s Speech Act Theory in ‘What is a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An illocutionary act is that act which is an attempt to convey linguistic meaning to a receiving party of some sort.
		Illocutionary function can be taken to be the designation of the purpose of the sentence, whether it is asking, greeting, apologizing, etc. The indicator of illocutionary function may be something as simple as a question mark or intonation of the voice or as blatant as the use of the phrase "I warn".
		Illocutionary force and function will be very important, according to Searle, in determining the rules for reference and predication of the illocutionary acts (p.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Elijah_Beaver/witterm.htm (2999 words)

	[No title]
		Perlocutionary act: the production, by performing an illocutionary act (and thus also a locutionary act), of certain consequential effects on the feelings, thoughts, or actions of the audience, or of the speaker, or of other persons (perhaps with the design, intention, or purpose of producing them).
		Since perlocutionary acts are not conventional in the way that illocutionary acts are, they cannot generally be made explicit in the way that illocutionary acts can.
		Whereas locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts are all uses of words, only locutionary and illocutionary acts really deserve to be called uses that involve (semantic or pragmatic) meaning, since only these acts are entirely governed by conventions.
	www.uni.edu /boedeker/hAustin.doc (885 words)

	Kauffeld
		For Austin the illocutionary act is an essentially overt act, necessarily performed by saying something—an act which, if performed in conformity with the pertinent conventions, has the potential to impact the social and moral order.
		Such illocutionary acts are constituted by practical calculations which utilize and augment resources inherent in the primary locutionary act of saying and meaning something.
		His category of perlocutionary acts, which includes the rhetorically central act of persuading, is identified more as a backdrop for differentiating the illocutionary act than as a category of distinct and significant interest.
	commarts.edgewood.edu /FKSpeech.htm (1847 words)

	illocutionary force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The illocutionary force of an utterance is the speaker's intention in producing that utterance.
		An illocutionary act is an instance of a culturally-defined speech act type, characterised by a particular illocutionary force; for example, promising, advising, warning,..
		Thus the illocutionary force of the utterance is not an inquiry about the progress of salad construction, but a demand that the salad be brought.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/dravling/illocutionary.html (104 words)

	Authors, Storytellers, and Narrators
		Utterance acts involve the production of token expressions (paradigmatically sentences) of a language, such as “She is at the bank.” The product of a successful utterance act will be meaningful (in the sense of character), but it need not have propositional content.
		A propositional act which failed to satisfy to satisfy a regulative rule would be a defective assertion; a propositional act which failed to satisfy a constitutive rule would fail to be an assertion at all.
		Moreover, even if a given author were to perform illocutionary and/or perlocutionary acts by means of her inscriptional acts, she could not be supposed to be performing the same kind of illocutionary act on each occasion.
	people.uleth.ca /~peter.alward/papers/Attitudes/speech_acts.htm (7603 words)

	Performative Language in Renaissance Performance
		Searle further changed the speech act theory by explaining that since it is an act of communication, the hearer is an integral part of the equation: if a speaker attempts to use performative language but the hearer does not understand, or is not willing to accept, then the illocutionary act has not occurred.
		Acting is a word that has dual connotations: that of performing an action, as well as that of playing an action or a role.
		Porter, Joseph A. The Drama of Speech Acts: Shakespeare’s Lancastrian Tetralogy.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~cpercy/courses/6362-estill.htm (2682 words)

	Literary Stylistics Notes no. 23 by Ismail Talib: Pragmatics 2
		From the perspective of speech act theory however, viewing the clause 'I wouldn't do this if I was you' as a declarative, is to view it in constative terms, whereas the performative approach will view the statement as having the force of a command, warning, etc., and not merely a statement of fact.
		In stylistic analysis, there is also the possibility that the actual illocutionary force registered by a character in response to another character's speech in a literary work, may be different from that registered by the reader, or, in the theatre, by a member of the audience.
		In order for the speaker to make the illocutionary force explicit, he or she has to indicate the speech act involved by adding in what is called the performative verb before the clause.
	courses.nus.edu.sg /course/ellibst/lsl23.html (3000 words)

	Non-Cognitivism in Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		On the contrary, illocutionary acts show the way a proposition is used or what illocutionary force the sentence belongs to.
		Importantly, illocutionary forces are not alethic modalities-like (such as “is necessary that”); they are not like intensional operators and therefore they cannot be used for creating propositions starting from propositions.
		The main difference between a perlocutionary act and an illocutionary act stands on the fact that the former has a conventional nature, as it can be represented in explicit form using the performative formula; this conventional nature does not apply to perlocutionary act.
	www.iep.utm.edu /n/non-cogn.htm (6357 words)

	[No title]
		Because illocutionary acts can be performed with utterances of many different forms, we abstract away from any specific form in defining illocutionary acts.
		Many discourse analysts have tried to give such analyses in terms of sequences of illocutionary acts and discourse "grammars." Apart from the fact that multiact utterances prevent the structure of a dialogue from being analyzed as a tree, we believe such analyses are operating at the wrong level.
		If illocutionary acts are definable in terms of mental states, a theory of communication will explain discourse with a logic of those attitudes and their contents.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /Archive/monthly/month5 (11755 words)

	Thinking About Thought: Consciousness, Life and Meaning
		Each utterance entails three different categories of speech acts: a "locutionary" act (the words employed to deliver the utterance), an "illocutionary" act (the type of action that it performs, such as warning, commanding, promising, asking), and a "perlocutionary" act (the effect that the act has on the listener, such as believing or answering).
		A locutionary act is the act of producing a meaningful linguistic sentence.
		To Searle, illocutionary acts, acts performed by a speaker when she utters a sentence with certain intentions (e.g., statements, questions, commands, promises), are the minimal units of human communication.
	www.thymos.com /tat/pragmati.html (1736 words)

	[No title]
		Five illocutionary points but many speech acts that one can perform; distinctions between speech acts within a type can be made on the basis of the felicity conditions.
		Some perlocutionary effects are tied to the illocutionary act; the illocutionary act can be viewed as a means of achieving a particular goal (a perlocutionary effect).
		Austin (1962) illocutionary force recognition is conventional and based on the performative verb, along with sentence mood and type.
	www.bsu.edu /web/00t0holtgrav/619/OVER8.htm (2069 words)

	PEA Soup: The Embedding Objection: Part I, "What is Expressivism?" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The acts of describing, suggesting, commanding, and advising would all be illocutionary acts, since they would all be acts that I would be performing in saying 'You are on my foot'.
		A direct illocutionary act is an illocutionary act that is not performed by way of another illocutionary act (which would be an indirect illocutionary act).
		It is by characterizing expressivism in terms of the performance of direct illocutionary acts whose sincerity condition requires the speaker to have some kind of pro- or con-attitude that we are able to count Hare as an expressivist, along with Blackburn, Gibbard, and Ayer.
	peasoup.typepad.com /peasoup/2004/06/the_embedding_o.html (2190 words)

	What is a complex illocutionary act?
		A complex illocutionary act is an illocutionary act that
		A complex illocutionary act is a kind of
		This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAComplexIllocutionaryAct.htm (63 words)

	PUBLISHING SOFTWARE AS A SPEECH ACT
		The crucial issue as to whether an act is a speech act is the speaker’s intent in relation to social practices or conventions.
		The relationship of speech acts to language, however, is not that speech acts must be in a language, but rather that language constitutes a system of conventions that permits speakers to perform otherwise purely physical acts like uttering sounds that hearers understand in virtue of their knowing those conventions.
		Depending on the context, she thus performs various illocutionary acts: In publishing her source code, she states or asserts it, asks for criticism, and advocates that it be used, studied, or considered.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /journals/btlj/articles/vol15/tien/tien.html (16149 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.51: Kasher (ed), Vol 2, Speech Act Theory
		He devotes attention to the fact that there must be "uptake" in order for an illocutionary act to be successful (the audience must understand the intention behind the illocutionary act and respond to it adequately).
		Her thesis is that "the supposed indeterminacy of illocutionary forces is largely an artefact of inadequate syntactic and semantic analyses" (116).
		She applies Collingwood's insights to the theory of speech acts and argues for a representation of both asking a question and asserting a proposition in terms of question-answer pairs.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-51.html (4178 words)

	Notess on Searle's Speech Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Searle describes speech acts (also now know as communicative acts) in terms of structure and process.
		In all four of these sentences the referring act is the same: Sam.
		The predicating act is also the same in each: smoking habitually.
	www.ryerson.ca /~dgrimsha/courses/cps720/speechActsSearle.html (262 words)

	Pentecostal Identity and Christian Discipleship by Wolfgang Vondey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A "locutionary" act of discipleship refers to an educational act done with a certain sense and reference to content and meaning.
		One of the side effects is that it leads to difficulty with actual theological reflection (the Interpretation model), as this is by nature an "illocutionary" act.
		Another common problem is the preference of one educational setting over another, disregarding the demands of a particular situation or culture, as in the case of the Spiritual Development model with its overemphasis on the individual.
	ourworld.cs.com /_ht_a/cyberj1997/vondey.html (3940 words)

	What is a defective illocutionary act?
		A defective illocutionary act is an illocutionary act, whether successful or unsuccessful, in which one or more of the preparatory or sincerity conditions for the act are not met.
		The utterance Pass the salt in a situation in which a preparatory condition, the addressee’s ability to comply, is not met because there is no salt on the table
		A lie or insincere promise, in which the act itself is defective even if the statement or promise is successfully made
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADefectiveIllocutionaryA.htm (125 words)

	what (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		1) The utterance act: the act of uttering the sentence.
		1) The utterance act: the act of uttering the
		The actual nature of the task (like doing a search) can be embedded within the illocutionary act category.
	www.sce.carleton.ca /~schandra/web/agents/detail.html (234 words)

	What is a conjunctive illocutionary act? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A conjunctive illocutionary act is a complex illocutionary act that consists of the performance of two or more illocutionary acts in one utterance.
		The following illocutionary act consists of an assertion and a question:
		A conjunctive illocutionary act is a kind of
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunctiveIllocutionar.htm (91 words)

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