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Topic: Illocutionary force

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Speech act

Meaning

Dell Hymes

	Speech
		To show how statements (performatives) work, linguistic scholars have reduced the illocutionary act to the symbolic expression F(p), in which p is the propositional content and F is the illocutionary force.
		In other words, the illocutionary point is the intention behind the illocutionary act, which is stated in a verb that describes the work the sentence is doing.
		The very act of speaking (or writing) rhetorically presupposes an intention, and intentions of a certain kind may be found in the illocutionary force of a statement as it affects the propositional content.
	rhetorica.net /speech.htm (1112 words)

	Illocutionary act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Illocutionary force is roughly the speaker's intention behind the production of an illocutionary act, including its communicative point, attitudes involved, and presuppositions.
		It could be that the person is simply describing the room, in which case the illocutionary force would the description of the temperature of the room.
		Illocutionary force indicators show how a given proposition is to be taken, what illocutionary force the utterance is to have, or what illocutionary act the speaker is performing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Illocutionary_force (316 words)

	illocutionary force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The illocutionary force of an utterance is the speaker's intention in producing that utterance.
		An illocutionary act is an instance of a culturally-defined speech act type, characterised by a particular illocutionary force; for example, promising, advising, warning,..
		Thus the illocutionary force of the utterance is not an inquiry about the progress of salad construction, but a demand that the salad be brought.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/dravling/illocutionary.html (104 words)

	Illocutionary act -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An illocutionary act is any (The use of language to perform some act) speech act that amounts to stating, questioning, commanding, promising, and so on.
		In this example, the resignation is the illocutionary force of the utterance.
		Illocutionary force indicators show how a given ((logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false) proposition is to be taken, what illocutionary force the (The use of uttered sounds for auditory communication) utterance is to have, or what illocutionary act the speaker is performing.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/il/illocutionary_act.htm (390 words)

	HyperText Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The work of the edit appears to force this association, and while the meaning of the edit is external to the content of the shot its effect is to produce a hermeneutic logic that accounts for this relation as if it were internal.
		This transformation 'applies to bodies but is itself incorporeal, internal to enunciation' (82) and furthermore is 'recognizable by its instantaneousness, its immediacy, by the simultaneity of the statement expressing the transformation and the effect the transformation produces' (81).
		The illocutionary force of such utterances has two aspects, it is what allows the apparently disparate or unrelated (two shots, two or more nodes) to be able to be joined, and it is what provides, even compels, the connection that we make between the nodes - this must relate to this.
	hypertext.rmit.edu.au /essays/cinema_paradigms/force.html (1320 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		illocutionary act: what one does in saying an utterance (propositional content combined with illocutionary force) Searle uses promising as his prime example for generating an analysis (i.e., necessary and sufficient conditions) of ‘illocutionary* act’.
		For illocutionary acts with sincerity conditions that specify a psychological state, the utterance expresses the psychological state.
		Some illocutionary verbs are defined in terms of their perlocutionary effects.
	comp.uark.edu /~efunkho/Lecture24.doc (566 words)

	[No title]
		If illocutionary acts are definable in terms of mental states, a theory of communication will explain discourse with a logic of those attitudes and their contents.
		B only needs to recognize the illocutionary force of the utterance if s/he is concerned with why s/he is intended to form his/her intention (e.g., because of his/her being cooperative, or because of A's authority).
		The claim that illocutionary force recognition is crucial to all communication would say that hearers must reason about how they are intended to adopt their attitudes.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /Archive/monthly/month5 (11755 words)

	[No title]
		To turn to such speech acts as successes is to turn from illocutionary theory to the study of perlocutions, but the perlocutions in question turn on their illocutionary structure, and so require attention to that structure.
		When they are objectionable, remedying them usually requires dissecting their illocutionary incoherence; this is a problem, because the inconsistency of the parts of a compound and self-defeating speech act is usually concealed.
		He has the skill of counter-performative speech acts, included in which is the opposition between the ostensible illocutionary force and the probable (and intended) perlocutionary effect.
	www.jedp.com /counterperformatives.html (4169 words)

	Mood and the analysis of non-declarative sentences
		The correct conclusion seems to be that illocutionary force is a purely pragmatic category, a property not of sentences but only of utterances.
		The force of an imperative utterance is determined, on the one hand, by manifest contextual assumptions.
		On this account, the pragmatic force of an interrogative utterance is determined, on the one hand, by the fact that the speaker has represented a certain thought as desirable to someone, and on the other, by manifest contextual assumptions.
	www.dan.sperber.com /mood.htm (8519 words)

	Lamont Johnson on Meaning and Speech Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The illocutionary force is of course, distinct from 'meaning' in the sense in which Austin uses the word.
		While it is true that illocutionary force is distinct from sense and reference, it is also true that the meaning of an utterance is not complete apart from an inclusion of the illocutionary force as an aspect of the meaning of the utterance.
		In rejecting Austin's distinction between locutionary and illocutionary acts, Searle had argued that while sense and reference are conceptually distinct from illocutionary force, they are intrinsically united with it in the utterance of a complete sentence that they are inseparable from each other.
	wings.buffalo.edu /philosophy/FARBER/johnson.html (3097 words)

	Illocutionary Force Defined
		EXAMPLE: the sentence Do you know what time it is? is uttered with the illocutionary force of a yes-no question, but uttering it is an illocutionary act of a request: it would be improper to answer with a simple 'yes'.
		The illocutionary force is the effect the speaker wants his utterance to have on the listener.
		Illocutionary force is an important notion in pragmatics and usually comes under the heading of 'Speech Act Theory'.
	www.cty8.com /talandis/categories/asi/illocutionary_force.htm (3798 words)

	Abderrahim AGNAOU: Sociolinguistics
		The perlocutionary act is the effect that the illocutionary force of the utterance has on the hearer's feelings, attitudes and behavior.
		The speaker's intention i decernible from the illocutionary force of the produced utterance, or what has been termed as the "illocutionary point".
		Austin further subdivides performatives into five classes, depending on their illocutionary force, which he claims is descernible from the main verb of the locutions.
	www.geocities.com /elroyagnaou/personal/writings/Socio/one.htm (2772 words)

	force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The notion of illocutionary force allows Speech Acts to be categorised according to the actions the speaker wants the hearer to perform.
		This theory is known as Force Dynamics, and is suggested by Leonard Talmy.
		Force is considered a cognitive primitive, like space and time, and central to the human understanding of the world.
	www.sce.carleton.ca /~schandra/web/agents/force.html (300 words)

	Mind: On the autonomy of linguistic meaning
		In elaborating this ideal we also espouse an illocutionary conception of validity and argue that the ideal is one to which English conforms: parenthetical speech act verbs in the first person present indicative active are force indicators in the modified sense.
		Frege taught that an indicative sentence can be put forth with any of a variety of illocutionary forces, and he has been taken thereby to have shown that semantic content does not determine the extralinguistic purpose with which that content may be employed.
		At first blush, then, Frege requires the assertion sign to be what I shall call a strong illocutionary force indicating device (hereafter strong ifid):(3) an expression any utterance of which indicates that an associated sentence is being put forth by the speaker with a certain illocutionary force.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2346/is_n422_v106/ai_19369801 (1357 words)

	ISMS: Morphology
		A class of function morphemes that express a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true.
		Illocutionary force morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the general attitude of forcefulness with which a statement is being made to the hearer(s).
		Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express illocutionary force behind the assertion of the deed.
	idrani.perastar.com /idrani/ISMS_morphology.htm (4188 words)

	Speech Acts and Pragmatics
		Indeed, Austin supposed that illocutionary acts in general should be understood on the model of explicit performatives, as when he made the notoriously mysterious remark that the use of a sentence with a certain illocutionary force is "conventional in the sense that at least it could be made explicit by the performative formula" (1962, p.
		An illocutionary act succeeds if the hearer recognizes the attitude being expressed, such as a belief in the case of a statement and a desire in the case of a request.
		The force or the content of the illocutionary act being performed is not the one that would be predicted just from the meanings of the words being used.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/Spch.Prag.htm (9602 words)

	[No title]
		Austin (1962) illocutionary force recognition is conventional and based on the performative verb, along with sentence mood and type.
		Recognition of illocutionary force may be componential; comprehension involves recognition of the felicity conditions.
		Is illocutionary force recognized when performative verbs are not used?
	www.bsu.edu /web/00t0holtgrav/619/OVER8.htm (2069 words)

	[No title]
		So there will in general be in the synax of sentences an illocutionary force indicating device and a representation of the propositional content.
		In the sentence, "It’s raining," the propositional content expressed is: that it is raining, and the illocutionary force of a statement is indicated by word order, intonation contour, mood of the verb and punctuation.
		Now, if we are right in thinking that performatives are self-guaranteeing, then it is redundant to suppose that we need an extra presumption that the speaker is telling the truth (their step 5.) because as far as the illocutionary force is concerned, there is no way he could fail to speak the truth.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~jsearle/performatives.html (8092 words)

	Speech acts (Keith Allan, 1998) - Linguistics at Monash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		For instance the illocutionary force of a refusal can be borne by either I refuse your request or, less likely, by the negative performative in 32, where 'I don't grant' is uttered at a relatively higher pitch than 'your request'.
		The illocutionary point of any utterance is discovered by an inferential process that attends to Speaker's tone of voice and the context of utterance, knowledge of the language itself and of conversational conventions, and perhaps general encyclopedic knowledge.
		The illocutionary point of any utterance is discovered by an inferential process that attends not only to Speaker's locution but to the conversational conventions that govern the use of language in the particular subculture from which Speaker comes.
	www.arts.monash.edu.au /ling/staff/allan/papers/speech_acts.html (14741 words)

	The Michael Card Forum - Bible Translations
		Illocutionary force is the speaker's intention in producing that utterance.
		An illocutionary act is an instance of a culturally-defined speech act type, characterised by a particular illocutionary force; for example, promising, advising, warning, etc.
		The NIV (actually a pretty literal translation, by the way) did an excellent job of reproducing the illocutionary force of the orginal language by putting the ending "-less" on all for of the adjectives.
	www.michaelcard.com /forum_1/topic.asp?whichpage=-1&TOPIC_ID=1053&REPLY_ID=7932 (1322 words)

	PUBLISHING SOFTWARE AS A SPEECH ACT
		The illocutionary force in this case is the status of the utterance as “asking,” as opposed to “informing” or “promising,” and my intent is communicated if you have understood that I was asking you a question.
		O’Connor frames her analysis of the “purpose” prong in terms of illocutionary force, specifically whether the speech act is expressive.
		Depending on the context, she thus performs various illocutionary acts: In publishing her source code, she states or asserts it, asks for criticism, and advocates that it be used, studied, or considered.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /journals/btlj/articles/vol15/tien/tien.html (16149 words)

	PH38D Speech Acts
		Lycan notes that Austin saw philosophers as moving too easily from recognising that an utterance is beset by a kind of infelicity to assuming that it is therefore false.
		Illocutionary acts are a matter of speaker's intention.
		While the particular illocutionary force of an utterance may often have to be derived from the context, language contains a large number of features that conventionally serve to convey such forces.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /bnccde/PH38D/PH38DL9.html (2201 words)

	Alessandro Capone (Messina)
		In this paper, I shall put up the case for pragmemes, speech acts that are contextually determined on the basis of some direct illocutionary force indicators and micro- and macro aspects of the context of utterance.
		Following a respectable tradition, I shall distinguish between the co-text and the context but I need to specify that context can be divided into the micro-context (the speech situation and the immediate physical surrounding) and the macro-context (the cultural background in which the utterance is situated).
		I propose that iterated items evoke previous events of the same type and that intertextual links are made to define the proper illocutionary force of an utterance, thus transforming apparently innocent remarks into acts of ‘tormenting’, ‘bullying’, ‘insisting’, ‘criticizing’, ‘annoying’.
	www.sbg.ac.at /ger/iada/abstracts/capone.htm (308 words)

	INTONATION AND INTERROGATION IN ENGLISH: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The minor types were given by way of showing how a frequent need to express a specific illocutionary force may give rise to additional sentence types over time.
		A grammatical construction is a pairing of form and meaning and/or pragmatic function, and intonation one of the formal concomitants of the constructions.
		This amounts to a statement that each sentence type expresses a specific illocutionary force by default, and this being so, the default intonation of each construction must then conform to the expression to this basic speaker intention.
	www.univ-pau.fr /ANGLAIS/alaes/blum.htm (3629 words)

	XX European Seminar in Ethnomusicology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		the words themselves) is distinct from ‘illocutionary force’ (i.e.
		There is here (i) a sentence made up of words; (ii) an (illocutionary) intention to marry the persons warranted by the authority of the state; (iii) a perlocutionary effect, in that in uttering the words, the marriage is formalised.
		The speech act effect of sonic forms is also evident in varying some features of intonations such as loudness, fall and rise, rhythm, timbre, speed and stress, and so on.
	www.cini.it /fondazione/07.manifestazioni/08.calendario/2004/eventi/esem/ab13.htm (217 words)

	Sitter & Stein
		Each atomic act or complex move serves a particular function (illocutionary force) for the dialogue as a whole: requesting or offering, providing information, etc., in an expected course of action; rejecting and retracting role expectations in unexpected courses of actions.
		One component type is the carrier of the illocutionary force of the complete move.
		The other component type carries information that is less significant and only supports the illocutionary force of the complete move.
	www.inf-wiss.uni-konstanz.de /RIS/1996iss01_01/articles01/sitter03/06.html (798 words)

	Thinking About Thought: Consciousness, Life and Meaning
		Each utterance entails three different categories of speech acts: a "locutionary" act (the words employed to deliver the utterance), an "illocutionary" act (the type of action that it performs, such as warning, commanding, promising, asking), and a "perlocutionary" act (the effect that the act has on the listener, such as believing or answering).
		To Searle, illocutionary acts, acts performed by a speaker when she utters a sentence with certain intentions (e.g., statements, questions, commands, promises), are the minimal units of human communication.
		An illocutionary act consists of an illocutionary force (e.g., statement, question, command, promise) and a propositional content (what it says).
	www.thymos.com /tat/pragmati.html (1736 words)

	HT's research on STMs
		The paper gives a formal account of the motivation of V-to-C in connection with the illocutionary force of utterances.
		The account is part of a theory that assigns each matrix sentence type its illocutionary potential.
		It is then shown how essentially the same mechanisms that assign illocutionary force in matrix position derive a wide range of restrictions on embedded V-to-C in object clauses.
	www2.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /~hubert/Home/res1_illoc.html (236 words)

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