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Topic: Illyrian Movement

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	Illyrians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans (Illyria, roughly from northern Epirus to southern Pannonia) and even perhaps parts of Southern Italy in classical times into the Common era, and spoke Illyrian languages.
		The ethnogenesis of the Illyrians remains a problem for prehistorians, however the consensus is that the ethnic ancestors of the Illyrians, the Proto-Illyrians, branched off from the main Proto-Indo-European trunk before the Iron Age.
		Current theories of Illyrian origin are based on ancient remnants of material culture found in the area, but archaeological remains alone have so far proven insufficient for a definite answer to the question of the Illyrian ethnogenesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Illyrians (774 words)

	Kosova Crisis Center - The Question of Illyrian-Albanian Continuity...
		Illyrian was the tongue spoken on the east coast of the Adriatic, and the land inhabited by the southern Slavs, especially the Croats, was Illyria.
		Moreover, the theory of the Illyrian origin of the Croats was at this time embodied in academic form by Ljudevit Gaj, the greatest ideologue of the national movement.
		However, he believed that the name Illyrian would be the cement binding together the South Slavs in a new cultural and economic entity and a powerful political alliance that could confront the age-old enemies of the South Slav peoples.
	www.alb-net.com /illyrians.htm (3430 words)

	Austria-Hungary - LoveToKnow 1911
		For fifteen years after the congress of Vienna, in spite of frequent alarms, the peace of Europe was not seriously disturbed; and even in 1830, the revolution at Paris found no echo in the great body of the Austrian dominions.
		In Bohemia the Czech literary movement had developed into an organized resistance to the established order, which was attacked under the disguise of a criticism of the English administration in Ireland.
		It was the union of the agrarian with the nationalist movements that made the downfall of the Austrian system inevitable.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Austria-Hungary (16489 words)

	History of Croatia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In recorded history, the area was inhabited by the Illyrians, and since the 4th century BC also colonized by the Celts and by the Greeks.
		The Illyrian Movement attracted a number of influential figures from 1830s on, and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture.
		By 1943, the partisan resistance movement greatly expanded and was able to expel all Nazi collaborators by 1945, with the help of the Soviet Red Army.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Croatia (2518 words)

	Daniel Baric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the historiography of Croatia, illyrism is presented as a key movement in the formation of the modern Croatian nation, which developed in the 1830s and 1840s under that name until it was forbidden by the Austrian authorities.
		In the context of competing national programs, that Illyrian past was seen by the leaders of the Croatian national movement as an ideal intellectual ally, since the idea should have been able to gather enthusiasm from all over the region inhabited by Southern Slavs.
		Ljudevit Gaj for instance, who worked for years on a general Illyrian history, which had to become a cornerstone in the building of a national culture, remained unpublished: The hypothesis was merely impossible to defend.
	www.colbud.hu /mult_ant/Thyssen-Participants/DanielBaric.htm (2191 words)

	Croatia HISTORY
		Ljudevit Gaj became the leader of the movement calling for the reassertion of the independent Kingdom of Croatia and advocated the introduction of "Illyrian" (Croatian) as the official language to replace Latin.
		A member of the Illyrian movement, Count Janko Draškovic, also promoted the idea of reorganizing the Hapsburg lands into a federation of political units with coequal rights.
		The Austrian government banned the term "Illyrian" and the name of the Illyrian party of Ljudevit Gaj and Draskovic was changed to the National Party.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Europe/Croatia-HISTORY.html (8963 words)

	Imotski county history
		The Illyrians were the first inhabitants of the greater region occupied by the former Yugoslavian state, but most of the data are coming from Greek and then Roman sources.
		Large population movement were in 1493, 1537, 1594, and 1597, and in 17th century especially during Candia (Crete) and Morea (Peloponnesus) wars, and at the beginning of the 18th century.
		Those were the years of Illyrian movement which goals were use of Croatian language in schools and offices and unification of Dalmatia with Croatia and Slavonia.
	www.modrojezero.org /docs/history/history.html (6297 words)

	[Projekat Rastko] Dusan T. Batakovic: Ilija Garasanin's Nacertanije: A Reassesment
		From the numerous reports by his agents on the Illyrians and their leader Ljudevit Gaj, Czartoryski might have drawn the conclusion that their ultimate goal was to create a common South Slavic state under the leadership of Serbia (19).
		The principles of the Illyrian movement were something Zach could easily understand as they were very similar to analogous movements of the Czechs, Slovaks and the Poles.
		Aware of the fact that a common Illyrian name was unacceptable to the Serbs, and not only because it was artificial, he proposed that it be kept in use, in the future, only in Austria.
	www.rastko.org.yu /istorija/batakovic/batakovic-nacertanije_eng.html (11080 words)

	culturenet.hr - Panorama - Art - Time - History of Croatian Art - From Classicism to Symbolism
		The founding of the Illyrian Province (State of Slovinska) in 1809 terminated four centuries of Venetian rule over the eastern Adriatic coast, to be replaced from 1815 on by a hundred years of Austrian domination.
		The 19th-century movement for national awakening and independence, the Croatian national rebirth and the movement for South Slav unification were of the greatest significance from the cultural-historical standpoint.
		The latter was purchased by supporters of the Illyrian movement (1834), and its main salon used for musical entertainments and gatherings by various cultural institutions which played an important role in the Croatian national rebirth - hence the name Illyrian Hall given to the whole building.
	www.culturenet.hr /v1/english/panorama.asp?id=61 (4021 words)

	Yugoslavian History
		In the beginning this was called the Illyrian movement, and later came to be known as Yugoslavianism – or unity among South (Jug) Slavs.
		Amidst political chaos, democratic movements in Yugoslavia, which had been part of the mix from the beginnings of the Illyrian movement, all but fell apart.
		As I mentioned before, the Illyrians, ancestors to the Albanians, were among the earliest settlers in the Balkan peninsula, arriving as early as 1200 B.C. When Slavic tribes began to settle the area over a thousand years later, the Illyrians retreated to the mountainous regions of Kosovo.
	www.freil.com /~russell/files/Journals/yugohistory.html (6259 words)

	Studentet shqiptare ne Hamburg , Gjermani "Illyria" - Albanische Studenten in Hamburg "Illyria"
		The Dardanians resisted the Roman invasions as much as did the rest of the Illyrians and after the Roman conquest were not annihilated or absorbed as were not annihilated or absorbed the Illyrians of the coastal areas (See Mirdita, "A propos de la romanisation des Dardaniens" St.Alb., 1972 II pp.
		Despite ethnological and archeological data suggesting that the Illyrian ethnos was formed on Albanian soil prior to the Iron Age, it might perhaps still be premature to maintain a categorical stand as to problems relating to such a distant past.
		Burial tumuli, characteristic of the Illyrian culture, unearthed in Albania at various localities were also found in Kosova (near Pristina and in Lastica near Gjilan); in the district of Kukes which has territorial links with Kosova; in the Dukagjini Plateau (Metohija), in Mjele (near Virpazar), Montenegro, and in the region of Ochrida.
	www.kulturserver.de /home/illyria/i.php3?s=e&p=juka (18748 words)

	Museum of Arts & Crafts
		The European trend of reopening old and establishing new glassworks was joined by Croatia as well, particularly under influence of the Illyrian Movement.
		The Osredek glassworks were put in operation at the peak of the Croatian Illyrian Movement.
		As time went by, the glassworks were changing owners, but their business was nevertheless successful, so that they even appeared at the International Show held in Trieste in 1882; the Millenial Show held in Budapest in 1896, and the World Show held in Paris in 1900.
	www.mdc.hr /muo/eng/13-staklo/13-10staklo.html (270 words)

	Kosovo, Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs - Noel Malcolm
		Secondly, accounts of the earlier movements of peoples or tribes give a very misleading impression when they treat them as if they were unitary items, with unchanging identities, being transferred from place to place in a game of ethno-historical pass-the-parcel.
		Most scholars believed that Illyrian was a satem language, until linguists analysed the surviving inscriptions in Venetic, a language of north-eastern Italy which was assumed (on the authority of ancient authors) to be related to Illyrian.
		The Illyrians who lived on the coastal plains were Romanized, like the ones on the Dalmatian coast and indeed in most areas of Yugoslavia.
	www.kroraina.com /knigi/en/nm/kosovo.html (8090 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Croatian literature written in the 1820's and 1830's during the "Illyrian Renaissance" was increasingly written in the stokavian rather than kajkavian or cakavian variants, and by 1830 stokavian began to be viewed as the literary basis for new Croatian because stokavian was accessible not only to Croats but to Serbs as well.
		The Agreement was a logical outcome of the Illyrian movement whose leader, Ljudevit Gaj, encouraged the idea of unityand in particular, a "unified" language--among Southern Slavs to offset the threat of cultural assimilation from Vienna and Budapest.
		The movements, both the one for affirmation of the Croatian language and culture and the one that advocated continued centralization in Yugoslavia, quickly became militant.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/linguistics/hackett-lang-role.htm (3524 words)

	C:\WINNT\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\NLOO37Z7\lecture9[1].htm
		The Illyrian movement can be described as an example of "romantic nationalism." It aimed at a voluntary, spiritual-cultural union, contrary to the "integral nationalism" of those who believed in using force to assimilate other nationalities under the rule of one dominant nationality.
		By 1830, the Slovene national movement was visible, but suffered from a key weakness - this was the preference of the middle class for German, or Italian, or Magyar, depending on the rulers of the region.
		The Bulgarian revolutionary movement grew in strength, spurred by the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchy in 1870 as a branch of the Greek Orthodox Church..
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect9.htm (8840 words)

	Margaret Kabalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		First, he tried to codify the Illyrian language in what he considered to be its most "organic" form, and second, he tried, where he could, to reflect the ideal of "literary reciprocity" in that codification.
		Babukic was influenced by the Czechs, who preceeded the Illyrians with their own national language movement, and who also applied these ideas in their language reforms.
		For us today, the greatest difficulty in understanding the language program of the Illyrian Movement has been the lack of precise definitions for the terminology that was used to identify the South Slavs and their language situation.
	aatseel.org /dissertations/linguistics/kabalinm.html (286 words)

	Ariel Music
		Some of the thematic material for this suite of three dances is adapted from music originally written for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
		Illyrian Dances was commissioned by the British Association of Symphonic Bands and Wind Ensembles with funds provided by West Midlands Arts and is dedicated to Timothy Reynish.
		Guy Woolfenden’s Illyrian Dances show this composer to be real master of the medium, exploiting with colourful writing all the timbres of wind instruments, sometimes in unexpected parts of their compass.
	www.arielmusic.co.uk /illyrian.html (234 words)

	Revolutionary Movements Until 1848
		In Moldavia the movement was rapidly crushed and merely resulted in the replacement of the Phanariote princes by native rulers in both Rumanian principalities.
		Regular Polish forces came from the territory of the kingdom, and the movement spread as far as the Livonian border but was unable to liberate the main cities and broke down with the doom of the insurrection in Poland proper.
		The latter, eager to join revolutionary movements anywhere, was also eager to organize new conspiracies in the oppressed country at once, with another insurrection as ultimate goal, without sufficiently realizing that there was not the slightest chance of success under the regime established by the victorious czar in all his Polish possessions.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/17.htm (9002 words)

	MUSEUM 1846. - 1996. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Members of the national Revival movement were most eager in seeking to have a museum, not only because they wished to prevent our historical heritage going abroad, but also because they saw such an institution as a confirmation of the Croatian cultural identity.
		In 1845 members of the Illyrian Movement learned that count Karlo Draskovic of Trakoscan was selling his palace in Zagreb with more than 30 rooms for ’28 thousand silver florins’, and that was offering to sell it ‘for shares of 25 silver florins each’.
		Just a year later, on February 27 1845, a contract was signed for the sale of the palace which the leaders of the Illyrian Movement renamed the National Hall after the largest room in the building which was used for social gatherings, balls and various assemblies.
	jagor.srce.hr /hpm/150e.htm (3289 words)

	FRANCE PRESEREN AND THE NATION THAT ALMOST WASN'T
		One of the prominent scholars and critics, Jernej Kopitar, led a movement favoring the introduction of a new alphabet that had Cyrillic influences.
		Preseren and his supporters were passionately opposed to this movement and its implications.
		Another movement brought Preseren to the defense of Slovenia's culture in 1837.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/EE/Yugoslavia/preseren.html (1393 words)

	Ludevit Gaj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Ljudevit Gaj (1809 - 1872) Born without noble blood in a small Croatian village, Ljudevit Gaj quickly distinguished himself by becoming the foremost authority on the Serbo-Croatian language at the University of Graz.
		Fascinated from an early age by the idea of a single southern Slavonic race, Gaj became the champion and founder of what was to be called the Illyrian movement, believing that thae south Slavs were the immediate descendants of the ancient Illyr nation.
		After creating the Illyrian Club at the University of Graz, Ljudevit Gaj established the first Croatian newspaper in 1834, the "Croatian, Slovenian, and Dalmatian Newspaper".
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/gaj.htm (376 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1813-1849
		In 1843 the use of the word 'Illyrian' was banned by the Viennese administration; in the names of political and scientific organizations and publications it was replaced by 'Croatian'.
		When Croatian representatives in the Hungarian diet were barred from speaking in Latin (the diet had adopted Hungarian as the official language) they left the assembly in protest; the diet then decided on the introduction of Hungarian as the official language in Croatia.
		The National (formerly Illyrian) Party won the elections of 1845; the Croatian Sabor decided to merge Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia (a decision which was not implemented), to separate the country from Hungary (not formally implemented), to elevate the Zagreb Academy to university, the Diocesis of Zagreb to Archdiocesis.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/balkans/croat181349.html (834 words)

	[No title]
		This was essentially a movement of discontented peasants, directed against the lawlessness of local Turkish potentates and usurpers, and not designed to overthrow Ottoman rule as such.
		The outstanding figure was the Croatian writer Ljudevit Gaj, who became the leader of an 'Illyrian movement'.
		It was definitely no longer possible to consider them part of the same nation as the Croats and Serbs, as Gaj had considered them at the time of the Illyrian movement of the 1830s, though it was still possible to include them in the notion of a Yugoslav community of fraternal nations.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/bosnia/readings/setonwatson2.html (5068 words)

	Culture > CROATIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE - HERCEG BOSNA :: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Moreover, motivated by nuanced and far-sighted cultural politics, Illyrian central figures (politician and philologist Ljudevit Gaj, lexicographer, poet and politician Ivan Mažuranić, writer and polymath Ivan Kukuljević and philologist Vjekoslav Babukić) chose što-ije dialect as the basis of Croatian koine, instead of što-i, the native language-dialect of the majority of Croats.
		The only field where “Illyrians” partially failed was orthography: they, contrary to the tradition of mainly phonemic Croatian orthography (from 1200s on), which is best suited for a “transparent” language like Croatian (or Latin, Spanish or Italian) adopted, in the spirit of pan-Slavism, predominantly morphonological orthography (better suited for “intransparent” languages like Czech or Polish).
		But, this was a minor setback (later corrected by orthographic manual authored by Ivan Broz in 1892) compared to their triumphs in the vital areas of scriptory unification, definite language standardization based on što-ije dialect and continuation and extension of dominant tendencies embedded in Croatian literary and linguistic tradition.
	www.hercegbosna.org /engleski/croatian_language.html (4338 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		In Croatia, the publisher Ljudevit Gaj (1809–72) led the Illyrian movement (1835–48), dedicated to Croatian political and cultural independence.
		France Prešeren (1800–49), the Slovenian author of The Wreath of Sonnets (1834), spearheaded the romantic movement in Slovenia.
		In the second half of the 19th century, under the influence of Russian realism and other literatures, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian writers began to depict the life of their regions realistically, combining attention to detail with social criticism.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..yu012300.a (913 words)

	A review of the historical development of the Republic of Croatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		They also used the supranational Illyrian, name, so that this renewal is usually called the Illyrian Movement.
		The Slovenians partially accepted the ideas of the Illyrian Movement, but the Serbs rejected the neutral Illyrian name and would only accept the Serbian name and the idea of creating an independent Serbia, and then a Greater Serbia, at the expense of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania.
		This movement was led by the Ustasha, whose main goal was the destruction of the Serbian state and the creation of a free Croatia.
	www.geocities.com /ivol2001/c_hist.htm (5327 words)

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