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Topic: Image intensifier

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	Introduction to x-ray film
		Images of such a test pattern are shown in figure 4.7, where a 23 cm XII is operated in a 23 cm (left), a 15 cm (middle) and an 11 cm (right) mode.
		XII images of a uniform object are generally brighter in the centre than in the periphery due to an unequal brightness gain in different regions of the field of view.
		The image is of a uniform object acquired with an XII coupled to a video camera, and the graph on the right shows the brightness profile for a horizontal line through the centre of the image.
	www.e-radiography.net /radtech/i/intensifier.htm (1995 words)

	Image intensifier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An image intensifier is a device that amplifies visable and near-infrared light from an image so that a dimly lit scene can be viewed by a camera or by eye.
		Image intensifiers work by having a vacuum tube with a photocathode at one end that converts incoming photons to electrons.
		Image intensifiers were invented by Vladimir Zworykin, an employee of RCA during World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Image_intensifier (954 words)

	Introduction to Image Intensifier Tubes
		The terminology "image intensifier" and "image converter" are frequently confused.
		In particular, image conversion refers to the transfer from an invisible to a visible spectral range, such as image converters used in night vision.
		Intensifier tubes in this category feature especially high image resolution, a wide dynamic range (the ability to reproduce the ratio between the bright and dark parts of an image), and low noise.
	www.proxitronic.de /prod/bv/eein.htm (855 words)

	X-ray image intensifier - US Patent 5646477 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		An X-ray image intensifier that includes a vacuum envelope having a metal X-ray input window and an input screen formed on the inner surface of the X-ray input window, a focusing electrode, an anode, and an output screen arranged in the vacuum envelope along the traveling direction of electrons generated from the input screen.
		The X-ray image intensifier of the present invention is particularly effective in the case where a low-energy X-ray having a X-ray tube voltage of 30 KV (1 mA in a tube current) or less is used.
		As described above, according to the X-ray image intensifier of the present invention, the rough, surface-hardened layer 11d is formed on the inner surface of the input window 11a, and the input screen 12 is formed directly on the rough, surface-hardened layer.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5646477.html (4356 words)

	Night vision device with separable modular image intensifier assembly - Patent 5371355 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The image intensifier assembly of claim 5 wherein said high-voltage connector features are so disposed in said high-voltage interface chamber to polarize said first and said second modular housing portions to a singular relative position for nesting together.
		The image intensifier assembly of claim 13 wherein said second modular housing portion is toroid-shaped to be nested axially at least in part into an annular recess defined by said first modular housing portion.
		Accordingly, it is easily appreciated that the image intensifier tube 40 is subject to a high voltage gradient being most negative at the forward end of the tube and most positive (or at ground potential) at the rear (phosphorescent screen) end of this tube.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5371355.html (5285 words)

	How Night Vision Works
		Black spots that are in the image intensifier do not affect the performance or reliability of a night vision device and some number of varying size are inherent in the manufacturing processes.
		Non-inverting image intensifiers that use microchannel plates and clear glass for the optics are free of distortion.
		Because the, SNR determines an image intensifier's low-light-resolution, the higher the ratio, the clearer will be the signal compared to the background noise, hence, the better the ability to see under increasingly darker conditions.
	www.laser-king.com /hownvworks.htm (3706 words)

	X-Ray Image Intensifier Draft3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Image magnification can be achieved by varying the voltages on the electrodes of the electron optics, so that a 38 cm XII can also be used to image field sizes of 26 cm and 17 cm, for instance.
		Images of such a test pattern are shown in figure 4.7, where a 23 cm XII is operated in a 23 cm (left), a 15 cm (middle) and an 11 cm (right) mode.
		XII images of a uniform object are generally brighter in the centre than in the periphery due to an unequal brightness gain in different regions of the field of view.
	www.bh.rmit.edu.au /mrs/kpm/EPCR/CR_XII.html (2082 words)

	Encyclopedia: Infrared (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The radiation is detected and turned into an image on a screen, hotter objects showing up brighter, enabling the police and military to acquire thermally significant targets, such as human beings and automobiles.
		Jump to: navigation, search Infrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left, and blue parking lots and buildings on right.
		Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Infrared (2704 words)

	X-ray diagnostic system having an image intensifier television chain - Patent 4530007
		An x-ray diagnostic system having an image intensifier television chain includes sensors for respectively monitoring the presence of x-radiation from an x-ray tube, the presence of light at the output of an x-ray image intensifier, and the presence of a video signal corresponding to the x-ray image.
		The x-ray image intensifier as well as the television chain is thus monitored such that the patient is not exposed to unnecessary (unused) radiation and also eliminates unnecessary loading of the high voltage generator and x-ray tube.
		If an error or malfunction is present in the image detection system, that is, if the output image of the x-ray image intensifier 3 or the video signal is lacking, the safety circuit 10 supplies a control signal to the x-ray generator 8 which effects disconnection of the x-ray tube 2 therefrom.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4530007.html (1128 words)

	PhotonicsTech - Image Intensifiers
		Image Intensifier is the main part of the most commercially available night vision devises such as binoculars, scopes, goggles and rifle scopes.
		Image intensifiers also prove to be usefull in industrial, scientific and military areas, anywhere light amplification is required.
		Image Intensified modules are built around high-performance 18 mm Gen 2 and Gen 3 tubes with spectral response from 350 to 950 nm.
	www.photonicstech.com /image_intensifiers.htm (823 words)

	NIGHT VISION HISTORY
		The earliest prototype proximity focused image intensifier was that of Holst, de Boer, and Veenemans in 1934.
		The image intensifier can be thought of as an active optical element which transforms an optical image from one intensity level to another, amplifying the entire image at one time; in other words, all picture-elements are amplified in parallel and relatively independent of each other.
		Image converter tubes were used to convert this covert light to a visible image.
	members.cox.net /nuoptics/Door/history/history.htm (1794 words)

	An image intensifier to intensify low light-level images - Lambert Instruments
		An image intensifier is a device that intensifies low light-level images to light levels that can be seen with the human eye or can be detected by a video camera.
		An image intensifier is a vacuum tube, having an input window on which inside surface a light sensitive layer called the photocathode has been deposited.
		The image intensifier, combined with a CCD camera, is attached to the widefield fluorescence microscope.
	www.lambert-instruments.com /technologies/1_english/4_technologies/3_image_intensifier (876 words)

	Bushnell Outdoor Products
		An optical device comprised of high-quality image intensifier tubes and optics that amplify existing light to allow you to see in conditions too dark for the naked eye.
		Two complete sets of optics and image intensifiers that are connected and share a common power supply.
		Image intensifier resolution remains constant and is expressed as the maximum number of line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) that can be discerned when a fl-and-white stripe pattern is focused on the photocathode.
	www.bushnell.com /general/nightvision_techtalk.cfm (702 words)

	image intensifier - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about image intensifier
		Image intensifiers are used for seeing at night; for example, in military situations.
		The intensifier first forms an image on a photocathode, which emits electrons in proportion to the intensity of the light falling on it.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /image+intensifier (132 words)

	Check radiography after fixation of hip fractures
		The use of an image intensifier during fixation of hip fractures is indispensable.
		The image intensifier used was the Phillips BV25 and the films were printed on a PMI 100 hard copy imager.
		Images should be taken to show screw position in the head and to show adequate distal plate position and fixation.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /journal/vol45%5F6/4560012.htm (958 words)

	X-ray image intensifier tube and x-ray conversion screen containing terbium activated silicate luminescent glasses - ...
		An x-ray image intensifier tube in accordance with claim 1 wherein said terbium oxide is present in an amount of about 6 to 12 percent.
		An x-ray image intensifier tube in accordance with claim 1 wherein said at least one oxide of cerium and europium is present in an amount of about 0.1 to 1.0 percent.
		An x-ray image intensifier tube in accordance with claim 1 wherein said gadolinium oxide is present in an amount of about 1 to 10 percent.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5120970.html (3794 words)

	ipedia.com: Night-vision Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The second is by intensifying the small amount of light present even at night, from the stars and the moon.
		Images from infrared cameras tend to be monochromatic, because the cameras are generally designed with only a single type of sensor aimed at a particular wavelength of infrared radiation.
		The image intensifier is a vacuum-tube based device that amplifies visible light from an image so that a dimly lit scene can be viewed by a camera or by eye.
	www.ipedia.com /night_vision.html (532 words)

	Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The smart image intensifier is based on a mobile C-arm fluoroscopy image intensifier.
		The smart image intensifier is capable of identifying anatomical features in 3D to an accuracy of 1 mm from a pair of near orthogonal X-ray images.
		An infra-red camera tracking system is used to obtain the spatial positioning of an X-ray image and to provide computer guidance for the radiographer during any intra-operative repositioning of the image intensifier.
	www2.dcs.hull.ac.uk /CAOS/sii.html (137 words)

	Image intensifier in orthopaedic surgery
		Image intensifier machines which are able to store and show the images taken have the effect of greatly reducing the radiation dose to which the patient, surgeon and theatre staff are exposed.
		Image intensifier radiation is rapidly scattered and exposure can be limited by keeping as far from the beam as physically possible.
		Orthopaedic surgeons of all grades should be urged to depend more on anatomical knowledge and their own spatial orientation, and less on the image intensifier, which is a far from benign aid.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /journal/vol43_4/4340014.htm (971 words)

	Intensifier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Original Vincotto Offers a taste intensifier made from boiled grape must aged with mother of vinegar.
		Collins Electro Optics, LLC Manufactures the I 3 eyepiece visual image intensifier system which features TeleVue optics, and an optional CCD video adapter for real time display.
		Meditronics-India Manufacturer and exporter of X-ray and medical equipment like mobile C-Arm image intensifier, mammography unit, penoromic dental unit, portable X-ray units, dark room X-ray accessories.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Intensifier.html (191 words)

	Night Vision FAQ \| DRB Enterprises
		BSP protects the image tube from damage and enhances its life; however it also has the effect of lowering resolution when it is functioning.
		The type of material used is a distinguishing characteristic of the generations of image intensifiers.
		A tube's SNR determines the low-light resolution of the image tube; therefore, the higher the SNR, the better the ability of the tube to resolve objects with good contrast under low-light conditions.
	www.drbnightvision.com /faq.html (1200 words)

	Sync Lite 2 Calibration
		In default operation, the image intensifier is assumed to have uniform efficiency across its surface.
		The image intensifier will be fairly uniformly lit and any deviations from a fairly uniform intensity image will indicate poor efficiency regions.
		In default operation the beam image is directed to a good region of the MCP and the collected data is not corrected by the calibration image.
	home.fnal.gov /~cheung/synclite/sl_calibration.htm (1273 words)

	The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents : X-ray Image Intensifiers for Fluoroscopy -- Wang and Blackburn 20 (5): ...
		The x-ray image intensifier is enclosed in a metal housing consisting
		The contrast ratio of an image intensifier is defined as the
		Image intensifier design and specifications In: Proceedings of the AAPM Summer School: specification, acceptance testing, and quality assurance of diagnostic x-ray imaging equipment—1991.
	radiographics.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/20/5/1471 (2972 words)

	Light - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cameras that can detect IR and convert it to light are called, depending on their application, night-vision cameras or infrared cameras (not to be confused with an image intensifier that only amplifies available visible light).
		UV radiation is not directly perceived by humans at all except in a very delayed fashion, as overexposure of the skin to UV light can cause sunburn, or skin cancer, and underexposure can cause depression due to vitamin D deficiency.
		He used the example of the pinhole camera, which produces an inverted image, to support his argument.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Light (2532 words)

	GE Healthcare-Product Features -Vascular Interventional Imaging - Innova4100™ - Image Quality
		Using advanced real-time image processing algorithms, the Revolution Detector detects the full dynamic range of X-ray exposure intensities and translates it into visible dynamic range capability multiple times that of conventional image intensifier based systems.
		The perfectly flat Revolution detector is free of the geometric distortion produced by the curved input phosphors of image intensifier tubes, to deliver images that have no distortions across the panel from edge to edge.
		By converting X-ray signals into digital images at the point of acquisition, the Revolution detector captures information with minimal loss over the full range of exposure, and eliminates the artifacts and distortions of conventional image intensifier chains.
	www.gehealthcare.com /usen/xr/cardiovascular/products/innova4100image.html (668 words)

	image intensifier manufacturer on GlobalSpec (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		CCD Image Sensors (43 companies) Charged coupled device (CCD) image sensors are electronic devices that are capable of transforming a light pattern (image) into an electric charge pattern (an electronic image).
		Pressure Intensifiers (41 companies) Pressure intensifiers are pressure-increasing devices used to raise the pressure of hydraulic or pneumatic fluids.
		Image Processors (60 companies) Image processors includes the hardware and/or software that translates data into dots or pixels in a printer or image setter.
	www.globalspec.com /industrial-directory/Image_Intensifier_Manufacturer (1394 words)

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