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Topic: Immersed Tube

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	Western Harbour Crossing
		Besides the construction of the immersed tubes which form the cross-harbour tunnel, the contract also included the carrying out of the traffic interchanges, the ventilation shaft/building with the required mechanical facilities, and the tunnel approach sections on both sides of the harbour.
		To facilitate the casting of the immersed tubes that formed the tunnel sections, the government allocated part of the quarry areas in Shek O for the contractor to form into a working yard for the casting works.
		The tubes were thendragged to a preparation yard at Tseung Kwan O for further placing in the harbour at a scheduled date.
	www.cityu.edu.hk /CIVCAL/book/western.html (1453 words)

	Coolidge X-ray Tubes - General Information
		Although the envelopes of x-ray tubes can be made of metal, glass is more popular because it is a good insulator, it is vacuum tight, it has a relatively high melting point, it does not seriously attenuate the x-rays, and it can be fabricated into a wide range of shapes.
		Tubes designed for therapy required thicker glass than diagnostic tubes because the higher voltages at which they operated produced a greater potential difference between the negatively charged inside of the glass and the outside of the glass.
		Immersing the tube in oil not only improves cooling, it reduces the potential for leakage current across the tube surface, and this means that the tube can be made shorter.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/xraytubescoolidge/coolidgeinformation.htm (1863 words)

	Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A central draft tube 17 is partially immersed vertically in last stage B process fluid and secured in place by three or four arms (unshown) radiating from above the immersed portion of draft tube 17 and connected to the interior wall of vessel 11.
		Draft tube 17 has a series of three annular plates 18, 19 and 20 on the periphery of its non-immersed end, each of which is preferably inclined towards and overhangs last stage B to a point between draft tube 17 and wall 12.
		Apertures 22 are provided in draft tube 17 in the area between plates 18, 19 and 20, and the area between the last stage B process fluid and plate 20, the plate closest to the immersed end of draft tube 17.
	www.stickebana.com /scitech/ice_maker/reactor.html (1792 words)

	Bipolar plating of metal contacts onto oxide interconnection for solid oxide electrochemical cell - Patent 4748091
		Also disclosed is a multi-layered solid oxide fuel cell tube which consists of an inner porous ceramic support tube, a porous air electrode covering the support tube, a non-porous electrolyte covering a portion of the air electrode, a non-porous conducting interconnection covering the remaining portion of the electrode, and a metal deposit on the interconnection.
		In operation, a tube is inserted into the center of each fuel cell tube and a gas containing oxygen is passed through the inside of the tube to the bottom of the fuel cell tube.
		The inside of the tube is filled with an ionically conducting fluid, and a DC current flowing from a cathode inside the tube to an anode outside the tube electrodeposits the metal on the interconnection.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4748091.html (2722 words)

	Eberhart's Manual of High Frequency Currents - Chapter 6
		Although the spark or effleuve from the vacuum tube is germicidal in character, still it is the duty of the physician to use the utmost care and cleanliness in employing it in order to guard against any possibility of spreading infection from one patient to another.
		A tube that is to be used in contact with a mucous membrane, such, for instance, as a vaginal or urethral electrode, should be immersed in pure carbolic acid or in pure crethol, benetol or lysol, before again using, if it has been in contact with the discharge from a specific disease.
		The tube is passed rapidly back and forth over the area treated, and this will be accomplished in the easiest manner by holding the tube handle lightly with the fingers, with the thumb extended along the handle.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eaem/eberhart/eber6.html (8435 words)

	3-D imaging multiple target laser radar - US Patent 6414746
		The device for imaging one or more three dimensional objects immersed in a light conduction medium of claim 1 wherein the said data related to the first return transit time is obtained by means of disconnection from a series of clock pulses.
		The device for imaging one or more three dimensional objects immersed in a light conduction medium of claim 37 wherein the said time sequence of reflected laser amplitude signals including the peak of the reflected light signal are stored by charging a plurality of capacitors that are sequenced in time.
		The device for imaging one or more three dimensional objects immersed in a light conduction medium of claim 22 wherein said electron amplifier is a diode array electrically connected to the readout array and impact ionization in the diode array is the amplification means.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6414746.html (8593 words)

	Flatiron Construction Corp. - Specializing in Transportation & Heavy Civil Construction - Ted Williams Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Interbeton constructed this immersed tube tunnel under the Boston Harbor, connecting Logan Airport with the downtown Boston portion of I-90.
		The windows served as connection points, joining the immersed tube tunnel on the water side to a cut-and-cover tunnel on the land side.
		To decrease buoyancy and eventually immerse the tubes, structural and ballast concrete was placed in and around the tubes to weigh them down.
	www.flatironcorp.com /projects-twt.html (302 words)

	U of M: Department of Mechanical Engineering: Events: Jobs.
		Heat transfer coefficients for bundles of 240 tubes contained in a thin enclosure of aspect ratio of 9.3:1 and inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal are obtained for a range of transient operating modes and pitch-to-diameter ratios of 1.5, 2.4, and 3.3.
		Natural convection heat transfer coefficients for a rectangular array of eight tubes contained in a thin enclosure of aspect ratio 9.3:1 and inclined at 30 degrees to the horizontal are measured for a range of transient operating modes typical of a load side heat exchanger in unpressurized integral collector-storage systems.
		The tubes were exposed to flowing water for 1660 hours, a 1120-hour pretreatment phase using tap water adjusted to supersaturation of about 2 and pH of 8, followed by a 540-hour acceleration phase using tap water with an adjusted total calcium concentration of 4x10-3 M, and a pH of 9.
	www.me.umn.edu /labs/solar/abstracts.shtml (977 words)

	Article, May 1999, Tramways & Urban Transit - the LRTA's monthly magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		An immersed tube tunnel - a tunnel constructed from sections which, after constructing the individual sections in a dock, are floated to the required location and then sunk in a controlled way within a dredged trench.
		For a immersed tube tunnel, a complete cessation of the harbour is only required during the immersion operation itself, which will generally take only 24 hours per section.
		There are already two immersed tube tunnels for vehicular traffic, one under the river Medway and the other under the estuary of the river Conwy in North Wales.
	www.lrta.org /art9905.html (1659 words)

	immersed tube -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Wilgus dredged a trench in the riverbed, floated segments of steel tube into position, and sank them; the segments were locked together by divers and pumped out and could...
		The tubes are still used, however, in devices involving high power levels and frequencies.
		In most chordates the forward end of the nerve tube forms a brain; the remainder is the spinal cord.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9042192 (772 words)

	__________ Welcome to the Marmaray Project Website ____________
		Immersed tunnels are constructed as float-in structures and then lowered into a pre-dredged trench and covered (buried).
		Immersed tunnels are usually made up of a number of tunnel elements essentially prefabricated in manageable lengths, each often 100 m long, that are eventually joined up below water to form the final tunnel.
		Completed immersed tube elements produced in a dry dock or a shipyard are then towed out to the site, immersed into a trench and connected to form the final tunnel.
	www.marmaray.com /html/tech_immersed.html (1002 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5233970 - Semi-instantaneous water heater with helical heat exchanger - August 10, 1993
		The copper tube is in contact with the inner and outer sheets, and the spacing between coils is approximately equal to the tube diameter.
		These patents disclose a refrigerant tube which is helically wrapped around the sidewall of a cylindrical tank, with a water tube also helically wrapped in close proximity to the refrigerant tube.
		However, none of these patents discloses a fully immersed heat exchanger that is intended to effectively transfer heat to quiescent water in the tank as well as water flowing through the exchanger.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5233970.html (4889 words)

	The Physics Classroom
		So by moving the resonance tube up and down within the water, the natural frequency of the air in the tube could be matched to the frequency at which the tuning fork vibrates.
		The metal tube merely serves as a container for a column of air; it is the vibrations of this column which produces the sounds which we hear.
		The length of the vibrating air column inside the tube can be adjusted either by sliding the tube to increase and decrease its length or by opening and closing holes located along the tube in order to control where the air enters and exits the tube.
	www.physicsclassroom.com /Class/sound/U11L5a.html (1401 words)

	Gerwick Documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Although the two tubes suffered little damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, concerns with future earthquakes along the nearby Hayward and San Andreas Faults have prompted Caltrans to proceed with seismic analysis and retrofit design of the tubes.
		The Posey Tube was constructed in the 1920s and the Webster Tube was constructed in the early 1960s by a Ben C. Gerwick, Inc., construction joint venture.
		The designed retrofit measure for the Webster Street Tube is to densify the backfill and improve drainage by using stone columns placed along both sides of the immersed section of the tunnel.
	www.gerwick.com /document.asp?DocumentID=1219 (640 words)

	Light Rapid Transit - tunnel construction details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		They were a bored tunnel and an immersed tube tunnel.
		The immersed tube tunnel technique uses hollow box sectioned tunnel elements that have been prefabricated in reinforced concrete.
		Examples of immersed tube tunnels in the UK can be found under the River Conwy and River Medway.
	www.hants.gov.uk /lrt/construct.html (544 words)

	Oil Immersed Low Power Tubes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hot-cathode line-focus tubes of different sizes, shapes and makes, oil immersed, ranging in output from 50 kV and 5 mA for the smallest, to 90 kV and 20 mA for the bigger ones, used in dental units or low power portable x-ray equipment.
		Since the introduction in 1920 of the CDX shock-proof oil-immersed dental x-ray unit by General Electric, and since the advent of the line focus tubes in the early twenties, the basic structure of these tubes has not undergone any major changes.
		In fact, Victor Chabaud, of France, in the gas discharge tube bearing his name (see earlier on this website) used a sort of a platinum hooded anode, without giving it a name, as early as 1905 or 1906.
	home.comcast.net /~znhakim/21_oil_immersed_tubes.htm (259 words)

	MINERAL - Online Information article about MINERAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		or stone like that shown in fig.', in which the hanks are suspended from smooth wooden poles or rods resting on the sides, and are thus immersed almost entirely in the dye liquor.
		The heating of the vat is effected either by means of live steam, i.e.
		cop-dyeing machine constructed by Graemiger a thin tapering perforated metallic tube is inserted in the hollow of each cop.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MIC_MOL/MINERAL.html (3505 words)

	Rochester Bridge Trust - Medway Tunnel - Construction Details
		At either bank is a cut and cover section with diphragm walls and roof and floor slabs, 260 metres long on the east bank and 95 metres long on the west bank.
		Between the east approach and the west approach, the central section is an immersed tube tunnel, only the second road tunnel in the UK to use this method of construction.
		The central section was precast in three units at a casting basin on the east bank of the river.
	www.rbt.org.uk /medwaytunnel/tconst.htm (366 words)

	Megalomania's Precursor Section Part 1
		The tube or bottle should be wrapped in a fine mesh metal screen, the kind used on windows, if it bursts the screen will prevent glass going everywhere.
		To seal the open end of a tube charged with the substance, it is warmed by holding it at an angle of about 45°, with constant turning, in the small luminous flame of a burner, and then heated strongly in the larger non-luminous flame.
		The wide end of the tube is inserted into the center of a large stopper, a second glass tube, of at least 8 mm diameter, bent at a right angle, is placed above the larger.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/synth/synthesis1.html (7258 words)

	The John Snow Archive and Research Companion
		The air was afterwards taken in by the nostrils and breathed out by the mouth, through a wide tube communicating with a metal box containing a spiral arrangement, by which the air was obliged to pass round several times.
		The air was conducted next, by a glass tube half an inch wide to the bottom of a bottle containing half a fluid ounce of sulphuric acid.
		On blowing at the other end of the tube, a minute drop of solution of camphor was forced out, and received on a piece of glass, when the spirit immediately evaporated, leaving a coating of camphor.
	www.matrix.msu.edu /~johnsnow/pub_nacotismpart15.php (3094 words)

	EAP Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		On the one hand, there is the bored tube; whether it can be made or not depends on the continuity of a chalk stratum from one side of the Channel to the other.
		In the case of both the bridge and the immersed tube it is the magnitude of the project that raises doubts about feasibility.
		A number of immersed tubes for traffic have been built and the sponsors of the Channel tube argue that the step can be taken from what has been done to date to what will be required in the Channel.
	www.uefap.com /reading/exercise/tewufs/tewufs28.htm (603 words)

	"Roland W. Clements X-Ray Tube Collection Exhibit"
		The cathode in Coolidge's tube was an electron-emitting tungsten filament; the filament-cathode bombarded the target, directly producing the x-rays.
		The large radiator fins help to dissipate heat since this tube is also a Coolidge tube, similar to the GE tube in the first large display case.
		Machlett G68030 Industrial hooded anode tube 140 Kv Machlett G66103 Pearl Harbor industrial x-ray tube 250 Kv The biological effects of x-rays, the physical and chemical changes in cells, were obvious early on.
	hml.org /mmhc/exhibits/xraytubes/xray.html (1321 words)

	Delta Marine Consultants: All about tunnels, tunneling, The Netherlands Bored and immersed tunnels, Infrastructure
		The design and construction of immersed tunnels is a specialist activity, which was stimulated due to the nature of rivers, sea inlets, canals and waterways.
		Rather unique is that practical experience is available in both the sector of concrete immersed tunnels [the European type] and steel immersed tubes [the American Type].
		DMC played an important role in the implementation of immersed tube tunnels in The Netherlands and world wide, and has expanded its expertise by a continuous involvement in the design and construction of major crossings world wide.
	www.dmc.nl /htm/infra.htm (557 words)

	The Molar Volume of a Gas
		Raise and lower the beaker to expel any air bubbles from tube C. Raise the beaker to fill the flask to within about 2 cm of the short glass tube connected to tube A. Water must not enter tube A. Close tube C with a pinch clamp.
		Clean and dry test tube E (to be referred to hereafter as "the test tube") thoroughly before adding the unknown sample to it.
		Equalize the pressure in the flask with atmospheric pressure as follows: with the end of tube C immersed in water in the beaker, raise the beaker until the water levels in the beaker and the flask are equal.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /chem1102/molarvol.htm (1159 words)

	Model B Ford Carburetor Power Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The tube is immersed in a gas well in the lower body which is metered by the power jet orifice in the float chamber.
		The suction on the tube is controlled by an air passage valve machined into the throttle shaft and upper body.
		A non-functioning power tube negates the potential benefit of the Model B carburetor compared to the Model A Zenith, since the B power tube is what creates the much improved throttle response and power on demand.
	idisk.mac.com /forever4/Public/pages/bpowertube.htm (419 words)

	Image Descriptions, Introduction to Liquid Helium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A bath of liquid helium and a tube, one end of the tube immersed in the helium.
		The immersed end is blocked by a porous plug.
		The other end of the tube has only a tiny opening, out of which a fountain springs.
	cryowwwebber.gsfc.nasa.gov /introduction/liquid_helium_D.html (43 words)

	Trans-Bay Tube BART Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This tunnel under San Francisco Bay carries commuters on the subway between Oakland and San Francisco, and is the longest immersed tunnel in the world.
		Immersed tunnels are constructed using pre-made tubes that are floated to the location and sunk into place.
		This tunnel, built by the Bechtel Corporation from 1966 to 1969, is nearly four miles in length, and is composed of over 50 tube segments.
	ludb.clui.org /ex/i/CA3080 (112 words)

	Grow Your Own Alien
		Test tube aliens are an innovative new concept that gives kids the opportunity to grow, nurture and interact with their very own collectable race of glow in the dark creatures.
		Using the latest environmental sensor technology, test tube aliens are aware of their environment and will react to changes in the way they are treated.
		There are six test tube aliens to collect, 3 good and 3 evil, each alien comes with a chrysalis which hatches when the test tube is immersed in water.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/10/prweb450448.htm (583 words)

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