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Topic: Immune responses

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	Immune system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The adaptive immune system is based on dedicated immune cells termed leukocytes (white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow, and mature in the thymus and/or lymph nodes.
		Adjuvants, or chemicals that stimulate an immune response, provide artificially this "second signal" in procedures when an antigen, that would not normally raise an immune response, is artificially introduced into a host.
		Overzealous immune response: On the other end of the scale, an overactive immune system figures in a number of other disorders, particularly autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes (sometimes called "juvenile onset diabetes"), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immune_system (2074 words)

	The Body: The Immune System -- An Overview
		The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells.
		An immune response is initiated when the macrophage or dendritic cells present the antigen to the appropriate B or T cells.
		An immune response to foreign antigen requires the presence of an antigen-presenting cell (APC), (usually either a macrophage or dendritic cell) in combination with a B cell or T cell.
	www.thebody.com /step/immune.html (1793 words)

	Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A significant number of botanical agents are known to modulate immune function in humans, and therefore, may be recommended as therapeutic agents in the treatment of certain immune-compromised states and as an intervention to help prevent or retard the age-related decline seen in immune function.
		As the body’s immune system is known to slowly weaken as we age, it may be wise to introduce the daily supplementation of astragalus, along with other immune-enhancing supplements (e.g., antioxidants, zinc and reishi mushroom extract) to help preserve and optimize immune function throughout our lifetime.
		Immune Resoration of Local Xenogeneic Graft-versus-host Reaction in Cancer Patients in In-vitro and Reversal of Cyclophosphamide-induced Immune suppression in the Rat in Vivo by Fractionated Astragalus membranaceous.
	www.nutra-education.com /html/immune_system.html (6163 words)

	Bacterial Defense against Immune Responses
		Suppressed immune responses are occasionally observed during chronic bacterial infections such as leprosy and tuberculosis.
		The immune system is stimulated and responds by conquering the new antigenic variant, but the cycle continues such that there may be up to 10 febrile episodes before final recovery.
		If the immune response is the main defense against a pathogen, then being able to shed old antigens and present new ones to the immune system might allow infection or continued invasion by the pathogen to occur.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /antiimmuno.html (2716 words)

	UBC researcher discovers 'control room' that regulates immune responses
		Immune responses may be increased to fight infection or reduced to help the body accept transplanted tissue or organs.
		Immune system disorders are conditions where the immune response is over-active, reduced or absent.
		He has been involved in using TAP genes to resurrect the immune response in patients with metastatic tumours and the development of new tumour vaccines.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/uobc-urd102103.php (644 words)

	Immunology 11: Regulatory Mechanisms in Specific Immune Responses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		However, over 70 different cytokines active in regulating immune responses have been described, so we will focus on only a few whose actions are well-understood and that are either approved or under consideration for use as drugs, or for which inhibitors are being developed.
		It depends on the release of certain cytokines from cells that are activated during the innate immune response (Figure 11-6).
		The interaction of pathogens with nonspecific cells during the innate immune response determines the spectrum of cytokines present in ways that are still poorly understood.
	www.med-ed.virginia.edu /courses/micro/imm/imm11.html (2066 words)

	The Body: The Body Fights Back -- Immune Responses and Reconstitution in HIV Infection
		Therefore, this CD4+ helper response may serve as a marker for a good HIV specific immune response, in general, and may be a way to assess the potential benefit of vaccine candidates.
		In conjuction with the improved immune function, there was a small amount of viral antigen present which was able to boost the HIV specific immune response.
		As yet, we have not determined whether there is an immune response directed against a specific fragment of viral protein (epitope) that may be associated with better control of HIV replication than immune responses made against other epitopes.
	www.thebody.com /confs/worldaids698/immune.html (2362 words)

	Organic Chromium Improves Immune Responses In Weaner Pigs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Whilst there were no IgG or y-globulin responses for the chromium picolinate supplemented pigs at 4 weeks post-weaning, the responses were significant for chromium propionate supplemented pigs.
		The neutrophil activity response from the pigs supplemented with chromium propionate was significantly greater than the control treatment but this was not so for the picolinate source.
		The linkage between stress and chromium response observed in transported feeder cattle may be part of the explanation for reduced liveweight loss of transported pigs supplemented with 200ppb of chromium propionate.
	www.thepigsite.com /FeaturedArticle?Display=1296 (1173 words)

	Biology: Human Host and Malaria \| CDC Malaria
		Likewise, when immune individuals leave a malaria endemic area and reside for several years in a malaria-free area often become susceptible to infection and clinical symptoms if they return to a malarious area.
		Malaria parasites infect different targets such as liver and erythrocytes and therefore different immune responses are elicited by infection with malaria parasites.
		Macrophages are responsible for eventual clearance of parasites from the blood.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/biology/humanhost (1277 words)

	Final Report No.12 - Schistosomiasis: unravelling the role of immune responses in pathology and protection
		The outcome is determined by a balance between different immune responses - modulated by certain cytokines - which are directed both against larval and adult stages of the parasite, as well as parasite eggs trapped in the tissues.
		The nature of the cytokine-modulated immune responses, associated with the typical granulomatous reaction to parasite eggs, determines progression from the acute stage to chronic forms.
		Cytokine responses were analysed in three groups of patients from an endemic area of Brazil: those with acute disease; those with intestinal disease, and those with the hepatosplenic form.
	www.who.int /tdr/research/finalreps/no12.htm (530 words)

	HCV-specific Immune Responses in the Face of HIV-HCV Coinfection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		CROI focused on HCV-specific immune responses in the face of HIV infection.
		These results suggest that Treg-associated immunoregulatory cytokines may be responsible of impaired immune responses against HCV in patients with chronic hepatitis, and that blocking these cytokines may help to restore, at least partially, those responses.
		HCV-specific immune responses may be affected not only by the coexistence of HIV-co-infection but also by alcohol consumption, according to results of a study performed by a team of Boston and presented in a poster [3].
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /2005icr/12croi/docs/030205_c.html (586 words)

	Assays to Detect Host Immune Responses to HIV
		Measurement of immune responses directed specifically against HIV is critical for understanding the interplay between the virus and the host immune system.
		Immune responses to HIV can be measured by a variety of methods.
		Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome.
	hivinsite.ucsf.edu /InSite.jsp?page=kb-02-02-04 (2383 words)

	Hepatitis C virus-like particles induce immune responses in baboons
		NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Hepatitis C virus-like particles (HCV-LP) induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in baboons, according to a report in the July Journal of Virology.
		Virus-like particles are noninfectious proteins that closely mimic the properties of native virions, the authors explain, and HCV-LP have previously been shown to induce virus-specific immune responses in mice.
		These responses were not significantly enhanced by the addition of adjuvants to the vaccine.
	www.natap.org /2004/newsUpdates/080404_09.htm (340 words)

	lymph and immunity
		The inflammatory response is often strong enough to stop the spread of disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
		The immune system is more effective than the nonspecific methods, and has a memory component that improves response time when an invader of the same type (or species) is again encountered.
		When the infected T cell is needed in the immune response, the viral genes are activated and the virus replicates, killing the infected cell and producing a new round on T4 cell infection.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookIMMUN.html (2964 words)

	Final Report No.27 - Schistosomiasis + Filariasis: Elucidating immune responses, immunoregulation, and the development ...
		As in schistosomiasis, the type of immune response (Th1 or Th2) and cytokines expressed depends on the stage of infection.
		Studies of the determinants of immune responsiveness, such as genetic factors and reaction to vaccination are ongoing.
		Cytokines involved in the immune response to helminth infection may be targets for therapy and vaccines to prevent morbidity.
	www.who.int /tdr/research/finalreps/no27.htm (549 words)

	Immune responses to viral infections (GSJ of Sept. 20, 2002)
		Immune responses to viral infections (GSJ of Sept. 20, 2002)
		Their study may lead to more judicious design of therapeutic cytokines, which are soluble compounds released by a variety of cells, including cells of the immune system.
		“The general significance of the paper is that new pathways for the regulation of immune responses in defense against viral infections are being defined.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol27/27GSJ04e.html (519 words)

	Research Page: Immune responses to breast cancers: function of TRAF protein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Fortunately, however, cells within our immune systems are able, in most cases, to eradicate these abnormal cells before they have an opportunity to form lethal tumors.
		Most immune cells attack tumors by producing proteins that bind to receptors on the target cancer cells.
		We proposed to investigate the mechanisms by which immune modulatory receptors found on the surface of tumor cells convey information from outside the cell to the interior, resulting in changes in gene activity and modifications of biochemical events that result in either tumor cell death or that conversely promote tumor cells survival.
	www.cbcrp.org /research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=140 (854 words)

	Immunostimulant Patch Enhances Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Vaccine in Aged Mice -- Guebre-Xabier et al. 78 ...
		the immune responses to influenza virus vaccination (30, 41,
		LT antibody titers are reduced in aged mice compared to responses in young mice.
		Immune response to influenza vaccination of elderly people: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/78/14/7610 (4334 words)

	Photochemistry and Photobiology: UVB exposure impairs immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination in two different ...
		Ultraviolet light exposure can impair immune responses that are not restricted to the exposed skin but is also found at other sites, ie.
		To examine the effect of UV radiation on immune responses to hepatitis B after vaccination, both UV resistant (BALB/c) and susceptible (C57BI/6) mouse strains (28) were irradiated for five consecutive days with UVB before vaccination.
		In addition, cytokine profiles of isolated spleen cells were analyzed to investigate whether the immune responses of the two mouse strains to the Engerix-B(R) vaccine are differentially affected by UV radiation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3931/is_200205/ai_n9060344 (1213 words)

	Immune responses to antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Different categories of cancer antigens were identified which induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro and in vivo: 1) "cancer testis" (CT) antigens, expressed in different tumors and normal testis, 2) melanocyte differentiation antigens, 3) point mutations of normal genes, 4) "self"-antigens that are overexpressed in malignant tissues, and 5) viral antigens.
		Peptide-specific immune reactions were enhanced after using granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a systemic adjuvant by increasing the frequency of dermal antigen-presenting Langerhans cells.
		However, in single cases with disease progression after an initial tumor response, either a loss of single antigens targeted by CTL or of the presenting MHC class I allele was detected, suggesting immunization-induced immune escape.
	www.esmo.org /reference/abstracts00/cv/176.htm (328 words)

	Kinetics of Local and Systemic Immune Responses after Vaginal Immunization with Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit in ...
		Immune responses at mucosal surfaces are generally regarded
		Immune responses in ileostomy fluid and serum after oral cholera vaccination of patients colectomized because of ulcerative colitis.
		Humoral immune responses to microbial infections in the genital tract.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/12/3/447 (3197 words)

	CD8 positive T cells influence antigen-specific immune responses through the expression of chemokines.
		The potential roles of CD8(+) T-cell-induced chemokines in the expansion of immune responses were examined using DNA immunogen constructs as model antigens.
		In a manner more similar to the traditional immune modulatory role of CD4(+) T cells via the expression of Th1 or Th2 cytokines, CD8(+) T cells appeared to play an important role in immune expansion and effector function by producing chemokines.
		MIP-1alpha had a dramatic effect on antibody responses and modulated the shift of immune responses to a Th2-type response.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/dec/M98C6838.html (525 words)

	MEDICAL UPDATE: HIV-Specific Immune Responses
		The alternative or flip-side of this general immune boosting concept is to concentrate on the other part of the body's response to HIV, the very specific anti-HIV responses of the immune system.
		The motivation is that the initial or primary HIV infection is followed by a very long period of latency associated with a relatively low level of viral replication.
		One theory holds that this "down modulation" of HIV replication during the latent period is associated with the emergence of HIV-specific immune responses that successfully maintain this low "viral load" over a long period of time.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/bala/1992/BA920705.html (321 words)

	Immunostimulant Patch Enhances Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Vaccine in Aged Mice -- Guebre-Xabier et al. 78 ...
		Immunostimulant Patch Enhances Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Vaccine in Aged Mice -- Guebre-Xabier et al.
		Improvement in the immune response to influenza virus vaccination
		immune responses in young mice given vaccine alone.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/78/14/7610 (236 words)

	Long-Term Maintenance of gp120-Specific Immune Responses by Genetic Vaccination with the HIV-1 Envelope Genes Linked to ...
		in the elicitation of immune responses are not clearly understood.
		immune responses elicited by viral infections (47, 67) or by
		Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/170/5/2496 (7815 words)

	Active Skim View of: 7 Nutrition and Immune Responses: What Do We Know?
		The results of studies are conflicting on the effects of individual dietary fatty acids on various immune responses, such as lymphocyte stimulation in the presence of mitogen.
		This is associated with impaired immune responses and a high incidence of infections.
		It is now established that undernutrition is associated with consistent changes in immune responses such as the number of T-cells, lymphocyte response to mitogens and antigens, phagocyte function, secretory IgA antibody response, complement activity, NK cell activity, and production of cytokines.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309063450&chap=205-220 (884 words)

	Reprogramming Immune Responses: Enabling Cellular Therapies and Regenerative Medicine -- Down and White-Scharf 21 (1): ...
		immune response and subsequent elimination of the modified cells.
		role in the induction and regulation of immune responses [46–48].
		Inhibition of T-cell responsiveness by nasal peptide administration: influence of the thymus and differential recovery of T-cell-dependent functions.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/21/1/21 (6258 words)

	immunity: Undesirable Immune Responses and Conditions
		In blood transfusions the immune response is the cause of severe cell agglutination or rupture (lysis) when the blood donor and recipient are not matched for immunological compatibility (see
		(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which ultimately destroys the immune system, is caused by a retrovirus called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which was identified in 1981.
		It infects the helper T cells, thereby disabling the immune system and leaving the person subject to a vast number of progressive complications and death.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0858766.html (357 words)

	Immune responses to tumour antigens: implications for antigen specific immunotherapy of cancer -- Jäger et al. 54 ...
		Immune responses to tumour antigens: implications for antigen specific immunotherapy of cancer -- Jäger et al.
		Immune responses to tumour antigens: implications for antigen specific immunotherapy of cancer
		spontaneous immune responses observed in 50% of patients with
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/54/9/669 (752 words)

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