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Tolerance and Autoimmunity Tolerance to tissue and cell antigens can be induced by injection of hemopoietic (stem) cells in neonatal or severely immunocompromised (by lethal irradiation or drug treatment) animals. Tolerance can be broken naturally (as in autoimmune diseases) or artificially (as shown in experimental animals, by x-irradiation, certain drug treatments and by exposure to cross reactive antigens). Tolerance may be induced to all epitopes or only some epitopes on an antigen and tolerance to a single antigen may exist at the B cell level or T cell level or at both levels. pathmicro.med.sc.edu /ghaffar/tolerance2000.htm   (1463 words)

Immunological Tolerance Immunological tolerance is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen. Immunological tolerance is not simply a failure to recognize an antigen; it is an active response to a particular epitope and is just as specific as an immune response. Both B cells and T cells can be made tolerant, but it is more important to tolerize T cells than B cells because B cells cannot make antibodies to most antigens without the help of T cells. users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Tolerance.html   (1726 words)

Tolerance Technology - B Cell Overview In autoimmune disease, the body no longer tolerates itself and its B cells regard certain tissues, cells, or proteins as if they were foreign invaders and attack them by producing antibodies. The two fundamental immune responses, antibody-mediated and cell-mediated, are controlled by two types of white blood cells, B cells and T cells, respectively. Immune tolerance is a natural mechanism that eliminates development of B cells that target "self," rather than foreign antigens. www.ljpc.com /tolerance_tech_bcell_tolerance.html   (482 words)

Conceptual Immune Tolerance Group:Technical Summary   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Therefore the mechanisms by which immune tolerance is induced are complex and redundant, with many loopholes that foil attempts to induce tolerance in humans. The objective of this project is to capture all the information in the medical literature that pertains to immune tolerance mechanisms, and to build a computer simulation that can keep track of all that information so that immune tolerance researchers can test their hypotheses regarding induction of immune tolerance, prior to experimenting in humans. Within 2 years this project will empower researchers to discover effective immune tolerance therapies sooner, more efficiently, and with a lower burden on clinical trial patients since ineffective approaches may be weeded out prior to their use in clinical trials. www.chip.org /~asher/citg/laysumm.html   (548 words)

Stories of Discovery: Immune Tolerance: Improving Transplantation Success Although more research is needed to develop therapies, NIAID-supported research on immune tolerance is contributing to the eventual development of ways to improve transplant success and of new treatments for a wide range of immunologic disorders. The next challenge is to translate the information on immune tolerance obtained from experimental models into the development of safe and effective therapies for humans. The goal of this plan is to enhance knowledge about immune tolerance and to speed the translation of basic research discoveries into clinical approaches to treating and preventing immunologic diseases. www.niaid.nih.gov /publications/discovery/immune.htm   (1179 words)

RFA-AI-01-006: NON-HUMAN PRIMATE IMMUNE TOLERANCE COOPERATIVE STUDY GROUP For purposes of this Request for Applications (RFA), immune tolerance is defined as a lack of a pathogenic immune response to allogeneic, environmental, or self-antigens in the absence of ongoing immunosuppressive therapy. Because of the similarity in the development of the non-human primate immune system to that of man, there is a need for non-human primate models that will facilitate the investigation of the early life origins of asthma and the tracking of changes in immune function that occur as the disease progresses. For purposes of this RFA, immune tolerance is defined as a lack of a pathogenic immune response to allogeneic, environmental, or self- antigens in the absence of ongoing immunosuppressive therapy. grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-01-006.html   (6113 words)

Immune tolerance definition - HIV: health and medical information about HIV and AIDS Immune tolerance: A state of unresponsiveness to a specific antigen or group of antigens to which a person is normally responsive. Immune tolerance is achieved under conditions that suppress the immune reaction and is not just the absence of a immune response. Immune tolerance can be defined as a state in which a T cell can no longer respond to antigen. www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10101   (191 words)

Immune Tolerance A properly functioning immune system mounts immune responses to foreign molecules while remaining tolerant to molecules produced by the host. Immune tolerance is selective in that the immune system disregards molecules native to the host and responds aggressively to remove foreign molecules. Peripheral T cell tolerance can be regulated by antigen presenting cells and the positive and negative regulatory receptors expressed on T cells. www.rndsystems.com /mini_review_detail_objectname_MR03_ImmuneTolerance.aspx   (1689 words)

Amelioration of Immune-Mediated Experimental Colitis: Tolerance Induction in the Presence of Preexisting Immunity and ... Oral tolerance is a recognized procedure for induction of antigen-specific peripheral immune hyporesponsiveness. Oral tolerance is a recognized procedure for induction of antigen-specific peripheral immune hyporesponsiveness (Weiner, 1997 Lieshman A, Garside P and Mowat A (1998) Immunological consequences of intervention in established immune responses by feeding protein antigens. jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/297/3/926   (4173 words)

Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses? -- Cohen 309 (5731): 97 -- Science Although immune tolerance can occur--in rare cases, transplant recipients who stop taking immunosuppressants have not rejected their foreign organs--researchers don't have a clear picture of what is happening at the molecular and cellular levels to allow this to happen. Tinkering with the immune system is also a bit like tinkering with a mechanical watch: Fiddle with one part, and you may disrupt the whole mechanism. If researchers can complete their 50-year quest to induce immune tolerance safely and selectively, the prospects for hundreds of thousands of transplant recipients would be greatly improved, and so, too, might the prospects for controlling autoimmune diseases. www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/309/5731/97   (891 words)

Research and Development - OT Technology The generation of tolerance due to regulatory T cells (active suppression) is favored by administration of low doses of antigen, whereas administration of high doses of antigen biases toward development of tolerance due to anergy or deletion. Since the tolerizing antigen functions to induce the regulatory T cells and to stimulate them to produce suppressive cytokines at the disease site, the tolerizing antigen need not be identical to the antigen that activates the inflammatory Th1 cells. An epitope capable of inducing tolerance in one species or inbred strain may or may not be capable of inducing tolerance in another strain. www.autoimmuneinc.com /R_and_D/tech.html   (1695 words)

Amelioration of Immune-Mediated Experimental Colitis: Tolerance Induction in the Presence of Preexisting Immunity and ... Oral tolerance is a recognized procedure for induction of antigen-specific peripheral immune hyporesponsiveness (Weiner, 1997 immune tolerance in the presence of established colitis. Lieshman A, Garside P and Mowat A (1998) Immunological consequences of intervention in established immune responses by feeding protein antigens. www.jpet.org /cgi/content/full/297/3/926   (4173 words)

Boost the Immune System: Ways to Strengthen your Immune System from Harvard Health Despite its low-key profile, the immune system is the subject of great attention both in the laboratories of prominent scientists and on the shelves of retail stores carrying countless products that purport to boost or support immunity. While researchers are still trying to understand how the immune system works, in order to harness it to prevent and cure disease, product manufacturers have rushed to market everything from herbal teas to vitamin supplements that they claim will improve your immune response. In response to such threats and many that have come before, the human body has a coordinated immune response that is both a marvel of elegant simplicity and an amazingly complex set of biochemical interactions. www.health.harvard.edu /special_health_reports/The_truth_about_Your_Immune_System.htm   (625 words)

Induction of Immunologic Tolerance for Transplantation -- ROSSINI et al. 79 (1): 99 -- Physiological Reviews tolerance of a graft in the absence of immunosuppression. Tolerance to self at the T-cell level occurs during differentiation of T cells in the thymus. The strongest evidence for immune deviation is in the area of control of the self-reactive autoimmune response. physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/79/1/99   (9737 words)

UCSF News Office - International autoimmunity research initiative gains major support The Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), headquartered at UCSF, was established to accelerate development of new therapies to halt diseases caused by inappropriate and harmful responses by the body’s immune system. The focus of the ITN is on new drugs that can be given for a short time and promote immune tolerance -- a redirection of the immune system away from harmful responses to provide long-term acceptance of a patient’s own tissues or organ transplants. ITN researchers are currently testing for its ability to induce immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney transplantation, three very different conditions, but ones that are rooted in the same problem — an inappropriate immune response that is causing harm to the patient. pub.ucsf.edu /newsservices/releases/200705032   (993 words)

Autoimmune Diseases -- Biotechnology Companies --Pipeline Drugs immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. The causes of autoimmune diseases are still obscure: some are thought to be either examples of, or precipitated by, Lupus erythematosus is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease where the immune system, for unknown reasons, becomes hyperactive and attacks normal tissue. www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/autoimmune_diseases.htm   (794 words)

Oral tolerance in disease -- GARSIDE et al. 44 (1): 137 -- Gut Tolerance towards resident intestinal flora in mice is abrogated in experimental colitis and restored by treatment with interleukin-10 or antibodies to interleukin-12. Inhibition of S-antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by oral induction of tolerance with S-antigen. Suppression of the immune response by nasal immunization. gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/44/1/137   (5227 words)

The danger theory Though it was Medawar's group that showed conclusively in 1953 that tolerance can be experimentally induced in fetal mice and in chick embryos, their entry into this field came from a totally different direction, an attempt to distinguish between mono- and dizygotic cattle twins by the exchange of skin grafts. Whatever the exact sequence of recognition, the explanation for the graft acceptance was immediately clear, and the new science of immune tolerance was born. Although the distinction between central and peripheral tolerance is generally accepted, it is not known what fraction of self-reactive cells is inactivated in the thymus as opposed to the periphery; nor is it known whether a breakdown in central tolerance would lead to autoimmune disease or to what extent peripheral mechanisms could compensate. focosi.immunesig.org /dangertheory.html   (13929 words)

Immune Tolerance : Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International Recognizing this, JDRF is speeding the development of immune tolerance strategies that would make islet transplants safe for all those who stand to benefit, especially children. In preclinical nonhuman trials, biological agents that block key T-cell signals continue to demonstrate extraordinary promise as a means of achieving immune tolerance. As a result of these experiments, the center is seeking funding from the JDRF/NIH Immune Tolerance Network for a tolerance-induction human clinical trial. www.jdrf.org /index.cfm?page_id=102897   (345 words)

RFA-AI-03-010: INNOVATIVE GRANTS ON IMMUNE TOLERANCE Research Objectives and Scope The goal of this initiative is to support truly innovative projects on immune tolerance and to encourage investigators working in other areas of research to bring novel perspectives and expertise to this field. Studies on basic principles of immunological tolerance, and immune tolerance as a focus for the prevention/treatment of immune-mediated diseases such as allergy, asthma, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases are of interest to the NIAID. The NHLBI is interested in studies on the development of tolerance specific for heart and lung tissues, and heart and lung transplantation; use of the oral route of antigen administration to induce lung airway tolerance; and the analysis of tolerance in young animals, before the immune system matures. grants1.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-03-010.html   (3182 words)

Infant immune systems can take incompatible transplant organs "We discovered that the immune system of these infants is able to reprogram itself" to accept transplants from donors of different blood types, said Dr. Lori West, principal investigator of the study being published in the November issue of the journal Nature Medicine. But in infants, the immune system is not fully developed and they can learn to tolerate the incompatible organs, West reported in a paper made available yesterday. Other immune responses can occur and, the infants, like adult organ recipients, still need drugs to suppress their immune systems. seattlepi.nwsource.com /health/196610_medi25.html   (540 words)

1996 Research Report: "IMMUNE TOLERANCE" Researchers have learned that the genes and proteins that allow the immune system to target the kidneys and cause kidney failure in patients with lupus are very similar to those linked to diabetes. Jevnikar, and his team, are currently conducting research using mice that are genetically altered to develop lupus. Using non-obese diabetic mice who have spontaneously developed the disease, Dr. Jevnikar and his team have been able to genetically alter the mice so that they don't get the disease This is done by getting the mice to eat GAD, a protein expressed within the pancreas by insulin-producing cells. www.lhsc.on.ca /research/96resrep/immune.htm   (494 words)

ITL Cancer Clinic: Alternative Breast Cancer Treatment People develop cancer, says Riordan, because of "immune tolerance;" that is, their immune systems are tolerating these tumors or cancers to grow. This means that the patient's immune system recognizes, attacks and destroys tumors and cancer cells, without needing any chemotherapy or radiation, or just minimal doses, thus avoiding their destructive side effects. Major advances in understanding the functional interactions between tumour cells and the host immune system, in particular the generation and regulation of T cell immunity, have revived interest in cancer vaccination strategies. www.immunemedicine.com /breast-cancer.asp   (1033 words)

CD200 is a novel p53-target gene involved in apoptosis-associated immune tolerance -- Rosenblum et al. 103 (7): 2691 -- ... induction of UVB-mediated immune tolerance to hapten in vivo. of tolerance to autoantigen in the context of apoptosis. Immune tolerance after delivery of dying cells to dendritic cells in situ. www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/103/7/2691   (5331 words)

Immune Tolerance This is done using a course of therapy known as "immune tolerance." There are different treatment programs used for immune tolerance, but most require repeated exposure to the deficient clotting factor. The goal of immune tolerance therapy is to eventually "teach" the body to tolerate the factor and to not mount an immune response so that normal replacement therapy can be used to prevent or control bleeding. Overall, immune tolerance treatment is highly effective and is thought to work approximately 60% to 80% of the time. www.hemophilia.org /NHFWeb/MainPgs/MainNHF.aspx?menuid=237&contentid=416&rptname=inhibitors   (267 words)

Applied Biosystems and Immune Tolerance Network announce immunology research agreement Applied Biosystems Group (NYSE:ABI), an Applera Corporation business, and the Immune Tolerance Network (ITN) announced a multi-year agreement to study genes expressed in clinical samples that are believed to be related to immune response modulation in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, and allergy and asthma. Ultimately, this marriage of clinical and genetic sciences in the tolerance arena is designed to improve therapeutic options in organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and allergy and asthma. The Immune Tolerance Network is a seven year, $165 million dollar clinical research program headquartered at the University of California San Francisco and founded in October 1999 to accelerate the development of immune tolerance therapies in kidney, liver and islet transplantation, autoimmune diseases and allergy & asthma. www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-01/pn-aba010703.php   (1036 words)

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