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	Immunity (legal) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are various types of immunity, such as judicial immunity, prosecutorial immunity, parliamentary immunity, immunity from prosecution, diplomatic immunity and sovereign immunity.
		Judicial immunity, which finds its origin in sovereign immunity, is the absolute immunity of a judge or magistrate from any kind of civil liability for an act performed in the judge's official capacity, i.e.
		Such immunity is seen to be a means to the free discussion of ideas, when it is abused there may be ways to surmount such immunity, see for example the biography of Jürgen Möllemann.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunity_(legal) (410 words)

	Diplomatic immunity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity and a policy held between governments, which ensures that diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not susceptible to lawsuit or prosecution under the host country's laws (although they can be expelled).
		It is possible for the official's home country to waive immunity; this tends to only happen when the individual has committed a serious crime, unconnected with their diplomatic role (as opposed to, say, allegations of spying), or has witnessed such a crime.
		In some occasions, diplomatic immunity leads to some unfortunate results; protected diplomats have violated laws (including those which would be violations at home as well) of the host country and that country has been essentially limited to informing the diplomat's nation that the diplomat is no longer welcome (the Latin phrase is persona non grata).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diplomatic_immunity (1659 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Immunity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Personal immunity is that which withdraws clerics from secular jurisdiction, on account of their perpetual dedication to the service of God.
		Opposed to this we have the "regalist" jurists declaring that "the immunities of the clergy are favours which the ecclesiastics received from sovereigns, not from popes and councils" (Héricourt, "Les Lois ecclésiastiques de France ", H, v, viii); and Governments have acted in accordance with this view.
		Immunities were maintained longer in Italy, and especially in the Papal States, owing to the care of the popes and especially of the Congregation of Immunity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07690a.htm (2397 words)

	immunity. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
		Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient’s cells.
		Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream.
	www.bartleby.com /65/im/immunity.html (1820 words)

	POV-IMMUNITY
		Unlike use immunity which merely prohibits use of the witness's testimony, transactional immunity generally requires that the prosecution not charge the witness with the crime that was the subject of his testimony.
		No immunity for perjury: In some cases, the prosecution may want to insert a clause in which the acknowledges that the immunity agreement does not protect him against perjury charges arising from his testimony, and that his immunized testimony may be used against him in a prosecution for perjury.
		Immunity limited to "responsive" answers: Witnesses who are testifying under grant of transactional immunity have sometimes intentionally given a non-responsive answer that implicates them in an unrelated crime in hopes the prosecution will be forced to grant them immunity as to the unrelated crime.
	www.acgov.org /da/pov/documents/immunity.htm (5354 words)

	immunity on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Waivers of state sovereign immunity and the ideology of the Eleventh Amendment.
		The individual as beneficiary of state immunity: problems of the attribution of ultra vires conduct.
		Overcoming immunity: the case of federal regulation of intellectual property.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/i1/immunity.asp (628 words)

	Immunity
		Emphasizing that the President must delegate a large measure of authority to execute the duties of his office, they argue that recognition of derivative absolute immunity is made essential by all the considerations that support absolute immunity for the President himself.
		Even if they cannot establish that their official functions require absolute immunity, petitioners assert that public policy at least mandates an application of the qualified immunity standard that would permit the defeat of insubstantial claims without resort to trial.
		By analogy to Gravel, a derivative claim to Presidential immunity would be strongest in such "central" Presidential domains as foreign policy and national security, in which the President could not discharge his singularly vital mandate without delegating functions nearly as sensitive as his own.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /map/Page61.html (3513 words)

	U.S. Immunity in Iraq Will Go Beyond June 30 (washingtonpost.com)
		The administration's move comes when issues of immunity are particularly sensitive, in light of the scandal over the abuse of U.S. detainees in Iraq and Afghanistan.
		The issue of immunity for U.S. troops is among the most contentious in the Islamic world, where it has galvanized public opinion against the United States in the past.
		A similar grant of immunity to U.S. troops in Iran during the Johnson administration in the 1960s led to the rise of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who used the issue to charge that the shah had sold out the Iranian people.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A757-2004Jun23.html (1047 words)

	Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Thus, the agent is entitled to such immunity starting from the acceptance of credentials until he or she leaves the country, either because he or she is no longer in office or is sent back by the receiving state as persona non grata.
		In the former case, immunity for private actions guarantees the scope of the mission and the fulfilment of the particular tasks involved, while in the latter, immunity is afforded in order to protect the general interest of the state to be represented (on the basis of a principle comparable to ne impediatur legatio).
		Watts, supra note 7, at 35-81, explains how protection, privileges and immunity of Heads of State under international law are based, on the one hand, on the ratio of state immunity (for their official acts), and, on the other, on the basis of diplomatic immunities (for all personal aspects).
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol12/No3/art2-03.html (1705 words)

	Cloudmark - Anti Spam and Spam Blocker Solutions
		Immunity's Feedback Classifier maximizes the impact of feedback, so that even a single report of a misclassified message can effectively block new attacks.
		Immunity's Network Classifier evaluates messages using five fingerprint algorithms specifically designed to target the techniques and the constraints that spammers operate under.
		Immunity is easily deployed in most existing network environments.
	www.cloudmark.com /products/immunity (358 words)

	TEAM immunity
		Immunity are the only Victorian team competing in the finals and we are sure to see some fierce state rivalry whilst all teams compete for the honour to represent Australia in the World Finals - due to take place in Singapore during the 16th to the 20th of November.
		Immunity were chosen to represent the iBisQ Internet Café in Melbourne and finished the season on top of the ladder.
		With the highly competitive community surrounding Australian DoD and the impending release of DoD Source, immunity are proud to be a part.
	www.team-immunity.com (601 words)

	Michael A. Tunks, Diplomats or Defendants? Defining the Future of Head-of-State Immunity, 52 Duke L. J. 651 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nevertheless, to understand the dramatic recent changes in the law of head-of-state immunity, it is essential to examine these closely related doctrines from which the idea of head-of-state immunity descended, and to explore their underlying rationales.
		Head-of-state immunity has sought to achieve the goals of both sovereign and diplomatic immunity by (1) recognizing an appropriate degree of respect for foreign leaders as a symbol of their state's sovereign independence; and (2) ensuring that they are not inhibited in performing their diplomatic functions.
		In addition, bestowing immunity upon heads of state can give human rights violators an incentive to keep power at all costs to retain the cloak of immunity that runs with the office, particularly if former heads of state are not entitled to the same benefits.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/DLJ52P651.HTM (12101 words)

	New Science Press \| Primers \| Immunity: The Immune Response to Infection
		Immunity is an introduction to the immune response to infection from inflammation to immune memory.
		Chapter 1 provides an overview of the immune mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, cells of the immune system from phagocytes and dendritic cells to B cells and T cells, and the lymphoid system and lymphocyte recirculation.
		A chapter on specialized lymphocytes with roles intermediate between innate and adaptive immunity is followed by chapters on the immune response to specific microorganisms that illustrate how the mechanisms described in earlier chapters are coordinated in response to some important human pathogens.
	www.new-science-press.com /browse/immunity (319 words)

	lymph and immunity
		Immunity is the body's capability to repel foreign substances and cells.
		Cell-mediated immunity concerns cells in the body that have been infected by viruses and bacteria, protect against parasites, fungi, and protozoans, and also kill cancerous body cells.
		Passive immunity is the type of immunity when the individual is given antibodies to combat a specific disease.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookIMMUN.html (2964 words)

	Legal Definition of Sovereign Immunity
		Federal sovereign immunity is readily distinguishable from the states' immunity under the Eleventh Amendment and foreign governments' immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.
		Federal sovereign immunity is a defense to liability rather than a right to be free from trial.
		The Supreme Court has ruled that in a case involving the government's sovereign immunity the statute in question must be strictly construed in favor of the sovereign and may not be enlarged beyond the waiver its language expressly requires.
	www.lectlaw.com /def2/s103.htm (330 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Immune response
		Some of these barriers are the skin, stomach acid, mucus (which traps bacteria and small particles), the cough reflex, and enzymes in tears and skin oils.
		Acquired immunity is when the body is exposed to various antigens and builds a defense that is specific to that antigen.
		Infants have passive immunity because they are born with antibodies that are transferred through the placenta from the mother.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm (1151 words)

	IMMUNITY : Knowing You're Secure
		Immunity is pleased to annouce itself as reseller of Sabre BinNavi - the world's first debugging system based on directed graphs and graph visualisation.
		Immunity CANVAS is groundbreaking software that allows you to test compliance and let your organization discover how vulnerable you really are.
		With packaged vulnerability modules for scripting and a powerful framework for developing original security checks, Immunity CANVAS provides a way for any organization to have a concrete picture of their security posture, without guesswork or estimation.
	www.immunitysec.com (160 words)

	Immunity
		Specific immunity is amazingly complex and intricate, but appreciating that complexity and intricacy makes it one of the most impressive biological wonders one will ever experience.
		Cell mediated immunity where CD8+ T cells proliferate into 'killer' T cells and attack the invading antigen, using membrane bound antibodies for recognition of the antigen.
		Introduction: Cell mediated immunity does not usually treat the entire invading agent as an antigen, but the invader is first broken into small protein pieces and these invader peptides will be used to develop specific immunity.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/HAP/lectures/immunity/immunity.html (3211 words)

	IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
		The seminal idea of acquired immunity is not recorded in history but must have existed long ago in the common knowledge that individuals who had recovered from certain childhood diseases, such as chickenpox, or epidemic diseases, such as smallpox, rarely developed that same disease again.
		Polyclonal antibodies of humoral immunity have multiple antibody specificities, comprise a heterogeneous group of Igs, are produced by many different clones of antibody-secreting B cells, and are directed against different determinants (epitopes) on the antigen molecule.
		The complement system is a major humoral component of inate immunity (and mediator of inflammation) and comprises about 20 proteins (including proteases) which are normally present in plasma in inactive form and become sequentially activated by classic or alternative pathways to mediate effector or amplifying functions.
	edcenter.med.cornell.edu /CUMC_PathNotes/Immunopathology/Immunopathology.html (12865 words)

	Immunity
		This resistance (immunity) of epithelial surfaces to invasion, is a characteristic which is present from birth, and is therefore called innate (natural) immunity.
		Inflammation is localised to area of infection/tissue injury by release of substances from micro-organisms or chemicals (chemical mediators) released from cells in tissues, e.g.
		Immunity is mediated by the IMMUNE SYSTEM, which responds to infection by mounting an IMMUNE RESPONSE.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /MBChB/1b.html (949 words)

	Immunity versus Human Rights: The Pinochet Case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		State immunity and the immunity ratione materiae enjoyed by heads of state are closely intertwined doctrines, as a large majority of the Law Lords acknowledged.
		With the formation of modern states, the entitlement to immunity was passed to the state and to its agents and instrumentalities.
		In both cases the upholding of the claim to immunity was thought to be prompted by the plain and unambiguous text of the relevant statutes on state immunity.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol10/No2/art1-05.html (2048 words)

	Health and Immunity Resources
		The nutrients and immune factors in colostrum enhance health and immunity and stimulate cell growth and repair.
		Because colostrum from the first lactation is highest in immune proteins, but becomes more dilute with each subsequent lactation, Infinity2 uses whole bovine colostrum from the first lactation, obtained from disease-free cows that haven't been fed chemicals or pesticide fodder.
		Nutritional science is aware of the benefits of Vitamin C supplementation in immunity, and also aware that individuals who are deficient in vitamin C have lower immune responses.
	www.health-immunity.com (1055 words)

	Role of extracellular HSP72 in acute stress-induced potentiation of innate immunity in active rats -- Campisi and ...
		on the compromising effects of stress on acquired immunity (1).
		Interestingly, the impact of stress on measures of innate immunity can be changed by the physical activity status of the organism.
		Induction of cellular immunity by immunization with novel hybrid peptides complexed to heat shock protein 70.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/1/43 (5463 words)

	NASA - Study Suggests Spaceflight May Decrease Human Immunity
		In addition to the conditions experienced by astronauts in flight, the stresses experienced before launch and after landing also may contribute to a decrease in immunity.
		Results of the study were recently published in "Brain, Behavior, and Immunity." The results may help researchers better understand the affects of spaceflight on the human immune response.
		This finding suggests crewmembers returning from longer missions may be briefly more susceptible to infections than before launch, because these cells are not as efficient in ingesting and destroying infectious agents.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2004/sep/HQ_04320_immunity.html (604 words)

	Diplomatic immunity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In New York City, the home of the United Nations Headquarters and a city in which many drivers regard double parking as normal despite regulations, protests against double parked diplomatic vehicles have a certain quixotic quality.
		Ghengis Khan and the Mongols were well known for strongly insisting on the rights of diplomats, and they would often take horrific vengeance against any state that violated these rights.
		In the nineteenth century the Congress of Vienna system reasserted the rights of diplomats, and they have been largelly respected since then as the European model has spread throughout the world.
	www.medicaliterature.com /Diplomatic_immunity.wik (732 words)

	CHAPTER #15: SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		acquired immunity is short lived as the antibodies eventually die off or are themselves removed from the body as foreign protein.
		Vaccinations may induce long-lived immunity, but recent data indicate that vaccinations may not last as long as once was hoped.
		The entire process of specific immunity is initiated by non-specific immune cells, the phagocytic cells of the nonspecific defense system, which act as general scavengers and a kind of "attack dogs".
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap15.html (8870 words)

	Immune System - NIAID Net News
		B cells produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph streams and attach to foreign antigens to mark them for destruction by other immune cells.
		B cells are part of what is known as antibody-mediated or humoral immunity, so called because the antibodies circulate in blood and lymph, which the ancient Greeks called, the body's "humors."
		T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity (or cellular immunity).
	www.niaid.nih.gov /final/immun/immun.htm (979 words)

	And Now, the Good News About Smallpox - In the event of a terrorist attack, we’re not all toast. By Jon Cohen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In the Liverpool study, Fenner notes, vaccinated kids who were 14 and younger had zero cases of severe disease or death.
		I thought it was implicit that if older people had some immunity, this should impact decisions about distribution of the vaccine, should a smallpox outbreak become a reality before the government builds a sufficient stockpile to immunize everyone.
		So as to avoid any further confusion, let me be even more explicit: If I had a say in it (and I do not), I would advocate that limited supplies of smallpox vaccine should first go to health-care workers, police, firefighters, and other first-responders in the area.
	slate.msn.com /?id=2057774 (1095 words)

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