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Topic: Immunocompromised

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	Use of Vaccines in Persons With Altered Immunocompetence : Bureau of Immunization : NYC DOHMH
		For some of these conditions, all affected persons will be severely immunocompromised: for others, such as HIV infection, the spectrum of disease severity due to disease or treatment stage will determine the degree to which the immune system is compromised.
		Frequently, the immune response of immunocompromised persons to these vaccine antigens is not as good as that of immunocompetent persons; higher doses or more frequent boosters may be required, although even with these modifications, the immune response may be suboptimal.
		When exposed to a vaccine preventable disease such as measles, severely immunocompromised children should be considered susceptible regardless of their history of vaccination.
	www.nyc.gov /html/doh/html/imm/immcomp.shtml (1089 words)

	Zoonosis: Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons
		Immunocompromised pet owners should be willing to seek veterinary care early in the clinical course of illness in their pet.
		Immunocompromised persons should avoid contact with bird droppings, although an increased incidence of suitcases has not been reported among immunosuppressed persons, and enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp, apparently are rarely acquired from birds.
		In lieu of having their dogs vaccinated, immunocompromised persons, especially those with advanced disease, should avoid exposing themselves and their dogs to environments known to represent a source of B bronchiseptica (eg, boarding kennels, dog shows, or any situation in which dogs from several sources are housed together).
	www.avma.org /reference/zoonosis/znimmpet.asp (4885 words)

	s030305a - Thrush in Sarcoidosis
		Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of acute oral infections and to estimate their role as a possible cause of fever in immunocompromised patients with haematologic malignancies.
		Acute oral infections were a probable cause of fever in 14% of the febrile episodes and a possible or a contributing cause of fever in a further 26%.
		Fungal infections in the immunocompromised host are difficult to diagnose and difficult to treat successfully.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch02/s030305a.html (1697 words)

	CDC - Yellow Book: [9] The Immunocompromised Traveler - CDC Travelers' Health
		Immunocompromised patients should be protected according to influenza risk at the destination; they should not be given live intranasal influenza vaccine.
		Immunocompromised travelers need to be extraordinarily diligent in adhering to the food and water precautions recommended for all travelers.
		Antimicrobial prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea is not recommended routinely for immunocompromised persons traveling to developing countries because of the potential for adverse effects.
	www2.ncid.cdc.gov /travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=special&obj=hivtrav.htm&cssNav=browseoyb (2733 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Viral pneumonias
		Immunocompromised patients are at particular risk for HSV pneumonia.
		For treatment of documented varicella pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, acyclovir administered intravenously at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days has been shown to be effective (4).
		VZIG is also indicated for immunocompromised adults (patients with primary or acquired immunodeficiency or neoplastic disease or patients receiving immunosuppressive agents), pregnant women, and susceptible hospital personnel with substantial exposure to cases of VZV infection.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/02_00/chien.htm (4080 words)

	Preventing Zoonotic Diseases in Immunocompromised Persons
		We found that physicians and veterinarians hold significantly different views about the risks posed by certain infectious agents and species of animals and communicate very little about zoonotic issues; moreover, physicians believe that veterinarians should be involved in many aspects of zoonotic disease prevention, including patient education.
		Physicians (n=698) were chosen by specialty most likely to involve both zoonotic diseases and immunocompromised patients (all physicians who listed infectious disease [n = 38] or hematology/oncology [n = 103] as specialties), as well as randomly selected cohorts of pediatricians (n = 100), and general internal medicine physicians (n = 500).
		Role of veterinarians in educating immunocompromised clients on the risks and benefits of pet ownership.
	www.anapsid.org /vetphys.html (2200 words)

	ACIP: Use of Vaccines and Immune Globulins
		Immunocompromised patients may be unable to limit replication of vaccine virus effectively, and administration of OPV to children with congenital immunodeficiency has resulted in severe, progressive neurologic involvement (29-32).
		Vaccination is also recommended for immunocompromised adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease or its complications (e.g., persons with splenic dysfunction or anatomic asplenia, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, or conditions such as organ transplantation associated with immunosuppression).
		Immunocompromised persons should receive HBIG for the same indications (perinatal, needlestick, or sexual exposure to a person positive for hepatitis B surface antigen) and in the same doses as immunocompetent persons.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/p0000322/p0000322.asp (5151 words)

	How are Immunocompromised Patients Treated?
		Patients whose immune responses are suppressed, immunocompromised, frequently suffer from recurrent HSV infections that are much more painful than infections in immunocompetent patients.
		The recurrences are mostly caused by reactivation of a latent infection that was acquired prior to the period of immunosuppression.
		The patients were immunocompromised due to hematologic disorder (63%, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic, and aplastic anemia) and transplant plus hematologic disorder (16%).
	biology.kenyon.edu /slonc/bio38/stancikl_02/How_are_Immunocompromised_Patients_Treated.html (408 words)

	Immunocompromised and Irradiated Patients
		While a person afflicted with AIDS first comes to mind as a prototypical immunocompromised patient, there are other important circumstances when a patient's immune system is purposely suppressed (immunosuppression) or when immunosuppression is an unfavorable by-product of medical treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy).
		The immunocompromised state, whether it is the result of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, AIDS, or radiation therapy have certain features in common.
		All immunocompromised patients are susceptible to oral infections, all are susceptible to intraoral bleeding, and all may have unfavorable change in their oral mucosa.
	www.usc.edu /hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312c/28/Reader/reader.html (3371 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > Safe Drinking Water - Guidance for people with severely weakened immune ...
		Depending on their illness and circumstances, a response by such individuals that focuses too specifically on one health risk may decrease the amount of attention that should be given to other risks.
		The risk of a severely immunocompromised individual acquiring Cryptosporidiosis from drinking water in the absence of an outbreak is likely to vary from city to city, depending on the quality of the city's water source and the quality of water treatment.
		Although data are not sufficient for EPA/CDC to recommend that all severely immunocompromised persons take extra caution with regards to their drinking water, individuals who wish to take extra measures to avoid waterborne Cryptosporidiosis can bring their drinking water to a roiling boil for one minute.
	www.epa.gov /ogwdw/crypto.html (2265 words)

	Infections in immunocompromised patients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These patients are immunocompromised either because of an acquired or inherited immune deficiency disorder or because of powerful treatments for cancer or blood disorders that leave the immune system severely weakened.
		Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections that healthy immune systems usually conquer.
		Immunocompromised patients should not be exposed to anyone who has not washed their hands.
	www.stjude.org /disease-summaries/0,2557,449_2163_7507,00.html (886 words)

	Look up vaccines for immunocompromised adults - MayoClinic.com
		If your immune system is impaired (immunocompromised), it's especially important that you get the proper vaccines to protect you from contracting serious illnesses.
		This vaccine (Tdap) is recommended for people who have not had a tetanus booster in 10 years, and for certain other groups (such as health care workers and those who have contact with infants) at shorter intervals.
		Other immunocompromised adults don't need to be vaccinated unless they're at risk of infection, such as coming into contact with blood and other body fluids of an infected person.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/vaccines/ID00019 (812 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
		In pulmonary cryptococcal disease, particularly in immunocompromised patients, serum cryptococcal antigen tests may be reactive (10).
		In immunocompromised patients, disseminated pulmonary cryptococcal infections should be treated even when the localized lesion has been completely resected (13).
		Immunocompromised persons are at increased risk for a large group of infections that are either uncommon or much less severe in the immunocompetent host.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2003/01_03/cebular2.htm (3762 words)

	A Guide to Pet Care for the Immunocompromised
		Immunocompromised people are more susceptible to acquiring infectious diseases and include individuals undergoing chemotherapy, such as for breast cancer, organ transplant recipients, and bone marrow recipients.
		To help prevent infection, the immunocompromised should avoid kittens (they tend to scratch more than adults), avoid contact with stray cats, and use proper flea control.
		The cat litterbox should be cleaned daily, preferably by an immunocompetent person, or if the immunocompromised person must clean it, they should wear gloves and wash immediately afterwards.
	ohioline.osu.edu /vme-fact/0017.html (1061 words)

	Preventing Zoonotic Diseases in Immunocompromised Persons: The Role of Physicians and Veterinarians
		However, pet ownership may also pose health risks through the zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases, especially in the immunocompromised (5).
		Since human medicine often does not delve deeply into the role of animals in the transmission of zoonotic agents (7,9) and veterinary medicine does not cover the clinical aspects of human disease, zoonotic disease control requires involvement of both physicians and veterinarians.
		Our finding that 205 of 310 veterinarians never knew a client's immunocompromised condition is consistent with a previous study in which only 21% of HIV patients felt most comfortable in asking their veterinarian about the health risks of pet ownership (16).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol5no1/grant.htm (2248 words)

	Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting the immunocompromised
		Abstract - The immunocompromised are at particular risk for infection with zoonotic diseases.
		The immunocompromised need to take precautions when engaging in seemingly normal activities such as food preparation; caring for companion animals; and recreational or occupational activities.
		The immunocompromised are not only more susceptible to infection, but often suffer more serious sequelae as a result of infection.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/vetres/abs/2005/03/v4064/v4064.html (270 words)

	Infections in Immunocompromised Patients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The patient is immunocompromised either because of an acquired or inherited immune deficiency disorder.
		The patient is immunocompromised because of powerful treatments for cancer or blood disorders that leave the immune system severely weakened.
		Immunocompromised patients should not be exposed to anyone who has not washed his or her hands.
	www.stjude.org /disease-summaries/0,2557,449_2163_10389,00.html (902 words)

	Dr. Koop - Pneumonia in immunocompromised host
		Pneumonia in an immunocompromised host describes a lung infection that occurs in a person whose ability to fight infection is greatly impaired.
		People who are immunocompromised have a defective immune response.
		Because of this, they are susceptible to infections by germs (microorganisms) that are everywhere, but do not cause disease in healthy people.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/000093.html (278 words)

	Helicobacter pylori and Immunocompromised Children \| CDC EID
		pylori in patients with AIDS (2) and leukemia (3), we demonstrated that its prevalence in immunocompromised Thai children (20%) was higher than that previously reported in a healthy Thai population (17.5%) (4) and in those with recurrent abdominal pain (11.3%) (5).
		The major limitations of this preliminary study were the use of different diagnostic methods in the various studies and the lack of healthy controls.
		pylori in the immunocompromised children was high, and these patients appear to be more susceptible to this infection in early life.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0500.htm (636 words)

	Noninvasive Ventilation by Helmet or Face Mask in Immunocompromised Patients: A Case-Control Study -- Rocco et al. 126 ...
		Noninvasive Ventilation by Helmet or Face Mask in Immunocompromised Patients: A Case-Control Study -- Rocco et al.
		Immunocompromised patients admitted to the ICU for infectious
		All immunocompromised patients with hypoxemic ARF and pulmonary
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/126/5/1508 (3692 words)

	Immunocompromised (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clarithromycin An antibiotic approved for treatment of common bacterial infections in non-immunocompromised individuals.
		Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology -- UNMC Finding treatments for AIDS, cancer and other immunocompromised patients.
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Infections MD Labs talks about mycoplasma infections, how they affect immunocompromised patients and how PCR can detect mycoplasmas.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Immunocompromised.html (112 words)

	Upper respiratory tract infections in the immunocompromised host.
		Infections of the upper respiratory tract are a major source of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host.
		Physicians must maintain a high index of clinical suspicion for upper respiratory tract infections, especially because they may present in an atypical fashion or be caused by unusual organisms in immunocompromised patients.
		Prophylactic use of antibiotics, antifungal drugs, or antiviral agents is indicated in specific groups of immunocompromised patients.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/sep/M9590857.html (379 words)

	CMV - immunocompromised host \| Health Library \| Walgreens
		The majority of adults have antibodies (an indication of previous infection) to it in their blood by age 40.
		However, serious CMV infections can occur in people with impaired immunity (immunocompromised host), such as those with AIDS, organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients, and people receiving chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive treatments.
		CMV infection in the immunocompromised host can be life-threatening, and the severity of the disease is dependent on the strength of the individual's immune system.
	www.walgreens.com /library/contents.jsp?doctype=1&docid=000663 (1063 words)

	Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic ...
		Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal regimen -- Hohenadel et al.
		Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal regimen
		Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunocompromised patients with a protocol applicable in the microbiology laboratory.
	thorax.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/56/2/115 (3525 words)

	AllRefer Health - Pets and the Immunocompromised Person (AIDS Patients and Pets, Bone Marrow Transplant Patients and ...
		Immunocompromised people (e.g., people infected with HIV, or other conditions that suppress the immune system such as chronic renal failure, alcoholism, cirrhosis, diabetes, cancer, leukemia, transplant recipients, spleenectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or high doses of steroids) are often advised to give up their pets to avoid contracting various diseases from them.
		It is very important for such people and their families to be aware of the potential risk for zoonotic infection (e.g., diseases that can be passed from animals to humans).
		Ask your veterinarian for information on zoonotic infections and the immunocompromised person.
	health.allrefer.com /health/pets-and-the-immunocompromised-person-info.html (796 words)

	American Herpes Foundation - Herpesviruses in the Immunocompromised
		In addition, persons immunocompromised due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or cancer can be strongly affected by herpesviruses.
		This section briefly describes CMV, EBV, HHV-6, and HHV-8 infections in immunocompromised patients, as well as herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in persons with HIV infection.
		The virus is oncogenic, and the failure of cellular immune constraints on EBV-infected B cells often results in lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly in patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency (eg, infants and children with severe combined immunodeficiency or patients with AIDS) or in immunosuppressed transplant recipients.
	www.herpes-foundation.org /herpes-clinician-immunocompromised.htm (2544 words)

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