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Topic: Immunoglobulin

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Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin D

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	Antibody - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as antibodies.
		Immunoglobulins are heavy plasma proteins, often with added sugar chains (see glycosylation) on N-terminal (all antibodies) and occasionally O-terminal (IgA1 and IgD) aminoacid residues.
		Each heavy chain has a constant region, which is the same by all immunoglobulins of the same class, and a variable region which differs between immunoglobulins of different B cells, but is the same for all immunoglobulins produced by the same B cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunoglobulin (2190 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes are a group of immunodeficiency disorders in which the patient has reduced number of or lack of antibodies.
		Immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes are primary immunodeficiency diseases, occurring because of defective B-cells or antibodies.
		Immunoglobulin deficiencies are the result of congenital defects affecting the development and function of B lymphocytes (B-cells).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0007/ai_2601000741 (1137 words)

	immunoglobulin on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The effect of single and repeated bouts of prolonged cycling and circadian variation on saliva flow rate, immunoglobulin A and [alpha]-amylase responses.
		Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases.
		RCT Patents Oral Immunoglobulin Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-immunogl.asp (366 words)

	IMMUNOGLOBULINS - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
		The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is placed in an electrical field (Figure 1).
		Immunoglobulins are named based on the class, or subclass of the heavy chain and type or subtype of light chain.
		Immunoglobulins considered as a population of molecules are normally very heterogeneous because they are composed of different classes and subclasses each of which has different types and subtypes of light chains.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mayer/IgStruct2000.htm (2356 words)

	Labs- immunoglobulins
		Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways, and digestive tract.
		IgD, immunoglobulin D is mainly found on the surface of B-cells and may help regulate B-cell function.
		Detects the presence or absence of Immunoglobulins in the urine and assesses the qualitative character (polyclonal vs. monoclonal) of the immunoglobulins [1]
	www.lymphomation.org /tests-immunoglobulins.htm (490 words)

	CDC - Treatment of West Nile Virus Encephalitis with Intravenous Immunoglobulin
		We report an apparent dramatic response to intravenous immunoglobulin in an immunosuppressed patient and suggest that this was the result of specific antibodies in the Israeli immunoglobulin used.
		Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was 14.5 g/L, IgM 2.6 g/L, and IgA 2.6 g/L. Forty-eight hours after admission, dysarthria with episodes of impaired consciousness developed.
		We suggest that the use of such antibody- containing immunoglobulin may provide a specific and effective treatment for serious cases of West Nile virus infections, and therefore that formal trials of its use should be carried out.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol7no4/shimoni_letter.htm (671 words)

	Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, Special Circular 156, The Effect of Cortisol and Time of First Feeding on ...
		Simultaneously, the concentration of immunoglobulins in the colostrum was decreased (Stott et al., 1979c).
		The role of the adrenal corticoid hormone, cortisol, in immunoglobulin absorption by neonates is unclear.
		Changes in immunoglobulin absorption among the three colostrum feeding times (2, 7, and 12 hours postpartum) did not show the kinetics of intestinal gut closure that were expected (Stott et al., 1979 a,b; Stott and Fellah, 1983).
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc156/sc156_15.html (2562 words)

	Intravenous immunoglobulin for MS [Dec 2004; 130-6]
		It found benefits for immunoglobulin over placebo, but the numbers were very small, with no more than 17 patients in a group.
		Recruited patients were randomised to intravenous immunoglobulin at 1 gram/kg per month up to a maximum of 80 grams, or 0.1% albumin in maltose.
		The time to event analysis between immunoglobulin and placebo was identical, as was the total number with treatment failures, 20% deterioration on the peg test, or both, or clinical relapses (Table 1).
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band130/b130-6.html (803 words)

	Prevention of D Isoimmunization - New Treatments, October 2, 2005
		The dosage of D immunoglobulin is determined by the stage of gestation.
		D immunoglobulin is given to the D negative mother as soon after delivery as cord blood findings indicate that the baby is Rh positive.
		One vial (300 mcg) of D immunoglobulin should be administered if the transplacental hemorrhage is 25 mL of blood or less, and two vials (600 mcg) are given if the transplacental hemorrhage is between 25 and 50 mL.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals2a/d_isoimmunization.htm (603 words)

	Blood Safety
		She urged consideration of pure recombinant factors as a national standard for all clotting factor used in hemophilia treatment, and she stressed that it was not the wish of the hemophilia community to request standards that would be to the detriment of any other treatment community.
		He stated that the volume of intravenous immunoglobulin that could not be released because of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-related withdrawals was 186 kg in 1996 and 1066 kg in 1997 (an average dose is 25 gin).
		The net available supply of intravenous immunoglobulin, based on figures compiled by Georgetown Economic Services, was 13,752 kg in 1996, 12,994 kg in 1997, and a projected 13,000 kg in 1998; exports were 2352 kg in 1996, 2663 kg in 1997, and a projected 2558 in 1998.
	www.os.dhhs.gov /bloodsafety/summaries/sumapr98.html (4163 words)

	IgA Backgrounder
		Immunoglobulin-A antibodies are unique, as they traverse mucosal membranes and have the ability to inactivate microorganisms before they invade tissues of the body itself.
		Immunoglobulin-A deficiency patients also have increased frequency of diseases of the intestines and colon, such as chronic diarrhea, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
		It is believed that immunoglobulin-A deficiency may result from the failure of one type of immune cell called the B lymphocyte to mature into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulin-A antibodies.
	www.hgsi.com /news/press/background_IGA.html (722 words)

	National MS Society \| Sourcebook: Immunoglobulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Immunoglobulins are proteins that are secreted by white blood cells called B-lymphocytes in response to the presence of a substance that is foreign to the body (an antigen).
		Research has shown that these immunoglobulins are produced within the brain; that is, the immunoglobulins have not spilled over into the CSF from the blood, but are being produced by a specific group of immune cells that have been activated within the central nervous system.
		While increased immunoglobulin in the CSF and oligoclonal bands are seen in many other neurologic conditions as well as MS, their presence is often useful in helping to establish a diagnosis of MS.
	www.nationalmssociety.org /\Sourcebook-Immunoglobulin.asp (304 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 1c
		The immunoglobulin supergene family is a group of structurally similar glycoproteins, which mediate antigen recognition and cellular interactions.
		Consequently, two distinct regions of the assembled immunoglobulin occur: the first, which binds to an antigenic determinant and the second, which has other functions, such as binding to special cells and the first component of complement.
		Dimeric IgA binds to polymeric immunoglobulin receptors (secretory component) on the basolateral membranes of epithelial cells; the complex is internalized and transported across the cells in an endocytic vesicle to the apical pole of the cell where it is secreted as secretory IgA.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch001c.htm (4287 words)

	Intravenous Immunoglobulin is Preferred Therapy for Guillain-Barre Syndrome
		Intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg daily for 5 days) is equivalent to plasma exchange (five 50 ml/kg exchanges over 8-13 days) for treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults.
		One small (n=7) study evaluated the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in children and compared the results to an earlier study of plasma exchange (n=8) done at the same institution.
		Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy is thought to exert a beneficial effect by the anti-idiotypic suppression of autoantibodies.
	www.med.umich.edu /pediatrics/ebm/cats/gbs.htm (514 words)

	[Clinical Preventive Services] Screening for D (Rh) Incompatibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The standard postpartum dose of D immunoglobulin (300 mg) contains sufficient D antibodies to prevent sensitization to at least 15 mL of D-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), or approximately 30 mL of fetal blood;32 a "minidose" (50 mg) prevents sensitization to 2.5 mL of D-positive fetal RBCs.
		Unless the father is known to be D-negative, a full dose of D immunoglobulin is recommended for all unsensitized D-negative women after elective abortion (50 mg before 13 weeks) and amniocentesis ("B" recommendation).
		There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the routine administration of D immunoglobulin after other obstetric procedures or complications such as chorionic villus sampling, ectopic pregnancy termination, cordocentesis, fetal surgery or manipulation (including external version), antepartum placental hemorrhage, antepartum fetal death, and stillbirth ("C" recommendation).
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /texts/gcps/gcps0048.html (1461 words)

	Genetic Relatedness of Lymphoid Malignancies: Transformation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia as a Model -- Foon et al. ...
		of immunoglobulin genes to antibody isotypes and idiotypes.
		Immunoglobulin is isolated from a human B-cell tumor by fusing it with immunoglobulin nonsecreting murine myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG).
		Richter's syndrome with identical immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the supervening non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/119/1/63 (5539 words)

	Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhoea in low birth weight infants
		Oral immunoglobulin preparations are resistant to proteolytic digestion and retain significant neutralising activity in the stools of treated infants.The newborn infant's immaturity of proteolytic enzymes or rapid gastro-intestinal transit time permits intact or nearly intact IgG to pass throughout the gastrointestinal system (Hilpert 1987; Blum 1981).
		In a prospective randomised placebo controlled study of oral human serum immunoglobulin in children (but not neonates) with acute rotaviral gastroenteritis, there was a reduction in total duration of viral diarrhoea, and viral excretion, and a faster clinical improvement compared to controls (Guarino 1994).
		Newer preparations of oral anti-rotaviral immunoglobulins namely cow's colostrum and egg yolk immunoglobulins(Mine 2002), which have a high titre of anti-rotaviral immunoglobulins have become available and have already shown to be beneficial in older children.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/Mohan/Mohan.htm (4114 words)

	Immunoglobulin Treatment Prevents Congestive Heart Failure in Murine Encephalomyocarditis Viral Myocarditis Associated ...
		Basta M, Kirshborm P, Frank MM and Fries LF (1989) Mechanisms of therapeutic effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin: attenuation of acute, complement-dependent immune damage in a guinea pig model.
		Koffman BM and Dalakas MC (1997) Effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin on serum chemistry, hematology, and lymphocyte subpopulations: assessments based on controlled treatment trials in patients with neurological diseases.
		Takada H, Kishimoto C and Hiraoka Y (1995) Therapy with immunoglobulin suppresses myocarditis in a murine coxsackievirus B3 model.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/299/2/645 (3623 words)

	eMedicine - Immunoglobulin M Deficiency : Article Excerpt by: Rao Botta, MD
		Background: Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency (SIgMD) is a rare form of dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by an isolated low level of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM).
		Serum immunoglobulin levels are controlled by intricate immunological regulatory mechanisms, and it is reasonable to assume that heterogeneity exists in the pathogenesis of SIgMD.
		The absence of IgM in the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) has yet to be explained because this appears to contradict the theory of sequential immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/immunoglobulin-m-deficiency.htm (569 words)

	Glossary
		When used in association with immunoglobulin, allotypes describe allelic variants of immunoglobulins detected by antibodies raised between members of the same species.
		Hypervariable regions: Portions of the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains that are highly variable in amino acid sequence from one immunoglobulin molecule to another, and that, together, constitute the antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule.
		J gene: A gene segment coding for the J or joining segment in immunoglobulin DNA; V genes translocate to J segments in L chains, and to D and J segments in H chains.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /MBChB/ImmGloss.html (3717 words)

	Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements
		Immunoglobulin synthesizing cells have one or both heavy chain gene loci rearranged.
		Immunoglobulin synthesizing cells can switch from making one class of immunoglobulin to making another, with the order of switching determined by the order of heavy chain constant regions in the genome.
		DNA rearrangements are regulated, possibly through mature H chains and mature immunoglobulins, to guarantee the formation of only one functional H chain gene and, later, one functional L chain gene.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG3243.html (651 words)

	Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth-weight neonates
		Five studies on oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis were identified of which three met the inclusion criteria.
		Immunoglobulin administered orally as prophylaxis against necrotizing enterocolitis, versus placebo or nothing.
		The effect of the timing of the administration of immunoglobulin on the incidence of NEC is unknown.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochraneneonatal/Foster/foster.htm (3091 words)

	human normal immunoglobulin - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human normal immunoglobulin is extracted from the plasma of at least 1000 blood donors and it contains antibodies to common viral infections.
		It is administered via intramuscular injection in the case of prophylaxis, but in some cases may be given intravenously.
		Human normal immunoglobulin should not be administered less than 2 weeks after immunization with a live vaccine, and live vaccines should not be administered within 12 weeks of an immunoglobulin injection.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-2093678557.htm (139 words)

	Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis (Cochrane Review)
		In the second study 12 people with moderate or severe myasthenia gravis were treated in a cross-over design trial with intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange: no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the two treatments was found after four weeks.
		In the third study 15 people with mild or moderate myasthenia gravis received intravenous immunoglobulin or a placebo: no significant difference in efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin or placebo was found six weeks after treatment.
		There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to determine whether intravenous immunoglobulin for moderate or severe myasthenia gravis improves functional outcome or has a sparing effect on steroid dosage, nor is there sufficient evidence to favour intravenous immunoglobulin over steroids in moderate exacerbations.
	www.update-software.com /abstracts/AB002277.htm (501 words)

	Intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (Cochrane Review) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One trial with 17 patients compared intravenous immunoglobulin with plasma exchange in a cross-over design and one trial compared intravenous immunoglobulin with prednisolone in 32 patients.
		A significantly higher proportion of patients improved in disability within one month after the onset of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment as compared with placebo (relative risk 3.17, 95% confidence interval 1.74 to 5.75).
		Since intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange and prednisolone seem to be equally effective, it is currently uncertain which of these treatments should be the first choice.
	www.cochrane.org /cochrane/revabstr/ab001797.htm (632 words)

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