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Topic: Immunoglobulin class switching

	The Road to the Production of IgE Is Long and Winding -- KARNOWSKI et al. 162 (3): 71 -- American Journal of ...
		Class switch to IgE or IgG was not impaired
		Switch recombination is further dependent on the close interaction with helper T cells (Th cells) (7, 20).
		Switch to IgE is induced by IL-4 (26) and Il-13 (27) and inhibited
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/162/3/S1/S71 (3302 words)

	Switch transcripts in immunoglobulin class switching -- Lorenz et al. 267 (5205): 1825 -- Science
		Class switching is directed to distinct classes by cytokines, which induce transcription of the targeted DNA sequences.
		The in vivo pattern of AID targeting to immunoglobulin switch regions deduced from mutation spectra in msh2-/- ung-/- mice.
		Switch Recombination in a Transfected Plasmid Occurs Preferentially in a B Cell Line That Undergoes Switch Recombination of Its Chromosomal Ig Heavy Chain Genes.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/short/267/5205/1825 (1324 words)

	Isolation of differentially expressed genes upon immunoglobulin class switching by a subtractive hybridization method ...
		Immunoglobulin class switch recombination enables B lymphocytes to sequentially express antibodies that have identical specificities but that differ in class and effector function.
		Immunoglobulin class switch recombination enables B lymphocytes to sequentially express antibodies that have identical antigen specificities but differ in classes carrying specific effector functions (1,2).
		A number of experiments demonstrate that the specificity of germline transcript expression correlates well with that of the switch recombination target (3,47,48), suggesting that the germline transcription and its splicing are required for class switch recombination (3,47,49,50).
	nar.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/4/911 (6118 words)

	ScienceDaily: The Structure Behind The Switch: USC Researchers Uncover Mechanism Of Class-switching In Antibodies
		An immunoglobulin's class is important because it determines where in the body the antibody's efforts will be concentrated.
		The switch is made by cutting the DNA so that the code for IgM and any of the other class types that might precede the desired immunoglobulin class are abolished.
		But in immunoglobulin class switching, Yu explains, there is no specific signaling sequence-instead, as the Keck School scientists proved in their paper, it is the mere physical presence of the R-loop that tells the enzymes where the cut is to be made.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/04/030407080205.htm (1012 words)

	Two New Isotype-Specific Switching Activities Detected for Ig Class Switching -- Ma et al. 168 (6): 2835 -- The Journal ...
		Ig isotype switching in B lymphocytes: the effect of T cell derived interleukins, cytokines, cholera toxin and antigen on isotype switch frequency of a cloned B cell lymphoma.
		Switch recombination in a transfected plasmid occurs specifically in a B cell line that undergoes switch recombination of its chromosomal Ig heavy chain genes.
		Antibody class switch recombinase activity is B cell stage specific and functions stochastically in the absence of "targeted accessibility" control.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/168/6/2835 (6542 words)

	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Induces Salpha /Sµ Switch Circular DNA in Human B Cells -- Fujieda et al. 98 (7): 1527 ...
		Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching is the process whereby B cells initially expressing IgM and/or IgD on their surface switch to other Ig heavy chain loci and thereby provide antibodies with different effector functions but the same antigen specificity (1, 2).
		Total immunoglobulin levels were measured by ELISA as described previously in the supernatant of cells cultured for 10 d (18, 19).
		Switch circular DNA does not replicate as episomal DNA (4) and proliferation of cells makes the copy number of circular DNA, in fact, decrease relative to the number of cells.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/98/7/1527 (4578 words)

	CHIMERIC GERMLINE RNA THAT CONTROLS IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SWITCHING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Antibody diversity occurs as a consequence of somatic rearrangement in the immunoglobulin region of germline DNA followed by RNA splicing of the transcripts.
		Although germline transcripts have been shown to be necessary for class switching, their exact role in class switching is unknown.
		Inventors at UCLA have shown that Trans-splicing of germline Ig RNA transcripts occur in human B cells.
	www.research.ucla.edu /tech/ucla96-573.htm (157 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 1a
		Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are globular glycoproteins found in body fluids or on B cells where they act as antigen receptors.
		An immunoglobulin molecule is a symmetrical multi-chain peptide consisting of two identical H chains and two identical L chains.
		MHC class I molecules are found on all nucleated somatic cells and aid in presenting endogenously synthesized antigens, whereas MHC class II molecules are found principally on antigen processing/presenting cells (i.e., macrophages, B cells) and are involved in presenting processed exogenous protein antigens.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch001a.htm (3982 words)

	eMedicine - Immunoglobulin A Deficiency : Article by Rebecca Bascom
		Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) is a primary immunodeficiency disease and is the most common of the primary antibody deficiencies (Bonilla, 2005).
		Total immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is defined as an undetectable serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) level at a value of 5 mg/dL (0.05 g/L) in humans.
		IgA is the second most common immunoglobulin in human serum (after IgG) and is the predominant immunoglobulin found in mucosal secretions.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1159.htm (7848 words)

	DNA sequences mediating class switching in alpha-immunoglobulins -- Davis et al. 209 (4463): 1360 -- Science
		Immunoglobulin class switching involves specific DNA rearrangements of the gene segments coding for heavy chain constant regions (CH) during B lymphocyte differentiation.
		In two different cases of C mu to C alpha switching examined here (T15 and M603) and one taken from the literature (MC101), three different sites on the 5' side of C mu and three different sites on the 5' side of C alpha are joined together in the process of CH switching.
		The lack of homology between this C alpha sequence and sequences reported for the C gamma 1 and C gamma 2b switch sites suggests that heavy chain switching is mediated by class-specific recognition sequences and, presumably, class-specific regulatory mechanisms.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/209/4463/1360 (591 words)

	Emerging Research Fronts Comments by Andrea Cerutti
		By substituting immunoglobulin (Ig) M with IgG, IgA, or IgE, class switching diversifies the effector functions of antibodies produced by mature B cells, thereby facilitating the clearance of invading microorganisms by the immune system.
		Class switching is thought to be highly dependent upon activation of B cells by CD4+ T cells, a cell type that orchestrates cellular and humoral immune responses by providing help to T cells and B cells, respectively.
		I have a long-standing interest in the regulation of Ig heavy chain class switching and I have always been puzzled by the mechanisms underlying front line T cell-independent IgG, IgA, and IgE responses.
	www.esi-topics.com /erf/2006/april06-AndreaCerutti.html (619 words)

	Deletion of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Gene Ercc1 Reduces Immunoglobulin Class Switching and Alters Mutations Near ...
		The block in immunoglobulin class switch recombination caused by activation-induced cytidine deaminase deficiency occurs prior to the generation of DNA double strand breaks in switch µ region.
		Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice.
		R-loops at immunoglobulin class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated B cells.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/200/3/321 (5333 words)

	The generation of antibody diversity through somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination -- Li et al. 18 (1): ...
		Di Noia, J. and Neuberger, M.S. Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase.
		Morvan, C.L., Pinaud, E., Decourt, C., Cuvillier, A., and Cogne, M. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus hs3b and hs4 3' enhancers are dispensable for VDJ assembly and somatic hypermutation.
		Yu, K., Chedin, F., Hsieh, C.L., Wilson, T.E., and Lieber, M.R. R-loops at immunoglobulin class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated B cells.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/1/1 (6477 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		Isotype or class switching is the process by which an IgM and/or D-expressing B-cell is activated to undergo a somatic rearrangement that associates a V/D/J exon originally linked to C
		The class switch process is important in humoral immune responses because it allows the effector function of an immunoglobulin to be changed without altering antigenic specificity.
		Control of switch recombination is directed by B-cell interactions with T cells and soluble T-cell factors.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=808 (760 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Firstly, before we consider the process of class switching, one should recall that the antibody classes are based upon the possession of different heavy chain types, and that these heavy chains differ in their constant regions.
		As stated, changes in the Fc region of antibodies are made in the B Lymphocytes, and it is this process that is called class switching, and ultimately allows the immune response to a given pathogen to progress.
		The mechanism behind the process of class switching is indeed complex, but mirrors the generation of diversity in the variable regions of the antibody molecules.
	www.bch.bris.ac.uk /staff/henderson/Immunoglobulins4.htm (640 words)

	Combined Nasal Challenge with Diesel Exhaust Particles and Allergen Induces In Vivo IgE Isotype Switching -- Fujieda et ...
		Switch circular DNA formed in cytokine-treated mouse splenocytes: evidence for intramolecular DNA deletion in immunoglobulin class switch.
		Circular DNA is excised by immunoglobulin class switch recombination.
		Immunoglobulin switch transcript production in vivo related to site and time of antigen-specific B cell activation.
	www.ajrcmb.org /cgi/content/full/19/3/507 (4044 words)

	Mutations, duplication, and deletion of recombined switch regions suggest a role for DNA replication in the ...
		Mutations, duplication, and deletion of recombined switch regions suggest a role for DNA replication in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch.
		Xue, K., Rada, C., Neuberger, M. The in vivo pattern of AID targeting to immunoglobulin switch regions deduced from mutation spectra in msh2-/- ung-/- mice.
		Petry, K., Siebenkotten, G., Christine, R., Hein, K., Radbruch, A. An extrachromosomal switch recombination substrate reveals kinetics and substrate requirements of switch recombination in primary murine B cells.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/9/5/1850 (874 words)

	Ku80 is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching -- Casellas et al. 17 (8): 2404 -- The EMBO Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Switch recombination is preceded by the generation of sterile transcripts initiated at the I exons.
		Dunnick, W., Rabbitts, T.H. and Milstein, C. An immunoglobulin deletion mutant with implications for the heavy-chain switch and RNA splicing.
		Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination Is Impaired in Atm-deficient Mice
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/17/8/2404 (5072 words)

	Raif Geha, MD
		Isotype switching is the mechanism by which a B cell goes from producing one type of antibody to another while maintaining antigenic specificity.
		Isotype switching is a highly orchestrated process with several cytokines and T and B cell surface molecules participating.
		Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutation in the gene encoding for the WAS protein (WASP).
	www.childrenshospital.org /cfapps/research/data_admin/Site106/mainpageS106P0.html (504 words)

	The transcriptional programme of antibody class switching involves the repressor Bach2
		Honjo, T., Kinoshita, K. and Muramatsu, M. Molecular mechanism of class switch recombination: linkage with somatic hypermutation.
		Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells.
		Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature02596 (644 words)

	DNA Fiber Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Immunoglobulin Class Switching in B-Cell Neoplasia: Aberrant ...
		DNA Fiber Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Immunoglobulin Class Switching in B-Cell Neoplasia: Aberrant CH Gene Rearrangements in Follicle Center-Cell Lymphoma -- Vaandrager et al.
		Immunoglobulin class switching usually involves deletion of part of the immunoglobulin C
		In none of 10 MCL cases was class switching detected.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/92/8/2871 (829 words)

	Infection of human B lymphocytes with MMR vaccine induces IgE class switching. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Infection of human B lymphocytes with MMR vaccine induces IgE class switching.
		Circulating immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one of the characteristics of human allergic diseases including allergic asthma.
		Since many viral vaccines are live viruses, we speculated that live virus vaccines may also induce IgE class switching in human B cells.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /DailyNews/2003/July/08/InfectionOfHuman8.htm (268 words)

	Medarex - Scientific Publications
		"Class Switching in Human Immunoglobulin Transgenic Mice." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1995).
		"Human immunoglobulin transgenes undergo rearrangement, somatic mutation and class switching in mice that lack endogenous IgM." lnternational Immunology 6 (1994): 579-591.
		"Human immunoglobulin heavy-chain minilocus recombination in transgenic mice: Gene-segment use in m and g transcripts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90 (1993): 3720-3724.
	www.medarex.com /Development/Publications.htm (1327 words)

	Selective Inhibition of Class Switching to IgG and IgE by Recruitment of the HoxC4 and Oct-1 Homeodomain Proteins and ...
		Selective Inhibition of Class Switching to IgG and IgE by Recruitment of the HoxC4 and Oct-1 Homeodomain Proteins and Ku70/Ku86 to Newly Identified ATTT cis-Elements -- Schaffer et al.
		Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching is central to the maturation
		Inhibition of IgG and IgE class switching by HoxC4·Oct-1·Ku is consistent with the C
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/25/23141 (5260 words)

	53BP1 is required for class switch recombination -- Ward et al. 165 (4): 459 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		Molecular mechanism of class switch recombination: linkage with somatic hypermutation.
		IgH class switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells.
		H2AX is required for recombination between immunoglobulin switch regions but not for intra-switch region recombination or somatic hypermutation.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/165/4/459 (3519 words)

	Delineation of the Role of the Mre11 Complex in Class Switch Recombination -- Lähdesmäki et al. 279 (16): ...
		Eleven switch fragments were amplified from the control (lane 9 has two distinct bands), whereas only 1 (ATLD1, lane 6), 5 (ATLD2, lanes 4–6 and 8), 2 (ATLD3, lanes 1 and 6), and 3 (ATLD4, lanes 3 and 5) switch fragments were amplified from the four patients.
		The proportion of switch junctions with a given size of perfectly matched short homology is indicated by the size of the slices.
		The percentage of switch junctions with a given size of imperfect repeats is plotted.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/16/16479 (5810 words)

	Behind the Switch
		For instance, while immunoglobulin M (IgM) works mostly in the bloodstream, IgG easily slips through a capillary’s walls and crosses the placenta, and IgA makes itself at home in the lungs, the digestive tract and the body’s secretions (saliva, sweat and tears).
		What Lieber, Yu and their colleagues found is that, before such a cut can be made, the DNA that codes for the desired class must first form a stable, relatively permanent bond with the RNA strand that is transcribing it.
		But in immunoglobulin class switching, Yu explains, there is no specific signaling sequence—instead, as the Keck School scientists proved, it is the mere physical presence of the R-loop that tells the enzymes where the cut is to be made.
	www.usc.edu /hsc/info/pr/ccr/03fall/behind.html (823 words)

	Davis, Mark M. (1980-08-28) Programmed DNA rearrangements during differentiation : immunoglobulin class switching. ...
		A mouse immunoglobulin alpha heavy-chain gene is shown to be composed of at least three non-contiguous segments of germline [...] gene segment, [...] gene segment adjacent to the [...] coding region, and a [...] gene segment.
		These gene segments are joined together by two distinct types of DNA rearrangements: variable region formation and immunoglobulin class switching.
		Three examples of [...] class switching were examined and in each case a different site adjacent to [...] and a different site adjacent to [...] were joined together in the process of switching.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-04292005-082735 (322 words)

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