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Topic: Tolerance (immunological)

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	NDI Terminology - immunologic tolerance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tolerance is readily induced by administration of antigen to immunologically immature animals (fetuses, neonates).
		In adults tolerance may be induced by repeated administration of very large doses of antigen, or of small doses that are below the threshold required for stimulation of an immune response.
		Tolerance is most readily induced by soluble antigens administered intravenously ; immunosuppression also facilitates the induction of tolerance.
	www.ndif.org /Terms/immunologic_tolerance.html (110 words)

	Peter Medawar - Nobel Lecture
		This is the first example of the phenomenon we came to call immunological tolerance; the red cells could not have "adapted" themselves to their strange environment, because they were in fact identified as native or foreign by those very antigenie properties which, had an adaptation occurred, must necessarily have been transformed.
		Tolerance is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon: every degree of tolerance is to be found, from that which allows a graft to live just perceptibly longer than would be expected of it in a normal animal to that in which the graft is permanently accepted by and incorporated into its host.
		Tolerance unaccompanied by any symptom of runt disease is produced by the injection of embryonic cells or by a natural or artificial parabiosis between embryos, and it leads here to a stable chimerism in which native and foreign cells seem to coexist without the one ousting the other.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1960/medawar-lecture.html (3323 words)

	Bacterial Defense against Immune Responses
		Tolerance is a property of the host in which there is an immunologically-specific reduction in the immune response to a given Ag.
		Tolerance to a bacterial Ag does not involve a general failure in the immune response but a particular deficiency in relation to the specific antigen(s) of a given bacterium.
		Tolerance to a bacterium or one of its products might arise when large amounts of bacterial antigens are circulating in the blood.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /antiimmuno.html (2720 words)

	Tolerance and Autoimmunity
		Tolerance to tissue and cell antigens can be induced by injection of hemopoietic (stem) cells in neonatal or severely immunocompromised (by lethal irradiation or drug treatment) animals.
		Tolerance can be broken naturally (as in autoimmune diseases) or artificially (as shown in experimental animals, by x-irradiation, certain drug treatments and by exposure to cross reactive antigens).
		Tolerance may be induced to all epitopes or only some epitopes on an antigen and tolerance to a single antigen may exist at the B cell level or T cell level or at both levels.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /ghaffar/tolerance2000.htm (1463 words)

	JDRF Launches New Center at HMS
		The Center was developed because advances in the immune tolerance area are critical for finding better treatments, and eventually a cure, for type 1 diabetes.
		Type 1 diabetes is caused by a breakdown in immunological tolerance.
		As such, understanding immunological tolerance is a critical objective for type 1 diabetes researchers.
	www.hms.harvard.edu /news/releases/8_23JDRF.html (822 words)

	TolerRx \| News \| Press Releases \|
		Tolerance is a normal immunological response that the body uses to recognize "self" from "non-self" (foreign agents or antigens).
		Clinical settings where tolerance inductive therapies would be beneficial include autoimmunity, transplantation, gene therapy, and situations where chronic biologic therapy induces an interfering immune response to therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies, clotting factors, enzymes as replacement therapy, and various other recombinant proteins.
		Professor Waldmann and his colleagues have carried out pioneering research on the mechanisms responsible for immunological tolerance, and the initial proprietary position of the Company is based upon exclusive licenses to technologies derived from his laboratory.
	www.tolerrx.com /news-press_release-102301.php (1024 words)

	Principles and Methods/Assessing Allergic Hypersensitization Associated with Exposure to Chemicals (EHC 212, 1999)
		Tolerance to non-self antigens 1.5.3.1 Scope 1.5.3.2 Mucosal defence against exogenous toxic pressures 1.5.3.3 Induction of oral tolerance 1.5.3.4 Factors determining the development of oral tolerance 1.5.3.5 Orally induced flare-up reactions and desensitization 1.5.3.6 Mechanisms of tolerance 1.5.3.7 Conclusions 2.
		Immunological memory is the ability to distinguish a foreign material as a previous invader and to mount a greatly increased and lasting response to that particular antigen.
		Immunological tolerance refers to a state of non-responsiveness that is specific for a particular antigen, and is induced by prior exposure to that antigen.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc212.htm (13189 words)

	Immunological Tolerance
		Immunological tolerance is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen.
		Immunological tolerance is not simply a failure to recognize an antigen; it is an active response to a particular epitope and is just as specific as an immune response.
		Both B cells and T cells can be made tolerant, but it is more important to tolerize T cells than B cells because B cells cannot make antibodies to most antigens without the help of T cells.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Tolerance.html (1719 words)

	toler.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Immunological tolerance is the lack of response to a given antigen.
		An important form of tolerance is self tolerance, namely the lack of response of the immune system to self antigens.
		R Owen correctly concluded that tolerance in these animals resulted from the sharing of the placenta in fetal life, ie from exposure to the antigen during the development of the immune system.
	webmed.unipv.it /immunology/toler.html (713 words)

	txt001mhb: The role of cytokines in immunological tolerance: potential for therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In addition, it is not clear how peripheral tolerance exerted via deletion accords with a mechanism of active suppression as occurs with the phenomenon of ‘infectious tolerance’, in which tolerance induced in one animal can be transferred sequentially to other animals via passage of T cells (Ref. 26).
		A physiological role of IL-10 in tolerance to autoantigens is further implied by the fact that IL-10-knockout mice have a tendency to develop severe EAE and spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease, while IL-10-transgenic animals are markedly resistant to EAE (Ref. 63).
		(1994) Induction of hapten-specific tolerance by interleukin 10 in vivo.
	www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk /00002143h.htm (8623 words)

	HIV Aids (Grouppe Kurosawa): Periods of Immune Control, Immune Dysfunction, Viral Propagation, and Transition to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Immunological suppression is best exemplified by the effect of the anti-inflammatory hormone hydrocortisone (cortisol) on the immune system.
		Immunological tolerance is a long-lived biochemical reaction in which the immune system is "taught" to not react to certain proteins, peptides, and other molecules.
		This phase of HIV infectivity is characterized by the collapse of immunosuppression and immunological tolerance and a shift toward a cell-mediated immune response against viral and non-viral proteins.
	www.grouppekurosawa.com /virus3.htm (718 words)

	Cytokines in the induction and circumvention of peripheral tolerance.
		Cytokines in the induction and circumvention of peripheral tolerance.
		Tolerance was shown to be induced in both the Th1 and Th2 CD4+ subsets.
		Previous studies that demonstrated tolerance in the DHGG models induced in both the Th1 and Th2 subsets was further suggested by the demonstrations in the present study that dose-response curves for the induction of tolerance are identical in both subsets.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/nov/A99B0440.html (588 words)

	TOLERRX INC Securities Registration Statement (S-1/A) Business
		Immunological tolerance is a normal state in which the immune system recognizes an antigen, or tissue bearing an antigen, as non-dangerous and thus prevents a harmful or misdirected attack.
		TRX1 is being developed to induce immunological tolerance in transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and in settings requiring the chronic administration of therapeutic proteins.
		We believe that TRX2 could be synergistic with TRX1 for the induction of immunological tolerance in organ transplantation due to the role that T cells bearing the CD8 receptor have in the early rejection of transplants.
	sec.edgar-online.com /2004/05/25/0001047469-04-018440/section6.asp (10542 words)

	Figures
		Tolerance denotes the absence of a detectable, functional immune response in the absence of immunosuppression.
		The basic principles of T-cell activation in response to the presentation of alloantigen and tolerance induction by costimulation blockade.
		This hypothesis predicts allospecific tolerance induction, and permanent islet graft survival should be achieved by the coadministration of a DST and anti-CD154 mAb.
	www.medscape.com /content/2004/00/46/84/468446/468446_fig.html (669 words)

	Intranasally Induced Immunological Tolerance Is Determined by Characteristics of the Draining Lymph Nodes: Studies with ...
		Intranasally Induced Immunological Tolerance Is Determined by Characteristics of the Draining Lymph Nodes: Studies with OVA and Human Cartilage gp-39 -- Wolvers et al.
		lymph nodes in the induction of tolerance assayed by DTH by
		of nose-draining lymph nodes in the induction of immunological
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/162/4/1994 (4798 words)

	NIH Guide: MECHANISMS OF PERIPHERAL IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND ANERGY
		Improved knowledge of peripheral tolerance and anergy is likely to open new avenues to: treatment or prevention of a variety of autoimmune and allergic disorders, moderating organ and bone marrow graft rejection, and vaccination against infectious organisms.
		This Request for Applications (RFA), Mechanisms of Peripheral Immunological Tolerance and Anergy, is related to the priority areas of diabetes and chronic disabling diseases, and to immunization and infectious diseases.
		RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Tolerance and anergy may be imposed at any of several levels within the immune system and, while the precise mechanisms may vary, together these levels probably constitute a hierarchy that is designed to prevent normal physiological reactions against self from leading to autoimmune disorders.
	grants.nih.gov /GRANTS/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-93-007.html (2347 words)

	Makio Iwashima, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tolerance is achieved by several mechanisms and a major process is thymic selection where self-reactive precursor T cells are removed.
		To understand immunological tolerance at molecular level, we analyze the signaling process of T cell antigen receptor(TCR).
		To understand immunological memory, we are establishing a mouse model which allows us to detect T cells which experienced antigenic stimulation.
	www.mcg.edu /Institutes/IMMAG/iwashima.html (548 words)

	Oral tolerance in disease -- GARSIDE et al. 44 (1): 137 -- Gut
		Tolerance towards resident intestinal flora in mice is abrogated in experimental colitis and restored by treatment with interleukin-10 or antibodies to interleukin-12.
		Mucosal tolerance and suppression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) induced by nasal inhalation of synthetic peptide 184-198 of bovine type II collagen (CII) expressing a dominant T cell epitope.
		Inhibition of S-antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by oral induction of tolerance with S-antigen.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/44/1/137 (5215 words)

	For the Media - Joslin Diabetes Center
		The Center was developed because advances in the immune tolerance area are critical for finding better treatments, and ultimately a cure, for type 1 diabetes.
		Essentially, the Center is a confederation of eight research projects and three supporting cores, constituting a broad-based basic resea rch program on immunological tolerance in type 1 diabetes.
		Mathis and her team are striving to identify the genes responsible for the defect in central tolerance in NOD mice and anticipate that their studies will provide new insights into how a defect in centrally imposed immunological tolerance can promote type 1 diabetes.
	www.joslin.harvard.edu /1083_2053.asp (733 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 7, d1331-1337, May 1, 2002]
		Because of problems associated with long-term immunosuppression, the induction of immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens has become a major goal in the field because of its promise to allow replacement of host organs without the need for immunosuppression.
		We speculated that the failure to induce stable long-term tolerance to alloantigens after antigen challenge by gene engineering of bone marrow could have been due to a failure to efficiently express the retrovirally-encoded alloantigen on cell types capable of inducing deletional tolerance, loss of gene expression, or to an extremely low level of initial expression.
		We therefore hypothesized that to achieve stable T cell tolerance, rather than hyporesponsiveness, by gene therapy, it would be necessary to achieve long-term expression of the retrovirally-transduced alloantigen on multiple hematopoietic cell lineages at relatively high levels.
	www.bioscience.org /2002/v7/d/bagley/2.htm (4913 words)

	ITN - Tolerance Assay Research
		The ITN Tolerance Assay Group (TAG) employ and investigates diagnostic procedures in its attempts to develop a comprehensive picture of the state of the immune response both prior to, during and following treatment with tolerogenic therapies.
		A key goal of the TAG is the development of a standardized program of immunological monitoring in order to identify surrogate immunological and genetic markers of tolerance that will act as a guide for both immunosuppression withdrawal and tolerogenic treatment in islet and kidney transplantation, autoimmune diseases and allergy and asthma.
		In addition, the mechanistic data arising from the application of assay procedures in all trials will be applied to the development of second generation tolerance therapeutics.
	www.immunetolerance.org /research/tolerance (212 words)

	Immunology Faculty: Youhai H. Chen, M.D., Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Immunological tolerance is essential for maintaining the integrity of the self.
		Chen and colleagues have performed a large series of experiments using T cell receptor transgenic mice investigating the mechanisms of immunological tolerance.
		One of the current focuses is to determine which molecular pathway(s) is responsible for the death of self-reactive T cells in the thymus.
	www.med.upenn.edu /immun/Faculty/chen.html (660 words)

	Autoimmune Diabetes and the Circle of Tolerance -- Rossini 53 (2): 267 -- Diabetes
		It is the loss of immunological tolerance that leads to autoimmunity (61), specifically the autoimmune destruction of ß-cells in type 1 diabetes.
		I believe that the key is tolerance induction (11).
		Stages of transplantation tolerance induction using DST and anti-CD154 mAb (10).
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/2/267 (6500 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 98014471 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Over the past decades there have been considerable advances in our knowledge of the role of the thymus in "educating" T cells to distinguish self from non-self, and recently there has been a greater appreciation of the importance of immunological tolerance in the periphery during the development of immune responses.
		Issues as diverse as apoptosis, cell signalling and cell cycle progression, and expression of cytokines have all influenced recent research on the consequences of immunological recognition of foreign antigens.
		A number of chapters discuss basic mechanisms of tolerance, including mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance, molecular and genetic mechanisms for maintaining self tolerance, partial T cell activation, and the role of apoptosis in tolerance.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/wiley034/98014471.html (275 words)

	JDRF Launches Immune Tolerance Center at Harvard : Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
		New York, NY, August 25, 2004--Because type 1 diabetes is caused by a breakdown in immune tolerance, with the body attacking its own insulin-producing beta cells, understanding how the immune system falters and how to re-establish tolerance to beta cells is a critical objective for researchers.
		In pursuit of this goal, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) and Harvard Medical School have opened a new research Center to study immune tolerance and ways that it might be influenced to prevent, treat, or cure juvenile, type 1, diabetes.
		The JDRF Center for Immunological Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes at Harvard Medical School will be co-directed by Diane Mathis, Ph.D., and Christophe Benoist, M.D., Ph.D., who will oversee a group of 10 laboratories from Harvard and its affiliated institutions.
	www.jdrf.org /index.cfm?page_id=102798 (887 words)

	Tolerance, Mixed Chimerism, and Chronic Transplant Arteriopathy -- Russell et al. 167 (10): 5731 -- The Journal of ...
		tolerant at birth and almost 100% of mixed chimeras.
		artery lesions in 15 mice in the neonatally induced tolerance
		Role of intrathymic clonal deletion and peripheral anergy in transplantation tolerance induced by bone marrow transplantation in mice conditioned with nonmyeloablative regimen.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/167/10/5731 (6666 words)

	Stimulation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance - Nature Immunology
		Thus, this naturally occurring immunoregulatory T cell population is not only engaged in preventing autoimmune disease but can also be exploited to evoke effective tumor immunity or induce transplantation tolerance.
		The role of GITR in T cell−mediated suppression of self-reactive T cells is another mode by which TNF-TNFR superfamily proteins contribute to maintaining immunological self-tolerance.
		Thus, GITR may be a suitable molecular target for preventing or treating autoimmune disease, inducing tumor immunity or establishing transplantation tolerance in humans.
	nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ni/journal/v3/n2/full/ni759.html (6108 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| Immunosuppression and immunological tolerance induction: lessons from a ...
		Immunosuppression and immunological tolerance induction: lessons from a transplant model
		Induction of immunological tolerance to the transplanted organs can solve this problem.
		Whether this sharp dose-dependent effect of CyA on tolerance induction is a general effect of immunosuppressive agents or is restricted only to CyA is still to be examined.
	arthritis-research.com /content/5/S3/106 (345 words)

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