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	Immunosuppressive drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressants are drugs that are used in immunosuppressive therapy to inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
		It is possible to diminish their toxicity by using highly purified serum fractions and intravenous administration in the combination with other immunosuppressants, for example calcineurin inhibitors, cytostatics and cortisteroids.
		It increases the expression or changes the function of certain adhesion molecules (α4/β7 integrin) in lymphocytes, so they accumulate in the lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodes) and their number in the circulation is diminished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunosuppressant (2130 words)

	Treatments: Immunosuppressive drugs - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Immunosuppressants are usually longer-lasting drugs and work in a different manner, usually by interfering with the body's white blood cells (T-cells or B-cells).
		Unfortunately, modern immunosuppressants are not specific and suppress all of the immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic infections that would normally be prevented by the immune system.
		Immunosuppressants are given to transplant patients to prevent organ rejection and to patients with autoimmune diseases like lupus.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /treat/immunosuppressive_drugs.htm (342 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Immunosuppressants available at present include the calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin, tacrolimus), antimetabolites (azathioprine, leflunomide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil), antiproliferatives (sirolimus), monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte (basiliximab, daclizumab, muromonab-CD3) and anticytokines (anakinra, etanercept, infliximab).
		Immunotherapy in transplantation and autoimmune diseases is tending towards the use of multi-drug regimens tailored for the individual patient.
		One caveat, however, is that emerging immunosuppressants that are likely to capture a reasonable share of this increasingly-fragmented market must demonstrate the ability to achieve disease remission or long-term slowing of disease progression.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /news/Nov2003/MedlineImmunosuppressantsinOrganTransplantsandAutoimmuneDiseases.html (369 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Immunosuppressants have been proposed as disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS) for almost 40 years, but only one, mitoxantrone, has recently been approved, whereas beta-interferons and glatiramer acetate have been licensed since the mid-90s.
		Recent therapeutic trials of potent immunosuppressive agents such as Campath-1H, mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide of MS patients with high relapse rates, rapid accumulation of disability and high degree of MRI activity, have resulted in strong suppression of clinical and MRI inflammatory activity, provided that profound and prolonged lymphopenia was achieved.
		Currently available non-specific immunosuppressants are able to control inflammation and reduce relapses in MS, but cannot prevent neurodegeneration and the progression of irreversible disability; specific tools need to be developed for that purpose.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /news/Jun2004/MedlineNonSpecificImmunosuppressantsinTreatmentofMS.html (209 words)

	Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic medications for lupus
		Immunosuppressive medications can be used with corticosteroids for severe, extensive skin rashes or other severe symptoms that do not respond to other therapy.
		Immunosuppressants lower your immunity, making your body less able to defend against viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, such as a common herpes-type virus (cytomegalovirus [CMV]), shingles, staphylococcus, and yeast.
		Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic medications have been associated with a small increase in the risk of developing certain cancers.
	my.webmd.com /hw/lupus/hw123107.asp (1057 words)

	In Vitro Interactions between Antifungals and Immunosuppressants against Aspergillus fumigatus -- Steinbach et al. 48 ...
		in the immunosuppressant susceptibilities of yeasts and A.
		The immunosuppressive and toxic effects of FK-506 are mechanistically related: pharmacology of a novel antagonist of FK-506 and rapamycin.
		Invasive aspergillosis in mice immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A, tacrolimus (FK506), or sirolimus (rapamycin).
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/5/1664 (3159 words)

	healthyNJ--Information for Healthy Living - Transplantation and Organ Donation
		With the use of immunosuppressants, the success of transplantation is less affected by the compatibility of the donor.
		Immunosuppressants must be taken to prevent rejection of a transplanted heart.
		Because of the risk of taking immunosuppressants, these transplantations have usually been reserved for people who are already taking immunosuppressants for another reason--for example, those who have received a kidney transplant because of kidney failure.
	www.healthynj.org /health-wellness/transplant/main.htm (3998 words)

	PharmaCare - Transplant Clinical Resource \| Managing the Side Effects of Immunosuppressant Medications \| 05-09-2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Immunosuppressants increase transplant recipients' risk for osteoporosis, especially during the first 6-12 months after a transplant when immunosuppressant doses are high.
		All immunosuppressants increase the risk of infection by altering the immune system¹s ability to recognize and respond to invading microorganisms.
		Immunosuppressants can cause hair loss by weakening hair strands, which increases the hair's tendency to break off at the roots.
	www.cvsprocare.com /content/transplant/clinical/sideeffects.html (3166 words)

	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - UMMC
		Drugs known as immunosuppressants are often used, either alone or with corticosteroids for very active SLE, particularly when kidney or neurologic involvement or acute blood vessel inflammation is present.
		Mycophenolate mofetil is a promising immunosuppressant showing particularly effectiveness for complications in the kidney and may have fewer side effects than other agents.
		In general, immunosuppressants should not be used alone unless corticosteroids are ineffective or inappropriate.
	www.umm.edu /patiented/articles/what_specific_agents_used_severe_systemic_lupus_erythematosus_000063_9.htm (2075 words)

	Immunosuppressants
		The immunosuppressants are a class of drugs capable of inhibiting the body's immune system.
		Cytotoxic agents used as immunosuppressants include antimetabolites (azathioprine), alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide), and folic-acid antagonists (methotrexate or 6-MP).
		These drugs are used in organ transplant patients to decrease the body's own natural defense to foreign bodies (such as the transplanted organ) and thereby, attempt to prevent the organ's rejection by the body.
	www.itppeople.com /immunosuppressants.htm (672 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Immunosuppressants appear to help maintain remission in Crohn's disease and to heal fistulas and intestinal ulcers caused by this disease.
		An immunosuppressant is often combined with a corticosteroid to speed up response during active attacks.
		In pregnancy, the use of immunosuppressants by the mother is associated with birth defects such as cleft palate, limb deformities, and eye problems.
	www.nym.org /healthinfo/docs/103/doc103drugs.html (3714 words)

	In Vitro Interactions between Antifungals and Immunosuppressants against Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates from Transplant ...
		to sustain the transplanted graft and increased immunosuppression
		Immunosuppressive and nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporine analogs are toxic to the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans via cyclophilin-dependent inhibition of calcineurin.
		The immunosuppressant FK506 and its nonimmunosuppressive analog L-685,818 are toxic to Cryptococcus neoformans by inhibition of a common target protein.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/12/4922 (1986 words)

	Immunosuppressants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Immunosuppressants are powerful medicines that dampen down the activity of the body’s immune system.
		Immunosuppressant medicines can increase your susceptibility to infections because your suppressed immune system is less able than normal to fight off bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances.
		Many medicines can interact with immunosuppressants so it is very important that you let your doctor know what medicines you are already taking or using, including prescription medicines, those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before you start treatment with an immunosuppressant.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /skin_hair/eczema_immunosuppressants_003765.htm (937 words)

	Immunosuppressants / Apoptosis / Bioenergy / Memory formation
		The aim of our research on apoptosis is to better understand the mechanisms involved in the induction of apoptosis, a non-inflammatory form of programmed cell death, which plays an important role in development of both the nervous and the immune system, in cancer and in autoimmune diseases.
		CyA is a cyclic undecapeptide and is widely used as immunosuppressant in human transplantation surgery to prevent graft rejections, the major post-operative problem in transplantation medicine.
		The immunophilins (cyclophilins and FKBP's) are binding proteins of the immunosuppressants (CyA and FK-506).
	www.med.monash.edu.au /biochem/research/projects/immapopbio.html (847 words)

	Drugs used in Heart transplants
		Immunosuppressants are not given before heart transplantation to limit infectious complications.
		At the time of transplantation, a cocktail of three immunosuppressants is begun intravenously and then are converted to oral medications a few days later.
		These immunosuppressants are initially given at very high doses and are then reduced over the next weeks to months.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/Cardio/archive/11565.html (506 words)

	Treating Pemphigus and Pemphigoid with Immunosuppressants - International Pemphigus Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When an immunosuppressant is used with prednisone, the dose of prednisone can often be reduced.
		For this reason, immunosuppressants are often called steroid-sparing drugs.
		The most common immunosuppressants used to treat pemphigus are azathioprine (e.g.
	www.pemphigus.org /immunosuppressants.html (393 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Sirolimus/cyclosporine/tacrolimus interactions on bile flow and biliary excretion of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The new immunosuppressive agent sirolimus generally is combined in transplant patients with cyclosporine and tacrolimus which both exhibit cholestatic effects.
		After 14 days a bile fistula was installed to investigate the effects of the immunosuppressants and their combinations on bile flow and on biliary excretion of bile salts, cholesterol, and immunosuppressants.
		Additionally, we measured the concentrations of these immunosuppressants and the main CyA metabolites in bile and blood to explore the role of biliary excretion of them for possible pharmacokinetic interactions that are of clinical importance, as well.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v136/n4/full/0704756a.html (5759 words)

	Taking the Inflammation Out Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Immunosuppressants in IBD
		Alternative immunosuppressants could theoretically suppress IBD activity while avoiding some of the side effects associated with steroids.
		Immunosuppressants in ulcerative colitis has been studied less than with Crohn’s disease because of a known cure for UC: total colectomy.
		To illustrate the point, azathioprine and other immunosuppressants had been used to suppress rejection in kidney transplant recipients before they were used in IBD.
	intmedweb.wfubmc.edu /grand_rounds/1999/ibd.html (4720 words)

	I B D F o r u m
		The group found that immunosuppressants were used more early over the 25 years in group 1 (5-year cumulative probability of prescription of zero for 1978-82 and 0.56 in 1998-2002 cohort).
		Although this study has its shortcomings it does question whether the use of immunosuppressants are changing the natural course of the disease.
		It seems from the data that immunosuppressants are used to late in the course of the disease to change the natural history.
	www.ibdforum.com /news/index.asp?docid=N735 (1441 words)

	Herbal Therapy Interactions with Immunosuppressive Agents
		The immunosuppressive medications used to prevent allograft rejection after transplantation present a host of patient monitoring challenges for the pharmacist.
		Immunosuppressive agents may also be used to treat other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and lupus nephritis.
		Patients taking immunosuppressants should be counseled to avoid these immunostimulating herbs to prevent competing effects on the immune system.
	www.uspharmacist.com /oldformat.asp?url=newlook/files/Feat/herbals.htm&pub_id=8&article_id=737 (2798 words)

	The late effects of selected immunosuppressants on immunocompetence, disease incidence, and mean life-span. I. Humoral ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The effect of different immunosuppressive treatments during young adulthood or humoral immune competence late in life was determined.
		Decrease in immune competence of aged thymectomized animals could not be correlated with a decrease in numbers of theta-bearing T or immunoglobulin receptor-bearing B lymphocytes.
		The significance of the observed unequal effects of these immunosuppressants on immune competence, as they relate to disease incidence and life expectancy, are dealt with in the third paper in this series.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1081633.html (208 words)

	National Kidney Foundation: Newsroom
		Immunosuppressant is a term used to describe a number of drugs or medicines that suppress or lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ.
		Examples of immunosuppressants used for kidney transplants are: cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone and FK 506.
		When you get a kidney transplant, your body knows that the new kidney is foreign (that is, not originally part of your body).
	www.kidney.org /atoz/atozPrint.cfm?id=77 (843 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: Immunosuppressants Testing in Transplantation
		To the Editor.-The concentrations of therapeutic immunosuppressants in blood are essential for the management of patients before, during, and after organ transplantation.
		Immunoassays are easy to perform but relatively nonselective and less accurate because the parent compound and inactive metabolites cannot be separated in relation to their contribution to therapy.2 Reasons for preferring LCMSMS measurements include accuracy, efficiency (results of multiple drugs simultaneously from a single sample extract), and cost containment.
		In our comparative studies, concentrations of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus were lower by LCMSMS than by immunoassay, suggesting nonspecific cross-reactivity in the latter.2 These differences alerted us that practitioners accustomed to immunoassay results could be confused by the lower concentrations with respect to drug dosing.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200412/ai_n9472868 (457 words)

	Diabetes Self-Management - Immunosuppressants
		Because immunosuppressants suppress the immune system, they make a person more susceptible to infections and certain types of cancers such as lymphomas.
		The first drugs used for immunosuppressant therapy, azathioprine (brand name Imuran) and corticosteroids (such as Prednisone), were introduced in the 1960’s.
		Following a transplant, doctors monitor kidney function and try to minimize these side effects by using the lowest possible dose and by combining cyclosporine with other immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids or low doses of azathioprione.
	www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com /article.cfm?aid=238&sid=6 (452 words)

	The Molecular Mechanisms of the Neurotoxicity of the Immunosuppressants Ciclosporin
		Due to synergistic immunosuppressive activity and different spectra of side effects, combination of CsA with the m-TOR inhibitor sirolimus (Srl) or everolimus (RAD) improves immunosuppressive therapy.
		It was the aim of this work to characterize the mechanisms of the immunosuppressants neurotoxic effects.
		The rat kidney-concentrations of the immunosuppressants were up to ten times higher than in rat brains.
	www.chemie.uni-bremen.de /leibfritz/homepage/Summary.htm (448 words)

	Immunosuppressants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As immunosuppressants have been proven to be beneficial in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, drugs that have an immunosuppressant function have been proposed to be potentially beneficial in controlling disease progression in patients with MS.
		The drugs listed in the table below have immunosuppressant effects and are sometimes used to treat patients with MS.
		Please note that Tysabri (Natalizumab) another immunosuppressive drug was previously available for a short period of time, for use in treating MS in the US.
	www.rebif.net /international/branded/nurses/treatment/immunosuppressants/immunosuppressants.jsp (231 words)

	AtheroGenics Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		AGI-1096 represents a novel approach to treating transplant rejection in two ways- first, by diminishing the inflammatory response associated with the transplant and second, by protecting the blood vessels to the transplanted organ through its v-protectant activity.
		However, the Scientific Registry of Transplant Rejection reports that, even with the use of immunosuppressants, patients have a 20 to 50 percent risk of rejecting a donated organ during the first three years following transplantation, and less than 50 percent of patients have functioning grafts after approximately 10 years.
		Organ transplantation takes place when an organ from a donor is surgically removed and placed into a recipient patient whose own organ has been destroyed by disease or infection.
	www.atherogenics.com /press/pr/pr081.html (766 words)

	Forum on HIV and Mental Health: HIV EIA test and Immunosuppressants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I'm wondering how immunosuppressants such as the ones I'm taking would impact the production of antibodies that they may go undetected on an EIA test and would probably give false negative results.
		If it had documented immunosuppressant effects, the FDA would require it to be so labeled and probably would pull it from the U.S. market.
		As far as I know, they are not marketed in the U.S. Please remember that this forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not engaged through this forum in rendering legal or medical advice or professional services.
	www.thebody.com /Forums/AIDS/Mental/Current/Q146319.html (483 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		You may have to take two or more of these immunosuppressant medicines, as well as other medications to treat other health problems.
		Immunosuppressants work by diminishing the ability of immune cells to function.
		Some immunosuppressants cause cataracts, diabetes, extra stomach acid, high blood pressure, and bone disease.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=11228567&postID=110993753721986503 (437 words)

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