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Topic: Immunosuppressant drugs

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	Immunosuppressant Drugs - Definition, Purpose, Description, Recommended dosage, Precautions, Side effects, Interactions
		Immunosuppressant drugs, which are also called anti-rejection drugs, are used to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ.
		People taking immunosuppressant drugs should avoid contact with anyone who has had a recent dose of oral polio vaccine, as there is a chance that the virus used to make the vaccine could be passed on to them.
		Immunosuppressant drugs are also associated with a slightly increased risk of cancer because the immune system plays a role in protecting the body against some forms of cancer.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /Fi-La/Immunosuppressant-Drugs.html (2299 words)

	Treatments: Immunosuppressive drugs - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Immunosuppressants are usually longer-lasting drugs and work in a different manner, usually by interfering with the body's white blood cells (T-cells or B-cells).
		Unfortunately, modern immunosuppressants are not specific and suppress all of the immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic infections that would normally be prevented by the immune system.
		Immunosuppressants are given to transplant patients to prevent organ rejection and to patients with autoimmune diseases like lupus.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /treat/immunosuppressive_drugs.htm (412 words)

	Immunosuppressive drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressants are drugs that are used in immunosuppressive therapy to inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
		The immunosuppressive drugs also interact with other medicines and affect their metabolism and action.
		The drug is used particularly in the liver and kidney transplantations although in some clinics it is used in heart, lung and heart/lung transplants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunosuppressant (2130 words)

	Immunosuppression - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Immunosuppression is the medical suppression of the immune system.
		To prevent that, radiation therapy was used in the past, but now immunosuppressant drugs are used to inhibit the reaction of the immune system.
		Immunosuppression is also used to counteract autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease, to prevent the immune system from attacking healthy parts of the body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immunosuppression (232 words)

	New treatments show promise for some diabetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Doctors have tried immunosuppressant drugs to slow type 1 diabetes, but the treatments were too toxic for patients to use long term.
		In addition to testing drugs that keep transplant recipients from rejecting new organs, they are studying therapies used for other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and new uses for insulin itself.
		The hope is that the drugs will prevent diabetics' immune systems from attacking and killing insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, just as they prevent a transplant patient from rejecting a new heart or kidney.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06066/666471.stm (1258 words)

	[No title]
		Anti-convulsant drugs: The term anti-epileptic is used synonymously with anti-convulsant to describe drugs that are used to treat epilepsy (which does not necessarily cause convulsions), as well as non-epileptic convulsive disorders.
		Drugs that reduce the duration and spread of electrically induced convulsions in animal models are generally effective in controlling other types of epilepsy (such as tonic-clonic seizures).
		Mechanisms of action of anti-convulsant drugs: Two main mechanisms appear to be important in the action of anticonvulsant drugs: Enhancement of GABA action: Phenobarbital and benzodiazepines enhance the activation of GABAA receptors, thus facilitating the GABA-mediated opening of chloride channels.
	home.uchicago.edu /~peterm/pharm/MedPharmWk.9Review.doc (1789 words)

	Immunosuppressant drugs
		Immunosuppressant drugs, also called anti-rejection drugs, are used to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ.
		Immunosuppressant drugs are also associated with a slightly increased risk of cancer because the immune system also plays a role in protecting the body against some forms of cancer.
		When the drug is used with other drugs that may harm the kidneys, such as cyclosporin, the antibiotics gentamicin and amikacin, or the antifungal drug amphotericin B, blood levels of tacrolimus may be increased.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/immunosuppressant_drugs.jsp (2334 words)

	Drug substitution in Transplantation
		Drug substitution may involve the substitution of one generation of a drug for another, the use of a different agent within the same class of drugs or the use of a generic formulation for a brand name product.
		A conference on "Drug Substitution in Transplantation" was organized by the NKF in April 1998 to review the recent literature and to develop recommendations for the safe and effective use of generic immunosuppressant medications in solid organ transplant recipients.
		For critical-dose drugs, replicate design studies to determine intrasubject variability and subject-by-formulation interaction should be required as part of the approval process for both innovator drugs and their generic counterparts.'' The application of the recently proposed changes in the FDA bioequivalence metric would satisfy these requirements.
	www.med.umich.edu /trans/transweb/reference/articles/drugs/drug_substitution.htm (2046 words)

	Future Directions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Immunosuppressant drugs are the most commonly used method to eliminate rejection after transplantation.
		There are many kinds of such drugs that involve different mechanisms in the human body, but many of them have side effects due to ubiquitous targets.
		Some of the future possibilities of immunosuppressant drugs include tailoring of the drugs on the genetic basis of the patient, and developing the method to withdraw the drugs not only to eliminate complications caused by remaining drugs, but also to reduce high costs (Denton, 1999).
	dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca /~B03T0801A/future.htm (392 words)

	FDA press release
		The Food and Drug Administration has asked the makers of corticosteroid drugs to warn doctors that the long-term or high-dose treatment with these products may place patients exposed to chicken pox or measles at increased risk of unusually severe infections or even death.
		Corticosteroids are drugs commonly prescribed and used in children to treat a variety of chronic conditions such as asthma, allergies, and juvenile arthritis.
		Immunosuppression has been reported with different doses and treatment lengths but, most often, problems occur with either low-dose prolonged treatment or with moderate - to high - dose treatments of varying durations.
	www.geocities.com /stopchickenpox/fda.html (714 words)

	NIAMS Researchers Collaborate To Produce Targeted Immunosuppressant Drug \| Medical School Chat \| Print Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The new drug, discovered by Pfizer researchers, may be of major importance for those who are treated with immunosuppressants for organ transplants or autoimmune diseases.
		The new drug, reported in the journal Science, inhibits the enzyme Jak3, a protein discovered by the NIAMS team in 1994 that is found only in immune system cells.
		Immunosuppressant drugs, which inhibit the body's immune response, are given to prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs, and are also used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and psoriasis.
	www.medschoolchat.com /printarticle264.html (612 words)

	Cancer News - CancerConsultants.com
		Immunosuppressant drugs, such as methotrexate and cyclosporine, are used after an allogeneic SCT to prevent the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a condition that develops after allogeneic SCT in some persons whose bodies have difficulty accepting the donor stem cells as their own.
		However, immunosuppressant drugs are also associated with a higher risk of a cancer relapse after treatment.
		The challenge then is to give just enough immunosuppressant drugs to prevent life-threatening GVHD but to avoid a great increase in the risk of later cancer relapse.
	patient.cancerconsultants.com /CancerNews.aspx?DocumentId=18753 (807 words)

	Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis Medications
		Drug or food interactions: Etanercept may increase infection risk or decrease blood cell counts when used with other immune modulators or immunosuppressant drugs (for example, anticancer agents or corticosteroids).
		Drug or food interactions: Clinical investigators are studying whether other immunosuppressant drugs increase the risk for infection if administered with adalimumab.
		Drug or food interactions: The risk of serious infections (for example, pneumonia) may increase if anakinra is taken with tumor necrosis factor antagonists such as etanercept (Enbrel), adalimumab (Humira), or infliximab (Remicade).
	www.emedicinehealth.com /understanding_rheumatoid_arthritis_medications/page9_em.htm (776 words)

	Life Style (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Immunosuppressants (or immunosuppressant drugs) are given to all patients after a heart transplantation.
		The main side effect of this drug is that it may reduce the production of cells in the marrow by too much, and this dramatically increases the risk of infection or bleeding.
		Some antibiotics interact with the immunosuppressants and in general they should only be given either by the transplant centre or after discussion with the medical staff there.
	www.john-fisher.co.uk /lifestyle.htm (2519 words)

	Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Drugs
		This drug, like the others, must be used in combination with other drugs to suppress several actions of the immune system.
		Since several of the required immunosuppressants may cause hypertension, blood pressure medication may be required, although calcium-channel blockers like Cardizem and Procardia can propitiate the bioavalability of some immunosuppressants, requiring a smaller dose to acheive the same blood level.
		Compliance with your drug regime, long-term, is perhaps the single most important facet in maintaining the health of the transplants.
	www.pancreas-kidney.com /drugs.html (1230 words)

	FDA Accepts Submission For Immunosuppressant Rapamune Tablets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These drugs are intended to lower the body's normal immune response, allowing the transplanted organ to remain functional.
		Immunosuppressant drugs are necessary after organ transplants because the human body rejects cells that are foreign and perceived to be potentially dangerous, such as a transplanted organ.
		Patients receiving the drug should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/159f96.htm (698 words)

	Let's Live Online
		Both immunosuppressant drugs and the class of HIV drugs that are mentioned in the journals (protease inhibitors) need to be maintained at high blood levels to work.
		Protease inhibitors and immunosuppressant drugs are the most dramatic examples, but others are of concern, such as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nevirapine, warfarin and dogoxin).
		Cott stresses that the effect is limited to drugs that are metabolized by the specific liver enzyme CYP3A4 and should not be construed to reflect a wider interaction between St. John’s wort and other categories of drugs.
	www.letsliveonline.com /index.php?p=9&a=2873&pfv (1437 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Immunosuppressant drugs
		Immunosuppressant drugs are medicines that reduce the body's natural defenses against foreign invaders or materials.
		In addition to being used to prevent organ rejection, immunosuppressant drugs sometimes are used to treat severe skin disorders such as psoriasis and other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease (chronic inflammation of the digestive tract) and patchy hair loss (alopecia areata).
		Immunosuppressant drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet, capsule, liquid and injectable forms.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0007/ai_2601000743 (1015 words)

	Drug-drug interactions of antivirals, immunosuppressants and immunizations
		Antiviral and immunosuppressant drugs are being used increasingly more often in children, and because many of these drugs interact with many other commonly used drugs, it is imperative that clinicians become familiar with these interactions, and their clinical significance.
		Drugs commonly used in the pediatric population whose hepatic metabolism may be inhibited include benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam), opiate analgesics, cisapride, astemizole, and glucocorticoids.
		Drugs that may induce the hepatic metabolism of the antiretrovirals (and thus potentially reduce their efficacy) include rifampin (Rifadin, Rifamate, Rifater, Hoechst Marion Roussel) and rifabutin (Mycobutin, Pharmacia and Upjohn), various anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin [Dilantin, Parke-Davis], carbamazepine), and dexamethasone.
	www.infectiousdiseasenews.com /200001/drug.asp (1223 words)

	Medications and Myositis \| Caremark Health Resources
		These drugs may also be used to treat inclusion body myositis (IBM).
		Immunosuppressant drugs suppress your immune system, so your doctor should know about any illness or lingering infection you develop.
		You should avoid immunizations while you're taking these drugs, and stay away from anyone who has had an oral polio vaccine (there's a possibility you could contract the virus).
	healthresources.caremark.com /topic/myositisdrugs (702 words)

	Alpha-1 Advocacy Alliance - Emotional Support (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The goal of Immunosuppressants is to suppress the immune response adequately, to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ while maintaining sufficient immunity to prevent overwhelming infection.
		Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant drug used typically in combination with other drugs to reduce the body's natural immunity in patients who receive a transplant.
		Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ.
	www.alpha1advocacy.org /a1aa_therapy_aftertransplant2.html (1522 words)

	Aerosol form of cyclosporine hits key cellular target in lung transplant patients, researchers report at international ...
		An aerosol spray that delivers the anti-rejection drug cyclosporine directly to transplanted lungs appears to target an important biological process that other immunosuppressant drugs, including oral cyclosporine, have not been demonstrated to do.
		The mechanism is so powerful that it is believed to be responsible for some types of cancer drug resistance -- the more the cell is exposed to the drug the more active and effective the pump becomes.
		Immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, can produce a number of unwanted side effects as well as make patients more susceptible to life-threatening infections and tumor growth.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-08/UoPM-Afoc-2708100.php (581 words)

	NKF of Central New York
		Immunosuppressant is a term used to describe a number of drugs or medicines that suppress or lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ.
		Examples of immunosuppressants used for kidney transplants are: cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone and FK 506.
		The goal is to adjust these drugs to prevent rejection and to minimize any side effects of the drugs.
	www.kidney.org /site/atoz/atozItem.cfm?ch=110&&id=77 (844 words)

	Arthritis; Treatment; Drugs; NSAIDs; Steroids; Diet Revision a better option?
		Increasingly, drugs that inhibit or kill immune cells are used as anti-inflammatory drugs (methotrexate and cyclosporin are examples).
		Prednisone is often a magic drug that relieves terrible pain and suffering often in the first 48-72 hours of therapy.
		The secret of success is to use this drug for brief periods and attempt to control the disease with diet revision in the long-term.
	www.nutramed.com /arthritis/arthritisdrugs.htm (1849 words)

	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Drugs known as immunosuppressants are often used, either alone or with corticosteroids for very active SLE, particularly when kidney or neurologic involvement or acute blood vessel inflammation is present.
		Drugs known as prostacylins, which include epoprostenol, iloprost, and treprostinil, are standard agents.
		Pulsed administration of cyclophosphamide is the most effective drug at this time for proliferative lupus nephritis, and, in combination with a steroid, has been shown to control proliferative nephritis in between 60% and 90% of patients.
	www.morehead.org /wellconnected/000063_8.htm (2449 words)

	pese a la terapia inmunosupresora, siempre existe el peligro de rechazo - despite treatment with immunosuppressant ...
		Angel_7: Yes, immunosuppressant or immunosuppressive drugs prevent the rejection of organ transplants.
		There is always a balance that must be maintained between under immunosuppression and the risk of acute rejection and over immunosuppression and the risk of...
		The studies were organized to quantify the risk of rejection and the impact on renal dysfunction of MMF maintenance immunosuppression in the face of CNI...
	www.proz.com /kudoz/1877936 (367 words)

	NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
		We are investigating a new immunosuppressant – Rapamune (sirolimus).
		The Immunogenetics Laboratory is conducting extensive clinical monitoring studies of kidney recipients to determine when it may be safe to reduce and discontinue some of the immunosuppressant drugs and to predict rejection before it is significant so treatment can be successful.
		Part of the standard immunosuppressant therapy over the years has been the inclusion of steroids, which after prolonged use can cause such side effects as weight gain, a "moon face," a worsening of diabetes because of high blood glucose, mood swings, and osteoporosis.
	www.nyptransplant.org /kidney/res (767 words)

	NIH News--NIAMS Researchers Collaborate to Produce Targeted Immunosuppressant Drug--10/30/2003
		The new drug, discovered by Pfizer researchers, may be of major importance for those who are treated with immunosuppressants for organ transplants or autoimmune diseases.
		Current immunosuppressant drugs target enzymes found in cells throughout the body, resulting in the toxic side effects.
		Immunosuppressant drugs, which inhibit the body's immune response, are given to prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs, and are also used to treat autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and psoriasis.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/oct2003/niams-30.htm (558 words)

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