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Topic: Impact winter

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	The West Wing: Impact Winter - TV.com
		An impact winter is an unnatural winter that is caused by debris from an impact of an asteroid or comet obscuring the sun.
		It is believed that if an impact winter occured it could lead to the extinction of the human race.
		In the season 6 episode "Impact Winter", the staircase inside the front door to the house can be seen leading away from the door to the left of the hall.
	www.tv.com /the-west-wing/impact-winter/episode/372084/summary.html (381 words)

	Impact winter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An impact winter is a period of prolonged cold weather caused by the impact on the Earth of a large asteroid or comet.
		An impact winter is one of the mechanisms proposed for extinction events, such as the asteroid impact at Chicxulub in Mexico which may have lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		Impact winter (along with nuclear and volcanic winters) are often the subject of science fiction novels and short stories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Impact_winter (540 words)

	K-T Impact Winter: No Definitive Evidences
		A K-T impact winter was reinforced by discovery of elemental carbon, mostly in the form of soot, in the K-T boundary clay (Wolbach et al., 1985).
		The notion of a K-T boundary impact winter was further reinforced by the proposals of Wolfe and Upchurch (1986, 1987) that plant physiognomy-climate relationships in the Rocky Mountain paleobotanical record supports pronounced, short-duration K-T boundary climatic cooling.
		Impact upset the hydrologic regime via climate change which triggered a new but amazingly gentle erosional-depositional cycle during which shocked minerals were reworked gently into a slowly accumulating deposit of clay and decaying plant material.
	filebox.vt.edu /artsci/geology/mclean/Dinosaur_Volcano_Extinction/pages/impwintr.html (9708 words)

	Some Thoughts on the Societal and Economic Impact of Winter Storms
		The newsletter cites the example that during the cold and snowy winter of 1977/1978, the GDP was moving at a 6% to 7% rate through the first 3 quarters of 1977 and the last 3 quarters of 1978.
		Therefore, it is not simple to address the issue of economic and societal trends directly, but winter storm trends in the Northeast United States can shed some light on the impact of winter storms on a part of the nation that is home to 1/4 to 1/3 of the nation's population.
		While the 1990's have produced 3 winters at least as severe as any in the 20th century, it could be kept in perspective that the snowy winter of 1995/96 was surrounded by the winters of 1994-95 and 1996-97, 2 seasons that were relatively gentle with respect to winter storms.
	sciencepolicy.colorado.edu /socasp/weather1/kocin.html (1706 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Dino impact gave Earth the chill
		Evidence has been found for a global winter following the asteroid impact that is thought to have killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		The global winter was probably caused by a pollutant cloud of sulphate particles released when the asteroid vapourised rocks at Chicxulub, Mexico.
		Positive feedback mechanisms may have prolonged the cooling effect of the impact winter in waters of intermediate depth - such as those at El Kef - and deeper.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3750765.stm (593 words)

	The Chicxulub Impact Crater - Effects
		An impact winter results from sudden drop in temperature as impact debris in the atmosphere blocks the sun's radiation from reaching the Earth's surface.
		Investigation has shown a high impact angle to be unlikely due to the lack of crystalline basement material in the ejecta; an excavation depth of between 15 and 25km, easily within the depth to the basement rock, has been estimated for a vertical impact (17).
		Considering their belief in an oblique impact from the southeast, Peter Shultz and colleagues (17) demonstrated that the resulting concentration of ejecta deposits in the northern hemisphere, and particularly the northwest interior of North America, led to greater extinction (and subsequent recovery) in these areas (Table 1).
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /communication/Hanks/eff.html (1963 words)

	ScienceDaily: Asteroid Devastation Could Even Be Worse Than Feared
		Blaustein and colleague Charles Cockell examined an asteroid impact of a magnitude similar to the one that occurred around the K-T boundary, which is believed to have hit off the Yucatan Peninsula with a force of almost one trillion megatons.
		The immediate results would be catastrophic destruction and an impact winter, with widespread death of plants and the large terrestrial animals - including humans - that most directly depend on those plants for food.
		Impact event -- Impact events are caused by the collision of large meteoroids, asteroids or comets (generically: bolides) with Earth and may sometimes be followed by mass extinctions of...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/03/000313081731.htm (2043 words)

	Monitoring Winter's Impact on Wildlife
		Wintering whitetails are remarkably adaptable animals, but our harsh northern climate claims some deer every year.
		Winter severity tends to be more variable in the Lower Peninsula, depending on the distribution of lake-effect snow areas.
		In winter, Clute said deer instinctively seek protective cover in areas commonly referred to as "deer yards," to minimize body heat-loss and the hazards of deep snow.
	www.michigan.gov /dnr/0,1607,7-153-10369-109131--,00.html (814 words)

	Discovery Channel :: Dinos Doomed Before Asteroid Strike
		At around the time of the impact, toward the end of the Mesozoic era, the planet's climate was changing rapidly with a period of long-term cooling.
		The reappearance of several survivor species after the impact shows that, even though the effects were global, the survival rate of species in New Zealand was higher than in the northern hemisphere.
		GNS earlier said its study of New Zealand evidence suggests that the destruction of forests because of the impact winter was largely confined to the American continent, within a radius of several thousand kilometers of the suspected site on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/afp/20030714/dinodead.html (456 words)

	IMPACT Press Winter '06: Editorial: IMPACT's Survival and You
		Because IMPACT is a free magazine, all revenue is generated from advertising.
		When I sent out a note to the IMPACT e-mail list about its possible gloomy future, the response was awesome and I felt a bit renewed.
		IMPACT is the kind of magazine that survives because you believe in it–not just those who work on it like myself, the writers, artists, distributors, etc., but also those who have the means to financially support it, whether through donations or advertising.
	www.impactpress.com /articles/winter06/editorialwinter06.html (444 words)

	Press Release - Honeybees Defy Dino-Killing “Nuclear Winter”
		The humble tropical honeybee may challenge the idea that a post-asteroid impact "nuclear winter" was a big player in the decimation of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		Based on what is known about the Cretaceous climate and modern tropical honeybees, Kozisek estimates that any post-impact winter event could not have dropped temperatures more than 4 to 13 degrees F (2-7°C) without wiping out the bees.
		Current nuclear winter theories from the Chicxulub impact estimate drops of 13 to 22 degrees F (7-12°C) - too cold for tropical honeybees.
	www.geosociety.org /news/pr/04-31.htm (519 words)

	ACP-ASIM - IMpact: Winter 1999
		As the pressures and expectations of medical school continue to increase, the CSM is a perfect opportunity to make an impact in medical education that will affect thousands of physicians-in-training.
		Silverman: As the cost of procedures increases and options multiply, the noninvasive cardiologist should properly serve as a consultant to the primary care physician and advise which tests should be done, and when surgery, ablation, etc., are indicated.
		Silverman: I trained in internal medicine at Ohio State and in cardiology at Emory, where I was fortunate to be under the influence of J. Willis Hurst, my role model as a cardiologist and teacher.
	www.acponline.org /journals/impact/winter99.htm (5229 words)

	Japanese Beetles: Impact of Winter
		During the year, we often get asked questions regarding the impact of winter on pests such as Japanese beetle.
		However, it is important to note that winter conditions affect natural enemies (parasitoids, predators, and pathogens) as well as pests.
		In Illinois last winter, consistently cold temperatures with little or no snow cover resulted in the soil’s being frozen longer and deeper than has been common in recent years.
	www.ag.uiuc.edu /cespubs/hyg/secure/subscribers/200315f.html (585 words)

	Rail Jam Rocks Denver
		Winter Park and Copper Mountain skiers and riders are connoisseurs of terrain parks and are forever looking for the newest rails to conquer.
		This season Winter Park, owned by the City and County of Denver, will introduce replicas of some of the most sought after rails from the Front Range to its Rail Yard Terrain Park including the "West Steps Rail" of the State Capitol.
		Other rails to be introduced at Winter Park this season include duplicates of a Red Rocks Rail, an Invesco Field at Mile High Rail and a Coors Field Rail.
	www.skiingmag.com /skiing/feature/article/0,12910,783855,00.html (219 words)

	: : Welcome to the Alpine Shop : :
		IMPACT showcases winter sports’ top athletes and local heroes on the big screen as they travel to fabled and exotic locations around the globe in search of the perfect ride, deepest powder and sickest lines.
		Exploring winter since 1949, Warren Miller’s films have inspired people of all ages to keep their snowriding dreams alive, and this year’s annual installment will not disappoint.
		The athletes in IMPACT push their sports to the next level, raising the bar for fellow athletes and providing a gauge for those watching the action on the big-screen.
	www.alpineshop.com /Events/snow/04warrenmiller.htm (632 words)

	Winter Storms the Deceptive Killers
		Sometimes winter storms are accompanied by strong winds creating blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven snow, severe drifting, and dangerous wind chill.
		Severe winter conditions, such as heavy snow and/or ice, are possible within the next day or two.
		Winter weather conditions are expected to cause significant inconveniences and may be hazardous.
	www.nws.noaa.gov /om/brochures/wntrstm.htm (2436 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Devastation from asteroid impact worse than feared?
		Researchers say in a new report that if a huge asteroid were to hit the Earth, the catastrophic destruction it causes, and even the "impact winter" that follows, might only be a prelude to a different, but very deadly phase that starts later on.
		In an analysis of the secondary ecological repercussions of a major asteroid impact, scientists from Oregon State University and the British Antarctic Survey have outlined some of the residual effects of ozone depletion, acid rain and increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation.
		The immediate results would be catastrophic destruction and an impact winter, with widespread death of plants and the large terrestrial animals -- including humans -- that most directly depend on those plants for food.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/0003/15asteroid (964 words)

	Cattle Network - Connecting The Beef Industry Worldwide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate effects of high and low air temperatures and wind chills during winter months on subsequent calf birth weights and calving difficulty of spring-born calves.
		High temperatures during the 1994-95 winter were 9 degrees higher than during the 1992-93 winter.
		During hot weather blood is shunted away from internal organs toward outer extremities to dissipate heat, while the opposite is the case in very cold weather with blood flow directed toward internal organs in an effort to conserve heat and maintain body temperature.
	www.cattlenetwork.com /content.asp?contentid=15634 (485 words)

	East Coast Blizzards Rated - CBS News
		The new winter storm rating system considers the amount of snow, the size of the area covered and the population residing in that area to estimate the human and economic impact of the storm.
		That area is largely affected by two types of winter storms: nor'easters that form off the Atlantic coast and move north, and interior storms that move across the country from the west.
		The patterns of winter storms vary in other parts of the country, but the researchers said similar scales could be developed for other areas.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2004/03/09/tech/main604976.shtml (925 words)

	Winter in Montana- Dashing Through the Snow: Sleigh Riding in Montana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		So if you need a break from some of the more strenuous winter sports in Montana--or if you just want to enjoy some winter scenery while relaxing--a sleigh ride is the perfect solution.
		Your ears are treated to the jingling of sleigh bells (just like in the Holiday carols); your eyes are treated to scenes of white winter enchantment, and your lungs are treated to crisp mountain air.
		The most basic rule is: it's winter and you'll be outside, so dress to stay warm.
	wintermt.com /other/sleighrides.htm (529 words)

	UNICEF Warns that Military Changes In Afghanistan Won't Alter Impact of Winter
		As winter closes in for vulnerable communities in Afghanistan's more remote areas, with the first snow having fallen on the higher ground in the Panjshir Valley and elsewhere, many children now face freezing conditions.
		Last winter, in one camp alone, more than 100 children froze to death when temperatures dropped to minus 26 degrees Centigrade, UNICEF said.
		We are moving supplies every day, but we still face a very tough road ahead." She noted that reports of seizures of relief supplies, which have increased in recent days, as well as sketchy communication from within the country suggest that some supplies are not reaching those that need them.
	www.unicef.org /newsline/01pr85printer.htm (664 words)

	Americans have worked to minimize winter's impact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Patrick Allitt, associate professor of history, gave a preview of his latest book in progress during a Nov. 18 history department lecture on "The History of American Winters." He noted that the project's scope of 400 years and the vastness of differences in weather in the United States is making his project a challenge.
		Allitt said that logging was a seasonal activity in the winter until the 1850s and 60s.
		Allitt said that the invention of the railroad was significant in minimizing the impact of winter.
	www.emory.edu /EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/1996/December/ERdec.2/12_2_96americans.html (593 words)

	ACP-ASIM - IMpact: Winter 2000
		IMpact: What are some of the key issues all physicians must learn about in order to serve the geriatric population?
		Impact of mild to moderate hearing loss on mental status testing.
		Educational Objective: Recognize that assessment of visual acuity is not sufficient to assess the total impact of a cataract on vision function.
	www.acponline.org /journals/impact/winter2000.htm (5088 words)

	K-T Extinction Boundary References
		The Manson impact structure: Ar-40/Ar-39 age and its distal impact ejecta in the Pierre Shale in southeastern South Dakota.
		Bolide impacts, acid rain, and biospheric traumas at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
		Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets.
	www.scn.org /~bh162/extinction_refs.html (3344 words)

	Impact - Winter 1999
		Impact, a newsletter of UVM Extension and Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, is produced quarterly for Vermont leaders.
		Although research is continuing, preliminary results--which have been shared with sugarmakers through annual maple schools and other UVM Extension outreach activities--indicate a positive relationship between foliar nutrients (potassium, magnesium, and, in particular, calcium) and tree growth.
		The estimated total economic impact of the maple industry on the state of Vermont is $110 million.
	www.uvm.edu /extension/impact/winter1999 (2345 words)

	News in Science - Dinosaurs doomed even before impact: scientists - 15/07/2003
		But the cool climate that prevailed in New Zealand for millions of years after the strike might not be, as some had supposed, evidence of a prolonged 'impact winter'.
		At around the time of the impact, toward the end of the Mesozoic Era (from 63 million to 230 million years ago), the planet's climate was changing rapidly with a period of long-term cooling.
		The institute earlier said its study of New Zealand evidence suggests that the destruction of forests as a result of the impact winter was largely confined to the American continent, within a radius of several thousand kilometres from the impact site on the Yucatan Peninsula, off the coast of what is today Mexico.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s902500.htm (487 words)

	Ultraviolet Death May Follow Asteroid Devastation
		The immediate result of an asteroid impact would be devastating destruction and an impact winter, with widespread death of plants and the large terrestrial animals—including humans—that most directly depend on those plants for food.
		That impact, oddly enough, hit a portion of Earth's crust that was rich in anhydride rocks.
		They warn that when the next “big one” comes, the collision will be devastating and the impact winter deadly, but it will be the ultraviolet spring that may finish off the survivors.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0874428.html (564 words)

	Winter Use Planning in the National Parks of the Greater Yellowstone Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Effects of Winter Recreation on Wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: A Literature Review and Assessment (1.5 MB pdf) - Requires Acrobat Reader to be viewed or printed.
		Economic Impact Analysis of the Temporary Winter Use Plan for Yellowstone, Grand Teton, national parks, and J.D. Rockefeller Jr.
		Draft Winter Use Plans, Draft Environmental Impact Statement The comment period on the draft plan closed on December 15, 1999.
	www.nps.gov /yell/technical/planning/winteruse/plan (674 words)

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