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Topic: Imperial Circle Estates

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	Holy Roman Empire - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		By that act, the Emperor strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations.
		As part of the Reichsreform, six Imperial Circles were established in 1500 and extended to ten in 1512.
		An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 explicitly reclaimed imperial rights at the advice of quattuor doctores of the emerging judicial facility of the University of Bologna, citing phrases such as princeps legibus solutus ("the emperor [princeps] is not bound by law") from the Digestae of the Corpus Juris Civilis.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Holy_Roman_Empire (5521 words)

	Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as Augustus in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the western church.
		An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 explicitly reclaimed imperial rights at the advice of quattuor doctores of the emerging judicial facility of the University of Bologna, citing phrases such as princeps legibus solutus ("the leader is not bound by law") from the Digestae of the Corpus Juris Civilis.
		Among others, this act produced the Imperial Circle Estates and the Reichskammergericht, (Imperial Chamber Court); structures that would – to a degree – persist until the end of the Empire in 1806.
	encyclopedia.vestigatio.com /Holy_Roman_Empire (5255 words)

	THE IMPERIAL CIRCLES
		Originally the list of the Imperial Estates was the same as the list of the Circle Estates[5], but gradually this was changed.
		Before the 18th century, when comital families became extinct their parts in curial voices in Colleges of Counts in the Imperial Diet were excluded but a voice in Circle Diets went to new owners of the territory[6].
		For example the Counties of Stollberg, Wernigerode and Hohnstein, and the lands of the house of Schönburg were under foreign Landeshoheit, the county of Bentheim was mortgaged, and the county of Hallermund was under control of Brunswick-Hanover.
	www.chivalricorders.org /nobility/holyroman/hrecircl.htm (464 words)

	Imperial Circle Estates
		This act was part of the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform) concluded at the Reichstag at Worms.
		Each circle was organized so that the states in a different region of the Empire would be able to organize a common defense.
		The Imperial Knights, also, were not included in any of the Circle Estates, nor were certain other territories.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/im/Imperial_Circle_Estates.html (230 words)

	[No title]
		Until the first imperial institutions were established in 1878, their responsibilities, including the preparation of draft legislation for the empire, were handled mainly by the various Prussian offices and ministries.
		Regarded unilaterally in the nineteenth century as the nadir of German imperial glory, as the state's ignominious prostration before the church, Canossa was repeatedly invoked as a warning in national liberal circles, in the press, and in the pubs.
		Under the imperial constitution, however, deputies were elected as individual representatives of the people rather than as members of a party slate, so social democrats could nevertheless continue to be elected to the Reichstag and even form a social democratic faction there.
	www.dhm.de /ENGLISH/ausstellungen/bismarck/169.htm (2187 words)

	The Treaty of Westphalia; October 24, 1648 .
		The Status of the Imperial Estate (Reichsstandschaft) was attached to the Imperial immediate territories, which paid the imperial taxes through one of the 10 Imperial Circles (Reichskreise) and gave their owners the right to vote in the Imperial Assembly/the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
		Gradisca in the Imperial Circle of Austria by Eggenberg;
		Tarasp in the Imperial Circle of Austria by Dietrichstein;
	almanachdeholyromanempire.com /_wsn/page3.html (8496 words)

	Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		- Gradisca in the Imperial Circle of Austria by Eggenberg;
		- Tarasp in the Imperial Circle of Austria by Dietrichstein;
		Many local rulers considered their possessions as Imperial fiefs and bore Imperial titles, nevertheless, with exception of Duke of Savoy, were represented neither in Imperial circles nor in the Imperial Assembly.
	www.geocities.com /vrozn/Constit.html (7918 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Holy Roman Empire, 1493-1519
		The authority of the Reichstag (Imperial diet) was strengthened; the project of establishing an Imperial government failed; the Reichstag, assembling annually (at various locations) became the highest-ranking institution of the Empire.
		In 1500/1512 the Imperial circles were introduced, in an attempt to reorganize the Empire.
		Both an Imperial militia, granted by the diet of Augsburg in 1500, and an Imperial council with seat in Nürnberg, independent of the Emperor and elected by the Imperial estates & Circles, granted by the latter, lasted only for two years.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/hre14931519.html (628 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Thirty Years War
		Christian, who belonged to the estates of the empire as Count of Holstein, was elected commander of their forces by the oppressed and aroused estates of the lower Saxon circle, and on 9 December, 1625, he came to an agreement with England and Holland and marched into the empire.
		It was not until the Catholic estates also became estranged from the emperor that a crisis arose in the internal affairs of the empire which largely influenced the continuance of the war.
		The first clear symptoms of the tension between the emperor and the estates of the empire were: the meeting of the League at Würzburg in January, 1627; the session of the Electors at Mülhausen in October-November, 1627; and the meeting of the Catholic Electors at Bingen in June, 1628.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14648b.htm (10044 words)

	The current Bylaws.
		In accordance with the Imperial Bylaws, and to the extent of the Bylaws herein, the Kingdom of Vega shall be self-governing.
		The purpose of the non-profit educational corporation is to study the ideals and practices of the historical period ranging from the Year 800 AD to the Year 1650 AD specifically covering the geographical boundaries of Europe, and to provide an organized effort in the collection, interpretation, and distribution of historical data through publication and demonstration.
		Imperial Bylaws - The Kingdom shall be obliged to observe all the rules and regulations of the Imperium to the extent that said rules and regulations are made known to the Kingdom.
	www.ecs-vega.org /bylaws/Current_bylaws.htm (2135 words)

	Imperial Circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A map of the Imperial Circles as at the beginning of the 16th century.
		An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Reichstag (Imperial Diet).
		These ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the Wars of the French Revolution brought about significant changes to the political map of the Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperial_Circle_Estates (247 words)

	The Imperial Household Law (1889)
		The Imperial throne shall be succeeded to by the Imperial eldest son.
		Among the Imperial brothers and the remoter relations, precedence shall be given, in the same degree, to the descendants of full blood, and to the elder over the younger.
		When a member of the Imperial Family acts in way tending to the squandering of his (or her) property, he shall be pronounced incapable by the Emperor, prohibited from administering his property, and a manager shall be appointed therefore.
	core.ecu.edu /hist/tuckerjo/1889law.html (2202 words)

	The Empire
		Also, the sector is populated with the estates and planets owned by some of the richest beings in the galaxy, and the Empire wants these rich benefactors to know who is providing them with protection from raiders, pirates, and rebels.
		Where the Imperial Navy and Army is corrupt and lax in their training, the Customs branch are exacting, sneaky, diciplined, and they follow Imperial laws and codes to the letter.
		Imperial Customs craft can be found in any of the colonized systems at all times, and any colonized planet, with the exception of privately owned planets, will have a Customs patrol vessel in orbit at all times.
	members.tripod.com /tchebycheff/sgm_empire.html (1913 words)

	The Battle of White Mountain - 11-06-2003 - Radio Prague
		Finally, completing the rebellion, bringing it full circle: the Estates deposed their Habsburg ruler Ferdinand II in 1619, and appointed Frederick of the Palatinate as the new king of Bohemia.
		On the night of November 7th part of the Estates army, led by Thurn, however were able to pass their enemies, and take up an advantageous position at White Mountain, known in Czech as Bila Hora.
		The morning of the 8th of November the Estates army was ready at Bila Hora in two echelons, formed of foot-soldiers, cavalry, and reserves.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/41652 (1475 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Battle of White Mountain and the End of the Bohemian Rebellion
		The Imperial forces were pursued by Hohenloe’s unpaid and mutinous Bohemian army and Moravian forces under Thurn.
		On 11 March 1620 all agreed that the Protestant possessors of the Lower Saxon bishoprics should be molested neither by arms nor lawsuit (although they were not conceded a right to vote in the Diet, as their Catholic predecessors had been).
		The main Imperial and Catholic League forces crossed the Bohemian border on 20 September 1620 and struck for Imperial-held Budweis.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/White_Mountain_Phase.htm (2528 words)

	Emperor Menelik II : Part I
		It was the signal for a declaration of war, and the population streamed to the palace gates.
		The Imperial flag was dipped before the altar as the Archbishop held up his cross and blessed the people, and granted them absolution for their sins.
		With her were the women of the Imperial court, including Princess Zewditu, who organized the woment of the army to carry water and bullets to the fighting soldiers, as well as tend to the wounded.
	www.angelfire.com /ny/ethiocrown/menelik.html (16263 words)

	The Imperial House of Hapsburg: Appendix
		If the Possessors of Estates, which are to be restor'd, think they have lawful Exceptions, yet it shall not hinder the Restitution; which done, their Reasons and Exceptions may be examin'd before competent Judges, who are to determine the same.
		As to their Estates that have been lost by Confiscation or otherways, before they took the part of the Crown of France, or of Swedeland, notwithstanding the Plenipotentiarys of Swedeland have made long instances, they may be also restor'd.
		But the Estates, which have been taken away by reason of Arms taken for France or Swedeland, against the Emperor and the House of Austria, they shall be restor'd in the State they are found, and that without any Compensation for Profit or Damage.
	www.hapsburg.com /res-westphalia.htm (3449 words)

	[No title]
		This imperial delivery was a difficult one, and in such times kings like women have their strange cravings before they bring into the world what they cannot keep in any case.
		In the heart of defeated France, in the circle of military officers, courtiers, and diplomats, the German princes celebrated the unification of Germany, which now excluded Austria.
		The public, above all the representatives of the people, were pushed aside by the posturing of the dynastic state, the self-aggrandizement of which was later stylized as a national holiday.
	www.dhm.de /ENGLISH/ausstellungen/bismarck/156.htm (744 words)

	Reporter - International recognition for branding project
		Imperial's branding project, launched in January 2003, has won a Silver Medal in the Circle of Excellence Awards Program, held by the Council for Advancement and Support in Education (CASE).
		Imperial is the only UK institution to achieve recognition in any category of the 2003 Awards Program.
		"Imperial has done incredibly well to rate so highly in these awards, especially as it is up against the world and not just competing against other UK institutions," said Joanna Motion, vice-president for international operations, CASE Europe.
	www.imperial.ac.uk /P4304.htm (354 words)

	[No title]
		However, it was not until a meeting of the Estates [the Pomeranian parliament] at Treptow on the Rega that the Lutheran version of the Christian faith was finally introduced by the "Kercken Ordenige des gantzen Pamerlandes" (Ecclesiastical Ordinance for All Pomerania).
		Nonetheless, it should not be overlooked that many lords of these feudal estates took excellent care of their dependants, out of a sense of patriarchal responsibility.
		The self-interest of the Estates, however, at first led to insistence that the separate administrations in Stettin and Wolgast be maintained.
	members.tripod.com /~radde/Reformation-e.html (2430 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Its languages thus comprised not only German and its many dialects and derivatives, but many Slavic languages and the languages which became modern French and Italian.
		The crown of the Holy Roman Empire (2nd half of the 10th century), now held in the Vienna Schatzkammer.
		In order to solve the problem that the emperor was (after the Investiture Controversy) no longer as able to use the church as a mechanism to maintain power, the Stauffers increasingly lent land to ministerialia, formerly unfree service men, which Frederick hoped would be more reliable than local dukes.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/h/o/l/Holy_Roman_Empire_f314.html (4985 words)

	Russian Revolution of 1917, series of events in imperial Russia that culminated in 1917 with the establishment of the ...
		Russian Revolution of 1917, series of events in imperial Russia that culminated in 1917 with the establishment of the Soviet state that became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
		Taken by surprise, as were all the political parties, by the outbreak of the revolution, the working-class parties were unable to give the workers and soldiers in the Soviet strong political leadership.
		Some land committees were dissolved by the government; the death penalty, abolished during the first days of the revolution, was restored in the fighting zones although not enforced; and the convocation of the constituent assembly was postponed to the end of November.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/russianrev.html (4539 words)

	Imperial Circle Estates - Definition, explanation
		This act was part of the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform) concluded at the Reichstag at Worms.
		Each circle was organized so that the states in a different region of the Empire would be able to organize a common defense.
		The Imperial Knights, also, were not included in any of the Circle Estates, nor were certain other territories.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/i/im/imperial_circle_estates.php (292 words)

	The Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Formally, the Reich comprised the king, to be crowned emperor by the pope (until 1508), on the one side, and the Reichsstände (imperial estates) on the other side.
		An entity was considered Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law, it had no authority above it besides the Holy Roman Emperor himself.
		The process varied greatly among the various lands and was most advanced in those territories that were most identical to the lands of the old Germanic tribes, such as in Bavaria; it was slower in those scattered parts that were founded through imperial privileges.
	home.comcast.net /~desilva22/holyromanempire.htm (3832 words)

	March Revolution in Vienna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The main demand was to create from the estates of the empire, a general estates with legislative competence for the entire Austrian Empire.
		Mistrust of the estates's willingness to grant reforms and the rumors led to the storming of the house of estates.
		The most powerful pressure was exerted by the civic guard, a kind of militia who, like the estate deputies and the university professors, had addressed a petition of their own to the state leadership.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ip/marevv.htm (935 words)

	Imperial Golf Estates Naples Florida Real Estate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Imperial Golf Estates is the Crowning Jewel of Naples and is considered one of the most desirable communities in North Naples, with a complete array of amenities and residences.
		Beach access is five minutes away, allowing Imperial residents to enjoy the privacy and lifestyle of a gated, golf community with an optimum location.
		Throughout Imperial, an abundance of trees and foliage, combined with the natural color schemes of the homes, creates beautiful settings surrounded by nature at its best. Over 600 single family homes and groupings of villas and condos make up this wonderful community.
	www.amerivestrealtyofnaples.com /featured_communities_details.asp?page=10&ID=215 (598 words)

	Roman Leading Ladies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Several women managed to gain power through various emperors, which "had significant ramifications and was capitalized on by numerous women in the imperial circle" (Kleiner 28).
		Those women who were successful in gaining power on the imperial scale were often subject to committing vile acts.
		Hollywood epics have capitalized on the scandals of these imperial women who rose to power and used their power to do dastardly deeds.
	comp.uark.edu /~twarner/roman_intro.htm (166 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.06.03
		The imperial train is at the Danube frontier, tangled in a war with "the barbarians" (Quadi and Marcomanni).
		For example, the logic of the third chapter, where we move from a discussion of the size of the Roman army to the policy of instilling fear in the barbarians, is there; but Mattern does not bring it out as clearly as she might have.
		However, having laid out aristocratic concerns in the running of large farms, she deserts the subject, and its integration with the rest of what is argued here is left (so far as I can tell) to the reader.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-06-03.html (4131 words)

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