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Topic: Imperial Reform

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	Imperial College London - Imperial College London launches second round of academic pay reform
		Imperial College London today announces the second round of its initiative to pay enhanced salaries to academic staff.
		From 1 October this year the bottom increment of the senior lecturer and reader scale will be abolished, making the new minimum £35,249 (from £34,158) and the maximum of the senior lecturer and reader scale will be increased by £1300 to £43,000.
		Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine is the largest applied science, technology and medicine university institution in the UK.
	www.imperial.ac.uk /P3411.htm (461 words)

	holy roman empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as emperor in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the church.
		The Council of Imperial Cities was not fully equal to the others; it could not vote on several matters such as the admission of new territories.
		An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 explicitly reclaimed imperial rights at the advice of quattuor doctores of the emerging judicial facility of the University of Bologna, citing phrases such as princeps legibus solutus ("the leader is not bound by law") from the Digestae of the Corpus Juris Civilis.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Holy_Roman_Empire.html (4399 words)

	Encyclopedia: Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the Holy Roman Empire, an Imperial Free City (in German: Freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the Emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes and dukes of...
		Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Martin Luther (November 10, 1483â€“February 18, 1546) was a German theologian, an Augustinian monk, and an ecclesiastical reformer whose teachings inspired the Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines and culture of the Lutheran and Protestant traditions.
		The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Holy-Roman-Empire (11950 words)

	Imperial Reform: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Imperial Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1495, an attempt was made at a Reichstag in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Reichsreform).
		Whether this reform can be considered successful depends on how one defines its goals; today, many scholars believe that the reform was not really aimed at producing a modern state (in which it failed), but rather attempted to consolidate and distribute power between the Empire and the states in consensus, which it did.
		The reform was more or less concluded with the 1555 Reichsexekutionsordnung (Imperial Execution Order), which regulated more details of the tasks of the Imperial Circle Estates.
	www.encyclopedian.com /im/Imperial-Reform.html (242 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Reich also had two courts: the Reichshofrat (also known in English as the Aulic Council) at the court of the King/Emperor (that is, later in Vienna), and the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court), established with the Imperial Reform of 1495.
		When Frederick III needed the dukes to finance war against Hungary in 1486 and at the same time had his son, later Maximilian I elected king, he was presented with the dukes' united demand to participate in an Imperial Court.
		It has been said that modern history of Germany was primarily predetermined by three factors: the Reich, the Reformation, and the later dualism between Austria and Prussia.[1] Many attempts have been made to explain why the Reich never managed to gain a strong centralised power over the territories, as opposed to neighbouring France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire (4953 words)

	[No title]
		Imperial reformers and hard-liners were pacified with the Declaratory Act of 1766, which reaffirmed Parliament’s authority to make laws that were binding for American colonists.ìÿÿÀ/î°/$â°n â°nþâ°n~â°nìÿÿÀ0î°0ã4°ný•dd ã4°ný•ddã4°ný•dd\ã4°ný—ddnã4°ný—dd´ã4°ný—ddìÿÿ@1î01Aá°nÿÿÿÿá°nÿÿÿÿÀÿÿÁ(ýÿÿÿùÿÿpöÿÿð ûÿÿýÿÿÿ½8ÿÿÿ00¡ÿÿt 9ÄnPà¢ÿÿD£$ÿÿ©öÿÿ çúÿÿôµàÿÿìã42áý•ÿÿddâ3î5ìÿÿ/î/ìÿÿ0î0ìÿÿ1î1ÀÿÿÁ(ýÿÿÿùÿÿpüÿÿðýÿÿÿ½8ÿÿÿ00¡ÿÿt 9ÄnPà¢ÿÿD£$ÿÿ©üÿÿ Wôµàÿÿìã42áý•ÿÿddâ3î5ìÿÿ/î/ìÿÿ0î0ìÿÿ1î1îÿÿÿ ïíÀôÿÿ÷ÿÿ@pä÷ ÙÿÿHÚºÿÿ.ºÿÿ/ºÿÿ0ôÿÿ4xï$ÿÿÿÌ33ÌÌÌÿ²²²ÀÿÿÁ(ýÿÿÿÀôÿÿ÷ÿÿ@pýÿÿÿ½8ÿ’ÿìÙþÿ00ä¸ÿÿg Âÿÿ/Ã Á(ýÿÿÿ3P°õÿÿùÿÿP Àýÿÿÿ’½8ÿÿÿ00ã¡ÿÿ 9ÄnPà¢ÿÿW£$ÿÿéõÿÿ,ùÿÿ ¤µàÿÿÿî5The Growing Confrontation, 1767—1770 The Townshend Initiatives 1.
		As the war ended, British officials undertook a systematic reform of the imperial system aimed at centralizing control of the colonies in Britain and extracting larger revenues from the colonists.
		Imperial reformers and hard-liners were pacified with the Declaratory Act of 1766, which reaffirmed Parliament’s authority to make laws that were binding for American colonists.
	www.uvm.edu /~jmoore/us/chapter5.ppt (3250 words)

	441ImperialReform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sigismund tried create a reform alliance with the German cities, but his efforts failed in the face of resistance to reform from the Imperial Electors.
		The main instrument of such a reform would be an imperial court system that would put an end to private wars and subject conflict among princes to the arbitration of courts of law.
		On balance, the results of the reform movement were mixed: few had been satisfied with the existing state of German affairs; many, if not most elites wanted change in the direction of greater peace and security.
	www.uoregon.edu /~dluebke/Reformations441/441ImperialReform.htm (1948 words)

	441ImperialPrimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		To understand the context of the Reformation and its connection to the formation of secular power and spiritual authority, it is helpful to understand a few basic characteristics of that odd bird of European political history, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
		What follows is a highly schematic overview of the Empire's principal institutions, as they had emerged from a complex process of imperial reform during the last decade of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth.
		As it emerged from the era of imperial reform, the Reichstag was the supreme lawmaking authority of the Empire as a whole, as well as court of final appeal from the Empire's two supreme courts.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~dluebke/Reformations441/441ImperialPrimer.htm (2937 words)

	Imperial College London - Imperial College London launches second round of academic pay reform
		Imperial College London today announces the second round of its initiative to pay enhanced salaries to academic staff.
		From 1 October this year the bottom increment of the senior lecturer and reader scale will be abolished, making the new minimum £35,249 (from £34,158) and the maximum of the senior lecturer and reader scale will be increased by £1300 to £43,000.
		Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine is the largest applied science, technology and medicine university institution in the UK.
	www.ic.ac.uk /P3411.htm (461 words)

	Lawlink NSW: 4. Proposals for Reform
		The repeal of the Imperial Act 2 Geo II c 22 s 13 and 8 Geo II c 24 ss 1, 5.
		4.10 The Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, in its report on imperial statutes in force in Western Australia, concluded that the Statutes of Set-off could be repealed without affecting the principles already established so long as the repeal was accompanied by something in the nature of a “Westbury savings” clause.
		Imperial Acts listed in Schedule 1 to the Act are excluded from the operation of s 11.
	www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au /lrc.nsf/pages/DP40CHP4 (1556 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Holy Roman Empire, 1493-1519
		The authority of the Reichstag (Imperial diet) was strengthened; the project of establishing an Imperial government failed; the Reichstag, assembling annually (at various locations) became the highest-ranking institution of the Empire.
		While the reforms created institutions which lasted until the dissolution of the Empire in 1803/1806, the reform was incomplete.
		Maximilian's reform program remained incomplete, because the German princes and territorial lords were concerned, too great a concentration of power in the hands of the Emperor.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/hre14931519.html (628 words)

	Imperial College London - Imperial paves the way for health reform in Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Four Imperial medical students studying for a intercalated BSc in management and basic medical science, returned on Sunday from a two week trip to undertake research looking into primary care reform in Uzbekistan while working with the faculty from Tashkent.
		Imperial is the only institution to introduce health management in its undergraduate medical curriculum.
		We made good progress after receiving a £30,000 grant from the UK, and Imperial lectures on topics like managing hospitals and primary care and planning lectures for nurses and doctors, are to be turned into textbooks which could end up in other institutions.
	www.ic.ac.uk /P2515.htm (777 words)

	Imperial Valley Science Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A rural area, the Imperial County is comprised of 14 school districts ranging in size from 77 to 7,258 students (California Department of Education1997-98).
		That is, when a reform initiative takes hold, it is likely to have a positive impact because it is done on a longterm basis and there is little movement by teachers responsible for the change.
		Imperial Valley demographics indicate that the percentage of limited English proficient students is among the highest in the state.
	csmp.ucop.edu /csp/imperial-valley/resources.php (5586 words)

	Taika_Reform_Edicts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		604) and the '''Taika Reform Edicts''' of Emperor Kotoku.
		The new emperor, Prince Karu, together with the Imperial Prince Naka no Ohoye, issued a series of reform measures that culminated in the Taika Reform Edicts in 645.
		These edicts were written and sponsored by Confucian scholars in the Yamato court and in essence founded the Japanese imperial system and government.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Taika_Reform_Edicts (252 words)

	Imperial Reform - Definition, explanation
		In 1495, an attempt was made at a Reichstag in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Reichsreform).
		Whether this reform can be considered successful depends on how one defines its goals; today, many scholars believe that the reform was not really aimed at producing a modern state (in which it failed), but rather attempted to consolidate and distribute power between the Empire and the states in consensus, which it did.
		The reform was more or less concluded with the 1555 Reichsexekutionsordnung (Imperial Execution Order), which regulated more details of the tasks of the Imperial Circle Estates.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/i/im/imperial_reform.php (240 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An entity was considered Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law[?], it had no authority above it besides the king himself.
		Also, under Barbarossa, the idea of the "Romanness" of the Empire culminated again, which seemed to be a attempt to justify the emperor's power independently of the (now strenghened) pope.
		Among others, this act produced the Imperial Circle Estates and the Reichskammergericht[?], (Imperial Chamber Court); structures that would -- to a degree -- persist until the end of the Empire in 1806.
	openproxy.ath.cx /ho/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (4102 words)

	Online NewsHour: Imperial Valley Welfare -- August 25 1997
		In California's rural Imperial County the unemployment rate is 26 percent.
		JIM SEMMES, Imperial County Welfare Department: We estimate in Imperial County one in three people gets some sort of assistance from our department, but we're looking at welfare reform measures that are going to be implemented now, and we are going to have to start performing immediately, so you have to have jobs.
		DEAN SHORES, Imperial County Supervisor: In the past our general assistance has been thirty to fifty thousand dollars a year budgeted for general assistance, and now we're looking at the possibility, the reality is that we could go as high as two million dollars in Imperial County.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/welfare/july-dec97/imperial_8-25.html (1433 words)

	bourbon reform - infos
		the eighteenth century to foster reform and the rejuvenation of the empire...
		Find in a Library: Imperial reform and colonial politics: a secret history of late Bourbon Chile.
		The reform and revival of Spain is associated under the House of Bourbon.
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/2/bourbon-reform.html (294 words)

	[No title]
		1158 explicitly reclaimed imperial rights at the advice of quattuor doctores of the emerging judicial facility of the University of Bologna, citing phrases such as princeps legibus solutus ("the leader is not bound by law") from the Digestae of the
		Maximilian I elected king, he was presented with the dukes' united demand to participate in an Imperial Court.
		Reichskammergericht, (Imperial Chamber Court); structures that would – to a degree – persist until the end of the Empire in 1806.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire (4160 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Both financial and political analysts throughout the Galaxy are pointing fingers at the Imperial monarch, Barok-Prince Cosades II as the sole reason for the Imperial Remnant's sudden recuperation.
		A recent Imperial press release states that the Imperial Government is beginning a Sector-wide refit of its heavy industry in an attempt to "maximize outputs" and "meet the industry standards" which have been "left to slack by the former Moff Council".
		The Imperial Remnant under Barok-Prince Artur Cosades II, which still remains a very avid supporter of Palpatine's New Order and uses that ideological platform to maintain its government policies, has reformed three subsections, or 83 statutes of Imperial law to allow itself to better reap rewards from trade and exports occurring in its territory.
	www.geocities.com /daveblah/SWSE/imperial-econ_edition3.txt (407 words)

	China, 1904-1914 - Biographies, Glossary, and Place Names
		His attempted Hundred Days Reform in 1898 ended with the Empress Dowager seizing control and imprisoning Kuang-hsü, though she was unable to dethrone him.
		Early in her ascendancy, she presided over a partial restoration of Imperial power after the disaster of the Taiping Revolt, but overall her rule was demoralizing and corrupt.
		This weak attempt at reform was to no avail, and the monarchy collapsed only three years after her death.
	cnparm.home.texas.net /Nat/China/ChinaBios.htm (2252 words)

	Imperial Circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A map of the Imperial Circles as at the beginning of the 16th century.
		States that were not part of a circle are shown in white.
		An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Reichstag (Imperial Diet).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperial_Circle_Estates (241 words)

	[No title]
		A person who hesitates to reform his faults is one who really does not want to change, but is content with what he can get away with.
		They were told to place the flag on their door when the imperial army came to town and the soldiers were ordered not to harm the innocent.
		Later on, the same lady was chosen to enter the imperial palace and became a concubine to the emperor.
	www.etext.org /Religious.Texts/Misc/4teachen.html (22425 words)

	A Letter from the Editors: The IMF's Imperial "Reform" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The IMF program in Korea marks the first instance in which U.S. imperialism has attempted to decisively roll back one of the state-regulated, "organized capitalisms" of East Asia, including Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, as well of course as Japan.
		Second, and the key to the first, the IMF sought to impose an extraordinarily broad-ranging "reform" program that would simply dismantle the Korean economy as presently organized, so as to open it up for takeover by multinational corporations and banks.
		The effect if not the conscious intent of its draconian austerity policy is to radically reduce the worth of large sections of Korean industry, or push them into outright bankruptcy as a prelude to their purchase at bargain basement prices by overseas banks and corporations.
	www.solidarity-us.org /atc/edit73.html (2829 words)

	Conservative party -> From Disraeli to World War I on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Disraeli's strong imperialism and his wooing of a broadened electorate with plans for reform, a program known as “Tory democracy,” was attractive in a period of depression and increasing imperial competition.
		Efforts by Lord Randolph Churchill to implement further domestic reforms in the tradition of Tory democracy were unsuccessful, but the popular imperialist emphasis remained.
		In this period the party was gradually drawing closer to middle-class business interests, but the insistence of Joseph Chamberlain on a program of tariff reform, including imperial preference, split the party, which lost (1906) to the Liberals.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Conserva_FromDisraelitoWorldWarI.asp (1012 words)

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