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Topic: Implicature

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	Conversational Impliciture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Implicatures are, as Grice observed, cancelable and can be vague or indeterminate, but the same is true of implicitures.
		Grice is led to conventional implicature in each case only because he arbitrarily insists on forcing these specifications into set of independent conjuncts, whereupon the specification must either include one clause too many or omit the conventional force of the connective.
		Now Grice is often charged with focussing on implicatures (and figurative utterances) to the exclusion of less oblique utterances, but clearly he took the application of his apparatus to the latter cases to be straightforward—these just don’t involve ostensible flouting of the maxims.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/impliciture.htm (10760 words)

	THE MYTH OF CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURE*
		An implicature is different from an entailment or a semantic presupposition, in that it is not necessary for the truth of the sentence.
		The conventional implicature (CI-) thesis is that there are certain locutions which do not contribute to what is said and do not affect the truth or falsity of what is said and yet, by virtue of their conventional meanings, generate implicatures.
		The propositions are said to be implicatures because their truth value does not affect the truth value of the entire utterance, so that the falsity of such a proposition is compatible with the truth of the entire utterance.
	online.sfsu.edu /~kbach/Myth.htm (10034 words)

	José Ruiz de Mendoza, Semantic Underdetermination
		It is on the grounds of this explicature that speaker A bases his intervention to produce the implicature that Jim was at the party since A explicates that somebody was indeed at the party, thereby allowing one to derive the implicated conclusion that Jim is sure to have attended the party.
		An additional problem for his argument is that A's implicature entails what is developed from someone else's assertion but the entailment test was proposed to distinguish between implicatures and explicatures derivable from one speaker's utterance, not from the interplay between different speakers' utterances.
		Implicatures are also built on the grounds of what has been explicitly communicated; they cannot be derived unless the relevant explicatures have been worked out.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Ruiz_99.html (13316 words)

	Hancher, "Grice's 'Implicature'" (1978)
		There is a third general kind of implicature, which involves no maxim-violation at all, but simply invokes a maxim as a ground of interpretation.
		Besides these three kinds of "conversational implicature," Grice identifies a category of "conventional implicature," independent of the CP and its associated maxims; see Grice (1975a: 45), Kempson (1975: 145), and Katz (1972: 445-46) for discussions of this notion.
		Cooper (1977) proposes that the occurrence of conversational implicature is a variable feature of literary style, which can distinguish one literary genre from another, and one literary work from another.
	mh.cla.umn.edu /grice.html (2484 words)

	Speaker Meaning, What is Said, and What is Implicated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The implicature was blocked because a speaker cannot conversationally implicate something which the audience is not required to assume that she thinks.
		Perhaps a description cannot be used referentially to communicate that p unless the conditions for conversational implicature are met: the audience's state of mind must be such that the assumption that the speaker believes that p is required if the speaker is to be understood as cooperative.
		An utterer-implicature is like a conversational implicature except that a speaker may implicate that Q by saying (or making as if to say) that P even if the supposition that the speaker thinks that Q is not in fact required to maintain the assumption that she is cooperative.
	www.shef.ac.uk /~phil/staff/saul/grice.html (9206 words)

	conversational implicature handout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A particularized conversational implicature is one which depends on particular features of the context, as in the first example above.
		A generalized conversational implicature is one which does not depend on particular features of the context, but is instead typically associated with the proposition expressed.
		Calculability — you can trace a line of reasoning leading from the utterance to the implicature, and including at some point the assumption that the speaker was obeying the rules of conversation to the best of their ability.
	www.msu.edu /course/lin/437/implhand.htm (516 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Implicatures seem to be the only kinds of pragmatic or semantic inferences that are reinforceable - can be conjoined with an overt statement of their content without a sense of anomalous redundancy.
		Implicatures normally associated with what is said should not hold in cases where a systematic and avowed non-cooperation is assumed, except for some minimum essential, such as in a cross examination in court.
		It is hard to distinguish those implicatures derived from the maxims and generalized from the semantic content of linguistic expressions, because such implicatures will be routinely associated with the relevant expressions in all ordinary contexts.
	www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de /~klenner/WS98/prag/impl_slide.html (2341 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - Grice, Herbert Paul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Grice's explanation of conversational implicature begins with his articulation of a Cooperative Principle, which calls on a speaker to "make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged" (1989, p.
		B may be taken to have conversationally implicated that he or she does not know more precisely where C lives since B may be presumed to conveying as much relevant information as he or she has evidence for.
		Grice's theory of conversational implicature has often been used in this way to justify semantic theories that ascribe to a sentence a different meaning from the one that seems to attach to it.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/grice.html (2101 words)

	UCR Presentation
		A knowledge of implicature is assumed on standardized English proficiency tests such as the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language).
		Students must be taught how to work out utterances involving implicature and/or idiomatic/ figurative expressions by direct application of Grice’s cooperative principle if they are to answer the short and extended conversations of the TOEFL with any degree of success.
		ESL instruction without explicit instruction of implicature does not help a student in his or her ability to interpret implicature.
	buckhoff.topcities.com /UCRpresentation.htm (1033 words)

	Randall ROSE Conversational Implicature and the Claim to Knowledge in Plato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Conversational implicatures are points which, although not literally stated by the speaker, are still understood as suggested by her words for reasons "essentially connected with certain general features of discourse", specifically the cooperative aspects of conversation in which each remark is expected to advance the discussion.
		According to Grice, one important family of implicatures consists of those connected with the quality of the information provided: a speaker's statement normally implicates that the speaker has adequate evidence for the statement she makes and that she does not believe the statement to be false.
		This implicature can be cancelled: Socrates often cancels it by expressing uncertainty about his points, or by stating them ironically.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/ROSE.html (369 words)

	RG Communicative Understanding - Project 2 : Pragmatic Implications
		between implicatures in a wider and implicatures in a narrow sense.
		For Grice the most important feature of a conversational implicature is that the conversational implicatures of an utterance should be recoverable by a reasoning process.
		Sometimes it is assumed that even the existence of the implicature depends on fulfillment of the cooperative principle and the maxims.
	www.uni-leipzig.de /~fkv/projekte/p2e.html (2027 words)

	Implicature.
		This is an example of the exciting subject of conversational implicature, an ugly word invented by H.P.Grice to describe the inferences we make which are vital to understanding each other.
		Grice proposed that in order to work out what other people are getting at, we take it for granted that when they talk to us they are normally going to follow certain rules, or maxims.
		Sperber and Wilson are good at coming up with little snatches of dialogue which exemplify different varieties of implicature, and it is noticeable that many of them have a witty or rhetorical quality.
	www.consciousentities.com /implicature.htm (1237 words)

	Implicature and Nondetachability in Child Language
		This paper investigates the acquisition of quantity implicatures (QIs) by preschool children.
		It asks, first, whether children are capable of deriving the non-completion QIs associated with such terms, and second, whether these implicatures persist across synonyms (compare start and begin), i.e.
		Papafragou A. and Musolino J. The acquisition of scalar implicatures.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc26/73.htm (528 words)

	semantics etc.: Bach on Implicature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nevertheless, I know a lot less about it than Larry does, and that’s not even taking into account everything he has uncovered about what was said on the subject long before Grice, even centuries before.
		I’m going to identify the most pervasive and pernicious misconceptions about implicature that I’ve noticed over the years.
		Implicatures are not part of the truth-conditional contents of utterances.
	semantics-online.org /blog/2004/11/bach_on_implicature (292 words)

	Eliza Kitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The notion of conversational implicature was redefined in terms of intentionality and the principle of relevance, which was identified as dominant in this type of implicature and in communication.
		Moreover, most of Grice's particularized conversational implicatures are shown to be bogus cases of implicature, and it is concluded that the allegedly implicata are no more than aspects of activated background knowledge.
		Further, the particularized conversational implicature (q) thus defined is considered to be more significant communicatively than what is said (p), which is considered to be merely the vehicle of the implicature.
	www.enl.auth.gr /staff/kitis.htm (7853 words)

	Speaker Meaning, What is Said, and What is Implicated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The implicature explanation of this case would be that (2N) is implicated by this utterance of (2).
		Grice's inclusion of audience-oriented criteria in his discussion of conversational implicature does not have the appearance of a careless aberration.
		After all, 'conversational implicature' is a theoretical term, not a bit of ordinary English.
	www.shef.ac.uk /philosophy/staff/saul/grice.html (9206 words)

	THE MYTH OF CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURE* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Grice does remark that conventional implicatures are detachable but not cancelable, but this cannot serve as a test for their presence.
		They seem to operate also in respect to other terms that are often said to generate conventional implicatures rather than contribute to semantic content.
		So context sensitivity is irrelevant to conventional implicature, as Grice pointed out when contrasting it with conversational implicature.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/Myth.htm (10034 words)

	Institut des Sciences Cognitives Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In commenting on Gazdar's theory of implicature, Horn (1989, 233) remarks in passing that the computation of scalar ones appears to be inhibited not just by negation, but generally in downward entailing (DE) contexts.
		Prima facie, it does seem to be so.Take for example the exclusiveness implicature associated with disjunction (assuming it is a scalar one).
		The result is a quite simple and unified theory of scalar implicatures (and how they "project") and of NPIs (along the lines of Kadmon and Landman's proposal).
	www.isc.cnrs.fr /chierchia.htm (351 words)

	ESSLLI 2004 - Workshop: Implicature and conversational meaning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bart Geurts (University of Nijmegen) and Rob van der Sandt (University of Nijmegen)
		The central notion that dominated linguistic pragmatics since the early seventies is Grice's notion of conversational implicature.
		It is based on the insight that, by means of general principles of rational communication, we may convey more with the use of a sentence than just its conventional meaning.
	esslli2004.loria.fr /giveabs.php?61 (139 words)

	What is a manner implicature?
		A manner implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption that the speaker is either observing or flouting the conversational maxim of manner.
		If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard implicature.
		The manner implicature Miss Singer sang badly is derivable from the sentence Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from ‘"Rigoletto."
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMannerImplicature.htm (158 words)

	Implicature - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Grice virtually discovered the phenomenon of implicature (to denote the implications of an utterance that are not strictly implied by its content).
		Gricean theory claims that conversational implicatures can be explained and predicted using general psycho-social principles.
		In developing his argument the author explains that the psycho-social principles actually define the social function of implicature conventions, which contribute to the satisfaction of those principles.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521623197&print=y (182 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is the first extended discussion of preferred interpretation in language understanding, integrating much of the best research in linguistic pragmatics from the last two decades.
		Levinson outlines a theory of presumptive meanings, or preferred interpretations, governing the use of language, building on the idea of implicature developed by the philosopher H. Grice.
		Some of the indirect information carried by speech is presumed by default because it is carried by general principles, rather than inferred from specific assumptions about intention and context.
	www.eltcalendar.com /bookjump/54/ca (352 words)

	Bublos.com: Compare Book Prices ›› Pragmatics of Conditional Marking: Implicature, Scalarity, and Exclusivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It argues that the sense of "hypotheticality" often associated with the encoded semantics of such markers is actually a pragmatic conversational implicature that is cancelable in certain discourse contexts.
		First, it is shown that "factual" if-clauses, typically considered anomalous despite their frequent occurrence in many types of discourse, fall out from the predictions made by the pragmatic view of conditional marker meaning.
		Second, it is demonstrated that the "hypotheticality" implicature interacts with the well-known implicature of conditional perfection, and that this interaction allows one to predict when "biconditional" readings of simple conditionals will and will not arise.
	www.bublos.com /isbn/0815333099.html (759 words)

	Names, Descriptions, Conversational Implicature
		But when Neale turns to the subject of "generalized conversational implicatures", I think the arguement starts to fall down.
		Generally, when we use definete descriptions to speak of particular individuals (referentially, rather than attributively), then for Neale: 4) [the x: Fx] (Gx) will conversationally implicate the sentence 5)Gb where b is a demonstrative.
		But in the case of these generalized implicatures, there seems obviously to be a semantic/conventional rather than merely pragmatic connection between the proposition expressed and that meant.
	www.philo.at /phlo/200107/msg00047.html (724 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Linguistics and Philosophy \| 24.954 Pragmatics in Linguistic Theory, Fall 2002 \| Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"A Theory of Scalar Implicature." Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1985.
		Hawkins, J. "On (In)definite Articles: Implicatures and (Un)grammaticality Predictions." Journal of Linguistics 27 (1991): 405-442.
		Your use of the MIT OpenCourseWare site and course materials is subject to the conditions and terms of use in our Legal Notices section.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Linguistics-and-Philosophy/24-954Pragmatics-in-Linguistic-TheoryFall2002/Readings/index.htm (818 words)

	[No title]
		Implicatures allow the user to easily encode lots of different C
		Still remaining, lots to do, but now can probably be understood by somebody who hasn't read the whole code.
		=item autosort implicatures would require building a graph and toposorting it =item add diachronic/sound change functions But make sure we don't rebuild the wheel.
	search.cpan.org /src/KAHN/Lingua-FeatureMatrix-0.05/FeatureMatrix.pm (1867 words)

	FreisslerSoft Books Implicature
		Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature (Language, Speech, and Communication)
		Implicature : Intention, Convention, and Principle in the Failure of Gricean Theory
		Pragmatics of Conditional Marking: Implicature, Scalarity, and Exclusivity (Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics)
	www.freisslersoft.com /im/Book_Implicature.html (139 words)

	Relevance_Archives: Philosophy & RT: biblio refs on implica
		FRETHEIM, T The effect of intonation on a type of scalar implicature.
		Prince E and Levin N Gapping and causal implicature.
		Mccawley, J D conversational implicature and the lexicon.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/robyn/relevance/relevance_archives/0228.html (1220 words)

	CiteULike: ketangli's implicature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Recent papers added to ketangli's library classified by the tag implicature.
		posted to acquisition development implicature or pragmatics scalars semantics by ketangli as
		From scalar semantics to implicature: Children’s interpretation of aspectuals
	www.citeulike.org /user/ketangli/tag/implicature (137 words)

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