
	Where results make sense

Topic: Import substituting industrialization

Related Topics

Import Scene

Red Imported Fire Ant

import substitution

Export Import Bank of the United States

Export Import Bank

Pier 1 Imports, Inc

grey import

Pier 1 Imports

Elasticity of Import Substitution

import substituting industrialization

import quota

import duties

In the News (Mon 4 Jun 12)

EXECUTIVE POWER

Iran

ANALYSIS

Pakistan

Family compact

	International Economics Glossary: I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The requirement that imports be authorized by a special agency before entering a country, similar to import licensing.
		A measure of the importance of imports in the domestic economy, either by sector or overall, usually defined as the value of imports divided by the value of apparent consumption.
		It may be motivated by the infant industry argument, or simply by the desire to mimic the industrial structure of advanced countries.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~alandear/glossary/i.html (4035 words)

	l'express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Import substitution industries were the hallmark of conventional wisdom in the 1960’s and like many other developing countries Mauritius had adopted that model.
		Unlike many other countries, however, import substitution has successfully survived the onslaught of the export driven model which was later to become the lynchpin of the development framework which accompanied structural adjustment programmes and which had meanwhile become the new conventional wisdom.
		Import substituting industries are arguably in a less dramatic situation as compared to the EPZ in so far as timely action taken now may still allow them to take the steps necessary for surviving in the new environment.
	www.lexpress.mu /display_article_sup.php?news_id=16549 (1442 words)

	Chapter 10 Krugman Summary & Homework
		Government policy to promote industrialization has often been justified by the infant industry argument, which says that new industries need a temporary period of protection from competition from established competitors in other countries.
		Using the infant industry argument as justification, many less-developed countries have pursued policies of import-substituting industrialization in which domestic industries are created under the protection of tariffs or import quotas.
		The view that economic development must take place via import substitution and the pessimism about economic development that spread as import-substituting industrialization seemed to fail have been confounded by the rapid economic growth of a number of Asian economies.
	www.cba.nau.edu /eastwood-j/eco486/krugch10.htm (894 words)

	Andes, LARR, c 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The popular belief that significant wartime import substitution occurred in Latin America tends in one case after another not to be borne out by the evidence.
		In yet another major study of industrialization in the Andean area, Jan Peter Wogart speaks of the shortages of imported capital goods in Colombia during World War II and of the increased use of capacity originally installed in the 1920s.
		Wythe reports the opening of a new woolen-yarn mill in 1944, a cotton-spinning mill and rayon weaving plant in 1944, a plant to produce bags from a native fiber in 1942, a new cement plant in 1944 and a chlorine and caustic soda plant in 1944.
	icesuite.com /mf/mf/andes.html (4036 words)

	industrialization -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Agriculture remained an important industry in all sections, although a sectional division of labour became increasingly discernible at the era's end, spurred by transportation and mechanical developments that permitted more productive areas to undersell their competitors even in the home markets of the latter.
		Industry, which had existed in certain Swiss communities as far back as the 14th century, expanded, setting the foundation for future growth and diversification.
		Among the many industrial advancments of the British was the use of weaving machines in the growing textile industry.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9042374 (697 words)

	Changing perceptions of development -DAWN - Business; August 8, 2005
		The process of industrialization in their view was constrained by lack of domestic demand, and on the supply side by the shortage of capital.
		Complementarities between industries on the supply as well as demand sides meant that, in an economy largely closed to foreign trade, ‘balanced’ investment in a number of activities has to be planned and because of indivisibilities, the quantum of investment will be large.
		Those developing countries that shifted away from inward oriented import substitution to outward oriented export expansion succeed in easing their foreign exchange constraint, while the inward oriented ones ironically became more import dependent inspite of their efforts at import substitution.
	www.dawn.com /2005/08/08/ebr10.htm (1047 words)

	oc31a
		The expansion of industrial capacity, predominantly for manufactured consumer goods, was achieved not only at a high cost but also led to considerable excess capacity.
		Starting in 1984/85, attempts were made to deregulate private industrial activity, provide energy and physical infrastructure, and pay special attention to agriculture and rural development; and the provision of health, education, and other social services were made.
		Although comprehensive data on the dimension of growth of the nonfarm sector and its impact on the rural economy were not available, there was some evidence from microdata to suggest that nonfarm income did contribute more to household income than agricultural incomes, especially in the lower income groups and among the landless and smaller farmers.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/publications/ocational_papers/oc31a.htm (10535 words)

	Re: Argentina and the US (some corrections)
		The only country that pursued a similar policy in South America, Paraguay, was LITERALLY burnt to ashes by a joint oligarchic Argentinian-Brazilian-Uruguayan army openly sponsored by Great Britain by the times of the American Civil War.
		These two facts were more important in the failure of "import substitution".
		On the other hand, import substitution was attempted during the 30s under an oligarchic regime which was not at all interested in a revolutionary modification of the dependent status.
	www.mail-archive.com /pen-l@galaxy.csuchico.edu/msg45581.html (485 words)

	Part One: Policy and Programme Concerns
		One of the major mechanisms widely used to shift resources to industry, to protect new domestic industries against foreign competitors, and to increase economic independence, was high protection (through tariffs and quotas) on manufacturing imports.
		By applying such barriers broadly to the industrial sector, it was perceived that inducements were established for balanced growth in that sector, with important complementarities or pecuniary externalities, both in terms of the supplies of intermediate inputs and demands for final products ("backward and forward linkages").
		Planners believed increasing industrial output was the path to higher standards of living, and public investment in social development, such as in health and education, was often modest and usually biased in favour of the urban elites.
	www.un.org /popin/unfpa/pubs/thebook/sect3.html (17128 words)

	Book reviews, Monthly Labor Review Online, December 2000
		Economic liberalization in Mexico was to an extent compelled by the debt crisis of the 1980s but, more fundamentally, was adopted as the country’s import-substituting industrial strategy, which could no longer be sustained—even though this strategy had produced high growth rates between 1965 and 1980.
		However, the development of their internal markets was thwarted by low incomes, a factor which was evidently aggravated by government exploitation of peasantry to accumulate the capital needed for the strategy.
		The need to import raw materials also eventually caused indebtedness to rise, such that up to 50 percent of export earnings had (and has) to be used to pay off debt.
	www.bls.gov /opub/mlr/2000/12/bookrevs.htm (1272 words)

	Import Substituting Industrialization
		Empirically, the consensus today is that Import Substitution was the worse strategy: Bela Balassa studied several countries with different policies and found that the import substituters generally fared worse over the 1973-84 period.
		Import substitution strategies can lead to overvalued exchange rates because of the need to borrow internationally to finance ambitious domestic industrial expansion plans.
		Various regional trade initiatives like LAFTA, ACMP, CACM etc. were tried with a view to move import substitution to the regional from the national level.
	www-agecon.ag.ohio-state.edu /class/aede438/banerjee/notes_4.htm (1262 words)

	Fads and Fashion in Economic Reforms: Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion? - Moises Naim - Paper prepared for ...
		Therefore, the Washington Consensus' prescription that government-imposed barriers to imports and exports, to foreign investment, and to foreign currency transactions had to be lifted was sharply at odds with the long-held conviction that developing countries had to protect their economies from an unfair and exploitative international system rigged against them.
		The fact that in the early 1990s investment returns in the industrialized countries were not as high as they became later in the decade pushed a wave of money overseas, some of it towards the countries that had enacted reforms to pull private foreign capital in.
		This resulted in high import barriers, restrictions to the entry of foreign firms, the selection of specific industrial sectors as "national champions" to which massive subsidies and trade protection was accorded.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/Naim.HTM (11691 words)

	Import-Substituting Industrialization
		Accelerate the structural diversification of the economy (i.e., diminishing the importance of agriculture and other primary sectors relative to that of industry) that almost always accompanies improvements in living standards, as measured by per capita GDP.
		The "cepalistas" advocated stimulating the expansion of domestic industrial production with a focus on satisfying domestic demand, as opposed to exporting to foreign markets, through the generalized (though supposedly temporary) manipulation of market forces.
		In addition, much of Latin American industry was unable to capture economies of scale (i.e., operate at a scale large enough to produce at minimum per-unit cost).
	www-agecon.ag.ohio-state.edu /class/ISH240/Southgate/import_substituting_industrialization.htm (499 words)

	Overvaluation Hurts--Learning From Others’ Mistakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Import-competing domestic industries face increased pressure from foreign companies, causing industrial and agricultural lobbies to increase their calls for protection against imports.
		Productivity advances are less rapid because the export sectors and the import competing sectors are disadvantaged by an overvalued exchange rate, and it is in these sectors that productivity advances are often most rapid.
		Improved incentives for exporters led to an expansion of nontraditional exports and efficient import substitution.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/marapr99/pg11box.htm (588 words)

	Populism in Latin American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		•Import-Substituting Industrialization was predicated on the idea that Latin American nations needed to break their dependence from international commodity cycles
		•The way to do so was to produce domestically what was being imported from abroad
		•The state would establish alliances with the private sector to foster strategic industrialization
	www.udel.edu /poscir/jcarrion/p450/market1_files/slide0004.htm (93 words)

	National The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
		The central focus during the 1950's and 1960's was on industrialization; agriculture was considered to a large extent just a supporting activity that supplied the labor, resource and food needed in industry.
		Nepal's economic policies during 1950's to 70's aimed at higher economic growth through embracing the policies of import substituting industrialization.
		A policy of high import tariffs and concessional credit lines to favor industry were adopted whereas while agriculture sector was highly taxed both explicitly-export taxes- and implicitly low import tariffs overhauled exchange rates.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2001/nov/nov28/national.htm (847 words)

	HARTMUT ELSENHANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Russia had an open access to industrial inputs and France protected its small farmers but was not a match in the new industries, hence a country which unintentionally had accepted industrial decline.
		The rent used in import substituting industrialization as a counterpart for labour employed in investment goods production and infrastructural projects is now used in export-oriented manufacturing for cutting down international labour costs to levels where this labour can no longer buy its necessities from the world market.
		This new import substitution may not be triggered off by open state intervention but be just the result of further devaluations.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/elsenhans.html (10288 words)

	Import Substitution Industrialization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Import Substitution Industrialisation was a theory of industrialisation based on the dependency theory of undeveloped nations.
		The theory is similar to that of mercantilism in that it believed in high exports and minimal imports to increase national wealth.
		The policy had three major tenets: active industrial policy, protective barriers to trade, and monetary policy that kept the domestic currency overvalued.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/I/Import-Substitution-Industrialization.htm (289 words)

	Speech: Economists, Policy Reform, and Political Economy
		Thus privatization may well jeopardize the interests of the workers and/or managers who expect to lose their jobs, however great the benefits may be to the public finances, the consumers, and even those workers and managers who keep their jobs.
		Higher prices for electric power and greater cost recovery in water are strongly resisted by their immediate beneficiaries, although in these cases it may be possible to persuade people that higher prices are worthwhile if the link can be established in the public mind to improved service quality.
		This may not be very surprising, except that we usually assume that the only people who will notice import liberalization are the firms and workers in the import-substituting industries who have something to lose.
	www.iie.com /publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchId=327 (1928 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Such many of the behind-the-border regulatory issues practitioners will be in ministries of trade, industry, that confront countries in the contexts of both and finance; parliaments; private sector associations domestic reform and international negotiations.
		Similarly, China's two-track reform "tigers"--had to abide by few international con- strategy in agriculture, industry, and trade, which straints and had to pay few of the costs of integra- maintained nonmarket institutional forms while tion during their formative growth experience in aligning incentives correctly at the margin, has been the 1960s and 1970s.
		That is, reforms that boost inputs purchased from nonfarm sectors (for exam- the relative profitability of the industries previously ple, because of import taxes on these goods): they discouraged by the government's trade-restrictive then buy less of those inputs in relation to other policies tend to be welfare enhancing.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/19/000160016_20040819140633/Rendered/INDEX/297990018213149971x.txt (11523 words)

	Monthly Labor Review: Economic Liberalization and Labor Markets. - Review - book review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The import-substituting industrial strategies of many developing countries of the earlier post-war period had become unsustainable.
		As indicated, that period, which for some Latin American countries began in the 1930s or 1940s and for some African ones after they became independent, was marked by an import-substituting industrialization strategy--the creation of domestic industries, especially capital and consumer goods.
		More fundamentally, it was adopted because the country's import-substituting industrial strategy could no longer be sustained--even though this strategy had produced high growth rates between 1965 and 1980.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1153/is_4_124/ai_75658440 (1186 words)

	13 Trade Policies for Countries in Transition and Developing Countries
		Import-substituting industrialization (ISI) was the dominant policy in the 1950s and 1960s, and it is still important today.
		Explain the concept of import substituting industrialization and how this strategy for development has been implemented, and evaluate its performance relative to a strategy of promoting exports of manufactured goods.
		If there are net national gains, they are likely to be largest in the first years after the export tax is imposed, before the monopoly power of the country is eroded (in ways shown in the discussion of an international cartel).
	www.wright.edu /~tran.dung/Chapter_13_Pugel.htm (2592 words)

	A Strategy For Cutting Hunger in Africa-commissioned paper by Jerome Wolgin
		As a result, either governments developed policies and programs aimed at maintaining their political base (and in Africa this frequently meant using the government as a system for dispensing economic and political favors in ways that undermined good governance) or they developed policies and programs based on deeply flawed economic and political paradigms.
		The leaders felt that modernization and industrialization were synonymous and that the only way to promote industrialization was to protect the industrial base from external competition.
		Their economic philosophy was import-substituting industrialization, and they saw the state as the instrument of transformation.
	www.aec.msu.edu /AGECON/fs2/africanhunger/wolgin_eng6.htm (7720 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Many economists are now harshly critical of the results of import substitution, arguing that it has fostered high-cost, inefficient production.¡$`}Ûóq ¨Problems With ISI Policies¨The infant industry argument is not universally valid.
		Regulations, import licenses, differential protection across industries distorted the allocation of resources.
		The infant industry argument is valid only in the presence of market failures.óv¨Summary¨©The effectiveness and usefulness of ISI has been refuted by the success of East Asian countries which followed an export oriented industrialization policy.
	bear.cba.ufl.edu /dinopoulos/ECO3703/pdf/WEB/KO-CH10-WEB.ppt (545 words)

	Brazilian Meat Production - ThePoultrySite.com, specialists in Poultry
		After discarding a policy of import-substituting industrialization, which for years crippled agriculture by diverting state resources into industrial development, Brazil has now fully embraced agriculture as a way to generate export revenue and encourage employment in rural areas.
		The meat sector in particular is regarded as an important channel for valued-added exports.
		The industry is vertically integrated, with the top four companies dominating export trade, accounting for over half of all of Brazilian poultry exports.
	www.thepoultrysite.com /FeaturedArticle/FATopic.asp?Display=191 (725 words)

	Roles of Agriculture Project International Conference 20-22 October, 2003 Rome, Italy (SMEALSearch) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		From the 1930s to 1970s, public policies were designed following the development model of import substituting industrialization.
		This model emphasized in the industrial development in detriment of the rural producers as public policies encouraged investment, infrastructure, and subsidies in urban centers.
		In the DR the share of agriculture in GDP has declined steadily from 23 percent in 1970 to 13 percent in 1997 while the share of employment in agriculture has simultaneously declined from 45 percent to 20 percent during the same period.
	gunther.smeal.psu.edu /31982.html (276 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)