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Topic: Imputation

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	Imputation (statistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In statistics, imputation is the substitution of some value for a missing data point or a missing component of a data point.
		While many imputation methods are available, two of the most commonly used are hot-deck imputation and regression imputation.
		Imputation is not the only method available for handling missing data.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imputation_(statistics) (205 words)

	Dr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thus whereas the former doctrine insists that the imputation of Adam?s sin precedes corruption of nature and is reckoned to be its cause, the latter doctrine maintains that the imputation of Adam?s sin follows hereditary depravity and is its effect.
		is the penal consequence of the imputation of the guilt of Adam?s transgression.
		Edwards builds his case for imputation on the assumption of a divinely ordained unity between Adam and his posterity (the alleged propriety of which he will in due course seek to prove; at present it is assumed for the sake of argument).
	www.enjoyinggodministries.com /article.asp?id=361 (2909 words)

	Software for multiple imputation
		Multiple imputation is a simulation-based approach to the statistical analysis of incomplete data.
		Multiple imputation of panel data or clustered data under a multivariate linear mixed-effects model.
		Imputation of missing covariates under a general linear mixed model.
	www.stat.psu.edu /~jls/misoftwa.html (598 words)

	Imputation (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Three acts of imputation are given special prominence in the Scripture, and are implicated in the Scriptural doctrines of Original Sin, Atonement and Justification, though not usually expressed by the words chashabh and logizomai.
		The doctrine of the imputation of Adam's sin to his posterity is implied in the account of the Fall in Gen. 2 and 3, taken in connection with the subsequent history of the human race as recorded in Gen. and in the rest of the Old Testament.
		Although the idea of the imputation of righteousness is not explicitly asserted in these passages, the idea is not merely that the righteousness spoken of is recognized by Yahweh (Cremer), but that it comes from Him, so that Yahweh, through the work of the Messiah, is the source of His people's righteousness.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/Topic/Imputation (3976 words)

	Multiple imputation FAQ page
		Imputation, the practice of 'filling in' missing data with plausible values, is an attractive approach to analyzing incomplete data.
		An imputation model should be chosen to be (at least approximately) compatible with the analyses to be performed on the imputed datasets.
		Imputations may in principle be created under any kind of assumptions or model for the missing-data mechanism, and the resulting inferences will be valid under that mechanism.
	www.stat.psu.edu /~jls/mifaq.html (2475 words)

	Discussion on Imputation Strategies and Application of Regression-Based Hot Decking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Imputations are needed since the data provider exempted a high number of enterprises from the reply to some questions in order to reduce their response burden (intentional item non-response).
		Pure regression imputation, thus replacing the missing values with predicted values from the estimated regression model, is not competitive, since it gives a high number of negative imputed values in our case (the same problem is usual in less complicated data sets as well).
		We here emphasise on imputation variance, the variability of which is derived from various alternatives to rank the respondents and the non-respondents, and to find the nearest respondent for each non-respondent, correspondingly.
	www.jpsm.umd.edu /icsn/papers/Laaksonen.htm (4154 words)

	IMPUTATION (Sunday, September 5, 2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the New Testament, imputation relates specifically to the sin of Adam and the work of Christ, and may be categorized into three theological connections, to follow.
		Christ bore the griefs and carried the sorrows of man. He was wounded for the transgressions of all and carried the iniquity of all (Isaiah 53:4-6).
		The imputation of righteousness is a judicial act by which the believer is declared righteous before a holy God.
	members.aol.com /ALeeHead/ChristianArticle/Archives/09-05-04.htm (1069 words)

	The Imputation of Sin and Righteousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Imputation is one of the principle doctrines of Biblical Christianity.
		The imputation of sin to Jesus Christ was typified in the Old Testament sacrificial system, where the sins of the offerer were symbolically transferred to the animal victim.
		Imputation is the firm foundation upon which we are justified by grace through faith.
	www.abideinchrist.com /keys/imputed.html (2102 words)

	Imputation and the Arminian Mind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Calvinistic definition of imputation of the righteousness of Christ is read in a way that says that the character of the positive work of Christ is transferred to the believer.
		Imputation of righteousness to us in the sense that Christ obeyed the law of God in our stead and we therefore merit the reward of that obedience is not supported by the Scriptures, but is only an assumption of a certain class of theologians.
		The Scriptures usually quoted to maintain the doctrine of imputation, in the sense of counting or reckoning the active and passive righteousness of Christ to his people as their righteousness, are "He hath made him to be sin for us who knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.
	www.imarc.cc /edit/jeffpaton16.htm (5125 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Imputation of a true endpoint from a surrogate: application to a cluster randomized ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This imputation assumes that the missing audit data is missing completely at random (MCAR) [8] as all the missing data comes from the same distribution and pays no attention to the reported data when imputing the missing data.
		In the stratified imputation only 50 of these can be used to sample from, as two of these practices have no reported data on which to stratify.
		The imputation models do not have these problems, as the missing audited data is imputed from the observed audited data.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2288/3/17 (5302 words)

	SOLAS gives you multiple imputation for missing data analysis.
		Once imputation is complete the imputed datasets can be analysed within SOLAS or exported to a variety of other packages in the correct format.
		Imputations can be quickly re-run using different predictor variables to see the effect it has on the results.
		When the user performs Multiple Imputation as their chosen imputation technique, the result is that they are left with M imputed datasets, where they began with just one.
	www.statsol.ie /solas/solas.htm (1487 words)

	Speakers Forum discussion on multiple imputation by Don Rubin
		One reason for this growth of multiple imputation is its suitability for modern computing environments, with the division of the two tasks of creating and analyzing a multiply-imputed data set.
		The great statistical advantage of a monotone pattern is that the creation of multiple imputations in a multivariate data set is reduced to a series of single variable imputations, which allows tremendous modeling flexibility.
		The second currently available general method for creating multiple imputations is to specify one encompassing multivariate model for the entire data set (at least conditional on completely observed variables), and then to use fully principled likelihood/Bayesian techniques for analysis under that model.
	www.statsolusa.com /solas/rubin1.htm (1499 words)

	Faith and the Imputation of Righteousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Third, because Ephesians 4:14 says the goal of my preaching ministry should be that you "are no longer to be children, tossed here and there by waves and carried about by every wind of doctrine." I want you to be strong and stable and mature.
		But this is the word that has been used for hundreds of years to describe the truth that God "imputes" his righteousness to us through faith because of Christ's obedience.
		"Imputation" is different from "impartation." God does "impart" to us gifts and fruits of the Holy Spirit, so that we have them and they are in us growing and they are ours.
	www.desiringgod.org /library/sermons/99/101799.html (2297 words)

	Multiple Imputation for Missing Data
		Single imputation does not reflect the uncertainty about the predictions of the unknown missing values, and the resulting estimated variances of the parameter estimates will be biased towards zero.
		The SAS multiple imputation procedures assume that the missing data are missing at random (MAR), that is, the probability that an observation is missing may depend on the observed values but not the missing values.
		For more information, refer to the paper "Multiple Imputation for Missing Data: Concepts and New Development" and the documentation on the MI and MIANALYZE procedures, which is available for downloading from the SAS/STAT Documentation section on this Community site.
	support.sas.com /rnd/app/da/new/dami.html (1176 words)

	10. Of the Imputation of Adam's Sin to all His Posterity.
		Having considered the disobedience of our first parents, and the sad effects of it to themselves, I shall next consider the concern their posterity have in it, and how much they are affected by it.
		There are two things follow on it with respect to them; the imputation of the guilt of it to them, and the corruption of nature derived to them from it.
		The case of the man born blind, is also quite impertinent; since that also respects not Adam’s sin, but the sin of the man and his parents, and a particular disaster, blindness.
	www.pbministries.org /books/gill/Doctrinal_Divinity/Book_3/book3_10.htm (1447 words)

	Imputation - Theopedia
		In theology imputation may be used negatively to refer to the transfer of the sin and guilt of Adam to the rest of humankind.
		In all these cases the nature of imputation is the same (Rom.
		It is used more than 40 times in the New Testament, ten times in Romans 4 alone, the imputation chapter.
	www.theopedia.com /Imputation (163 words)

	GraciousCall.org - The Doctrine of Justification by Faith by John Owen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Imputation, and the nature of it; with the imputation of the righteousness of Christ in particular
		Of what is not ours antecedently unto that imputation, but is made so by it--General nature of this imputation--Not judging of others to have done what they have not done--Several distinct grounds and reasons of this imputation:--1.
		Imputation of the sins of the church unto Christ--Grounds of it--The nature of his suretiship--Causes of the new covenant--Christ and the church one mystical person--Consequents thereof
	www.graciouscall.org /books/owen/justification/toc.html (910 words)

	Bible Presbyterian Church Online: Reading Room Articles
		Or to put it another way, when the sinner claims the righteousness of Christ as his own and presents it before God, the Judge acknowledges that the debt has been paid, and the sinner is set right before the law.
		It is not a mere pardon, a declaration of "not guilty." It is an imputation of the righteousness of Christ himself.
		Imputation does not change the object, but it changes the way the object is regarded.
	bpc.org /resources/articles/robins/robins_04.html (3411 words)

	What is the biblical evidence for the imputation of Adam's sin? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The doctrine of the imputation of Adam's sin means that when Adam first sinned, that sin (and its blame) was rightly regarded by God to be our sin as well.
		The problem with the human race is not most deeply that everybody does various kinds of sins—those sins are real, they are huge and they are enough to condemn us.
		Paul answers: the sin of Adam and the imputation of that sin to the human race.
	www.desiringgod.org /library/theological_qa/sin/ev_imptd.html (1196 words)

	IVEware: Imputation and Variance Estimation Software
		Perform single or multiple imputations of missing values using the Sequential Regression Imputation Method described in the article "A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models" by Raghunathan, Lepkowski, Van Hoewyk and Solenberger (Survey Methodology, June 2001).
		Perform multiple imputation analyses for both descriptive and model-based survey statistics.
		A multiple imputation analysis can be performed when there are missing values.
	www.isr.umich.edu /src/smp/ive (345 words)

	New Confusions for Old: Rome and Justification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Since Romanism has such an aversion to the idea of imputation, it seems more likely that Christ, by his death, merits the grace which is then infused in the sinner producing faith and good works.
		The effect was to throw into the highest relief the threefold doctrine of imputation, and to make manifest as never before the dependency of the great doctrines of sin, satisfaction, and justification upon it" (Warfield, Benjamin Studies in Theology, [New York: Oxford University Press, 1932], p.306).
		The importance of the doctrine of imputation is that it is the hinge on which these three great doctrines turn, and the guardian of their purity" (Ibid., p.305).
	www.reformed.org /webfiles/antithesis/v1n5/ant_v1n5_confusions.html (10095 words)

	The Biblical Teaching of Justification
		The whole concept of imputation is essential to the doctrine of justification.
		So the basic thrust of Paul’s teaching on imputation in Romans 4 is this: In justification God imputes or credits a completed righteousness, the obedience of Another, to the one who comes by faith alone to Christ.
		Firstly, in justification there is the imputation of the righteousness of Christ and secondly, by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, there is the living out of the righteousness of sanctification.
	www.christiantruth.com /gospeljustification.html (11826 words)

	TREE BASED CLASSIFIERS FOR CONDITIONAL INCREMENTAL MISSING DATA IMPUTATION
		As a result, this imputation process is incremental, because as it goes on more and more information is added to the data matrix, both respect the rows and the columns.
		Furthermore, the imputation is also conditional because, in the joint imputation of multiple inputs, the subsequent imputations are conditioned on previously filled-in inputs.
		An illustration of the incremental imputation process: a) original data matrix; b) data rearrangement based on the number of missingness in each column; c) data rearrangement based on the number of missingness in each row and definition of the lexicographical order; d) the rearranged data matrix after the first iteration of the imputation process.
	erin.mit.jyu.fi /dataclean/abstracts/node25.html (1585 words)

	Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the imputation of it to us, I mean God's making of it ours by an act of his grace, that we by it might be secured from the curse of the law.
		The effects also of the imputation of Christ's personal righteousness are truly found in those that are in him by electing love and unfeigned faith, even holy and heavenly dispositions; but a personal act is one thing, and the effects of that another.
		The act may be done by, and be only inherent in one; the imputation of the merit of the act, as also the effects of the same, may be in a manner universal, extending itself unto the most, or all.
	www.johnbunyan.org /text/bun-just.htm (20094 words)

	Simplified imputation - the franking account
		For information on how early balancing corporate tax entities convert their class C franking account to an equivalent tax-paid basis refer to the fact sheet Simplified imputation: consequential amendments for an early balancing corporate tax entity to convert its franking account to a tax paid basis.
		The imputation provisions introduce the concept of a 'corporate tax entity' and a 'franking entity'.
		Class C Franking account surpluses (total franking credits exceeds total franking debit) from the former imputation system are rolled over into the new franking account and the new franking period by applying a factor of 30/70.
	www.ato.gov.au /print.asp?doc=/content/24070.htm (1217 words)

	SIB-PAIR manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Imputation level 2 imputes the genotypes of a spouse pair where the exact owner of each genotype is ambiguous eg both parents unknown, children 1/2, 3/4 so parental phenosets are each {{1/3},{2/4}}.
		Imputation level 3 makes available all the imputed values for the missing genotypes (in pedigrees where at least one member is typed at the locus).
		In the imputation estimation approach, the untyped parents were imputed as 1/2 and 1/3 respectively.
	www2.qimr.edu.au /davidD/sib-pair.html (15873 words)

	New Jersey Divorce Article - Charles F. Vuotto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The California Court of Appeals held that the imputation of income to investments was appropriate in the context of a child support calculation, even where the payor’s assets had historically been non-income producing.
		For instance, if the parties lived in a $300,000 home during the marriage and now one spouse uses $600,000 of his or her assets to buy a new home, $300,000 should be imputed with a reasonable rate of return.
		This imputation occurred only because the litigant failed to address the issue of what interest rate was being paid and does not provide any guidance on the complex tasks suggested in Miller.
	www.vuotto.com /imputation.htm (5181 words)

	Original Sin - Part 4 Chpt 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		But the depravity of nature remaining as an established principle in a child of Adam, and as exhibited in after-operations, is a consequence and punishment of the first apostasy thus participated, and brings new guilt.
		The first depravity of heart, and the imputation of that sin, are both the consequences of that established union; but yet in such order, that the evil disposition is first, and the charge of guilt consequent, as it was in the case of Adam himself.
		The other divine thinks, there is truly an imputation of Adam’s sin, so that infants cannot be looked upon as innocent creatures; yet seems to think it not agreeable to the perfections of God, to make the state of infants in another world worse than a state of nonexistence.
	www.jonathanedwards.com /text/osin/OS-Part%204-3.htm (4542 words)

	Justification by Faith - Part II: The Roman Catholic Doctrine of Justification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Here then is an imputation to men of what does not belong to them, and to which they have in themselves no claim.
		Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.’ That is, blessed is the man who, although a sinner, is regarded and treated as righteous.”83 To reject the imputed righteousness of Christ in favor of an infused righteousness inherent in man, as Romanism does, is an explicit rejection of the gospel.
		Given Romanism’s defective view of the atonement and their rejection of justification by the imputation of Christ’s righteousness, they developed a system of salvation by works that flows from grace.
	www.graceonlinelibrary.org /etc/printer-friendly.asp?ID=93 (4223 words)

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