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	Imre Lakatos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) was a philosopher of mathematics and of science.
		Lakatos was born Imre Lipschitz in Debrecen, Hungary in 1922.
		Lakatos' contribution to the philosophy of science was an attempt to resolve the perceived conflict between Popper's Falsificationism and the revolutionary structure of science described by Kuhn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imre_Lakatos (1651 words)

	For and Against Method - Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend
		Imre Lakatos, one-time Communist Party member in Hungary, spent his whole career in the West (from 1956 until his untimely death in 1974) at the LSE, coming under the influence of Popper there, and befriending Feyerabend.
		Lakatos' position, best detailed in his splendid Proofs and Refutations (see our review), was more traditional, in that he suggested a methodology to scientific advancement -- though acknowledging more complexity to it than Popper's "conjectures and refutations" and constant harping on falsifiability suggested.
		was born in Hungary as Imre Lipsitz in 1922.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/lakatosi/fandam.htm (1531 words)

	Imre Lakatos Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The problem for Lakatos was to defend the presumed rationality of scientific method against the apparent impulsiveness of scientists.
		For Lakatos, science progressed by developing complex research programmes that include testable hypotheses, and also an untestable ‘core’ of doctrine, which those involved in the research programme would not permit to be falsified.
		Lakatos claimed that research programmes could be evaluated by comparing their ability to produce new facts, and by their ability to explain apparent refutations.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Lakatos_Imre.html (957 words)

	Last bastion of reason by James Franklin
		And Lakatos is one of the worst offenders in the compulsive scattering of quotation marks to “neutralize success words.” The word “proof” is a success-word, that is, it is part of its meaning that something proved is true, and that the proof has succeeded in showing it is true.
		Lakatos was fascinated by this not from any sympathy but because, at least by this late stage of his life, it was his repressed Other.
		Lakatos had spent three years in jail in Hungary in the early 1950s after the Communist Party had investigated an incident during the war in which he had apparently taken the lead in encouraging the suicide of a fellow member of a Communist cell whose Jewishness was thought to render her silence under interrogation unlikely.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/18/may00/lakatos.htm (2689 words)

	[No title]
		Imre Lakatos's "methodology of scientific research programmes",[3] was invented, specifically, to do justice both to Popper's insistence on the fundamental importance of subjecting scientific theories to persistent, ruthless attempted empirical refutation, and to Kuhn's insistence on the importance of preserving accepted paradigms from refutation, scientists, not paradigms, being under test when ostensible refutations arise.
		Lakatos sought to reconcile Popper and Kuhn by arguing that science consists of competing fragments of Kuhnian normal science, or "research programmes", to be assessed, eventually, in terms of their relative empirical success and failure.
		Lakatos insists that there is no such thing as instant rationality: however apparently decisive the refutation of a theory may be, it is always possible to salvage it from refutation in a content increasing way by the invention of an appropriate auxiliary hypothesis.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00000251/00/MaxwellA.txt (13511 words)

	Lakatos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imre Lakatos was given the name Imre Lipschitz at birth, born into a Jewish family as his name clearly indicated.
		Imre had spent the war years at the University of Debrecen and he graduated in 1944 with a degree in mathematics, physics and philosophy.
		Lakatos died at a time when he was highly productive with many plans to publish new work, make replies to his critics and apply his ideas to new areas.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Lakatos.html (1468 words)

	20th WCP: Lakatos and MacIntyre on Incommensurability and the Rationality of Theory-change
		Lakatos holds that incommensurability is impossible, because it prohibits an observer from affirming that movement from one research program to another is ever rational.
		Against Lakatos, MacIntyre denies that IT and rationality in theory-change are incompatible, and argues that one can simultaneously affirm the existence of genuine incommensurability between traditions and the rational character of switch in allegianceat least on occasionfrom one incommensurable tradition to another.
		Lakatos strategy is not a straightforward denial of IT (although he does leave this Davidsonian door open), but a restriction of its scope to actual, descriptive history.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieMine.htm (3250 words)

	The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes by Richard Harter
		Imre Lakatos was one of the major modern philosophers of science.
		Lakatos attributes this false belief in provability to the inheritance of attitudes taken over from theology where provability is in the cards because theology starts with a presupposition of certain knowledge.
		Both Kuhn and Lakatos make the same mistake on behalf of their intellectual children, Kuhn for his paradigms, Lakatos for his research programs, which is to fail to recognize that they come in varied sizes, scope, and temporal duration.
	chem.tufts.edu /AnswersInScience/methodology.htm (3559 words)

	Gila Hanna Selected Philosophical References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imre Lakatos' methodology of scientific research programmes leads to a dilemma, to a choice between second level inductivism and epistemological anarchism.
		Two central theses in Imre Lakatos' theory of science are: (1) the unit of appraisal in science is not an isolated theory by a research program, a developing "series of theories"; and (2) the methodology of research programs may be applied to "any" norm-impregnated knowledge--including even ethics, aesthetics, history, mathematics, inductive logic, and scientific methodology.
		Imre Lakatos' historical philosophy of mathematics, as developed in his "Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery", has, in its historiographic style, strong structural affinities with Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit": both written as philosophical-historical "Bildungsromans".
	ued.uniandes.edu.co /servidor/em/recinf/prueba/Resumes/Hanna/PhilHanna.html (5278 words)

	Proofs and Refutations - Imre Lakatos
		Lakatos' didactic text, the title essay which makes up the bulk of this book, is presented in the form of a discussion between a teacher and a number of students.
		Lakatos himself did not finish the preparations to publish his essay in book form, but his editors have done a fine job.
		Imre Lakatos was born in Hungary as Imre Lipsitz in 1922.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/lakatosi/pandr.htm (886 words)

	Replika, 23-24. szám
		Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) was a pivotal figure in 20th century philosophy of science.
		Although Lakatos is known mainly as a philosopher of science, he started out as a philosopher of mathematics and his work in that field is equally important.
		Lakatos was occasionally in contact with another influential philosopher of Hungarian origin, Michael Polányi.
	www.c3.hu /scripta/scripta0/replika/2324/22abstr.htm (1079 words)

	LRB \| Ian Hacking : Mitteleuropa am Aldwych (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Lakatos really was a refugee; he remained stateless and had to travel on a British Travel Document in lieu of a passport.
		Imre Lakatos, born Lipsitz in 1922, died suddenly in 1974 in full vigour as a professor (and successor to Popper) at the London School of Economics.
		Lakatos and Feyerabend were fast friends, and reflection on their ebullient and cantankerous friendship should enrich our understanding of Aristotle's dictum that a friend is an alter ego.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v22/n02/print/hack01_.html (2808 words)

	Lakatos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imre Lakatos (1922-74) lectured at LSE from 1959 until his death in 1974.
		Lakatos is famous as a philosopher of mathematics and science in the liberal-rationalist tradition.
		Following Lakatos' death in 1974, Ernest Gellner described the philosopher's lectures as 'intelligible, fascinating, dramatic and above all conspicuously amusing'.
	www.lse.ac.uk /lsehistory/lakatos.htm (231 words)

	The Scientific Status of Theology
		Lakatos, however, was more directly concerned than Kuhn with the problems of demarcation and of scientific progress, so that his account is somewhat fuller and more relevant to our purposes than that of Kuhn.
		Lakatos, it would appear, was trying to find a third way that salvaged the rationality of science as depicted in the Popperian tradition while adopting the more historicist posture of Kuhn and others.
		While Lakatos' formulation of what counts as a model is unclear (it seems to me that the word "theory" conveys better Lakatos' intention), it seems that a model is a refutable variant of the hard core used to develop plausibility.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/1998/PSCF3-98Peterson.html (6534 words)

	Lakatos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imre Lakatos was once a high ranking minister in the government of Hungary.
		Lakatos presented what many considered to be the Popperian side's response to Kuhn whose defense of dogmatism in normal science was already seen as "heretical" from a falsificationist point of view.
		Unfortunately, Lakatos is forced -by the very historical evidence he seeks to use to illustrate his image of science- to admit that a programme can go through a "bad patch"; i.e., a rather long period in which no empirical progress is made.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/Lakatos.html (1134 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: For and Against Method: Including Lakatos' Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Feyerabend considered Lakatos' research programmes to be either so vague as to be content-free or so shorn of methodological rules that there was little to choose between the two anarchists, as he styled them.
		The final letters recount Lakatos' early death which clearly devastated Feyerabend and which - on the evidence of his autobiography - he never really recovered from, documenting more than anything the regard in which Lakatos was held by his contemporaries and Feyerabend's suspicion that he would never again find an opponent worthy of his talents.
		Feyerabend and Lakatos began by disagreeing strongly about the lessons to be learned from the history and philosophy of science but came to realise that their friendship transcended all of it.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0226467740 (987 words)

	catallaxy » Blog Archive » Popper and Lakatos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Lakatos was a member of the communist party in Hungary but he was on the wrong side of a factional brawl and spent the early 1950s in prison [eat your heart out, NSW Right Faction].
		On the second claim, that the falsification criterion is not effective in demarcating between science and non-science, Lakatos and others demonstrated that a scientist could evade the impact of an (apparent) refutation of his or her theory by postulating that various disturbing factors had intervened to spoil the results.
		Lakatos is actually very Popperian in his practice, apart from some dadaist locutions and his tendency to launch violent personal abuse at Popper and his wife.
	www.badanalysis.com /catallaxy/?p=995 (5068 words)

	Karl Popper
		As Lakatos has pointed out, Popper's theory of demarcation hinges quite fundamentally on the assumption that there are such things as critical tests, which either conclusively falsify a theory, or give it a strong measure of corroboration.
		They are falsified, if at all, Lakatos argues, not by Popperian critical tests, but rather within the elaborate context of the research programmes associated with them gradually grinding to a halt, with the result that an ever-widening gap opens up between the facts to be explained, and the research programmes themselves.
		Lakatos, I. ‘Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes’, in Lakatos, I and Musgrove, A. (eds).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/popper (8225 words)

	Amazon.ca: For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The delight Lakatos and Feyerabend took in philosophical debate, and the relish with which they sparred, come to life again in For and Against Method, making it essential and lively reading for anyone interested in these two fascinating and controversial thinkers and their immense contributions to philosophy of science.
		Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) was professor of logic at the London School of Economics.
		In the enlightening and lucid lectures, Imre Lakatos comes off as the established logician whose views on the philosophy of science is marvelously comprehensible and original, and serves as a springboard for the correspondence.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0226467740 (1213 words)

	Educational Background
		Lakatos said progress involves the replacement of a degenerating program with a progressive one, with the latter being an improvement on the former in the sense that it has been shown to be a more effecting predictor of novel phenomena.
		Lakatos thought that it was desirable that any theory of science be able to make sense of the history of science.
		Lakatos does not give any evidence for the answer he needs and it not clear on what kind of study would provide this evidence.
	www.pwc.k12.nf.ca /bricketts/papers/lakatos.html (1120 words)

	Anti-Totalitarian Research Programs and Their Tacit Components
		Lakatos contrasted his views on the philosophy of science to among others, those of Michael Polanyi[1].
		Imre Lakatos, on the other hand, being unsatisfied with the Popperian demarcation criterium of falsificationism, developed a philosophy based on long term research programs.
		Lakatos‘ dialectically competing research programs, which are evaluated by their progressive character, with other elements of his philosophy, sound quite familiar to Marxists, though they would disapprove his rejection of any commitment and extra-scientific factors.
	www.kfki.hu /chemonet/polanyi/9702/pallo.html (2102 words)

	Lakatos, Imre :: L
		Imre Lakatos: A color sketch of the thinker, by S. Uchii.
		Imre Lakatos, The Ratio-Defender: Summary of Lakatos' effort to nuance the falsification doctrine and defend it from Kuhn's attacks.
		Imre Lakatos: The Methodology of Research Programmes: Summary and schematization of Lakatos' project in this work.
	society.gourt.com /Philosophy/Philosophers/L/Lakatos,-Imre.html (258 words)

	Imre Lakatos: Modern Physics, Modern Society
		Imre Lakatos’s philosophy of science is rooted in a number of different fields, and not all of them are purely scientific.
		His basic philosophical ideas — such as the rationality of science, the continual growth of knowledge, the social determinism of scientific activities, and the indispensable role of historical attitude in the philosophy of science — are definitely in accordance with his early devotion to Marxism (and Lukacs’s philosophy) both in theory and in practice.
		Lakatos, however, criticises not only Stebbing’s analyses of Eddington’s and Jeans’ idealism, but he also adds his own criticism of the two scientists’ world views that he considers as typical examples of the “bourgeois” science.
	hps.elte.hu /~kutrovatz/LAKATOS0.html (6034 words)

	References for Lakatos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		J Hernández, On the philosophy of mathematics of Imre Lakatos (Spanish) III, in International Colloquium on Philosophy and History of Mathematics (Mexico City, 1992), 459-477.
		A I Panchenko, Imre Lakatos's philosophy of mathematics (Russian), in Methodological analysis of the foundations of mathematics (Moscow, 1988), 71-82.
		J Worrall, Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) : philosopher of mathematics and philosopher of science, Z.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Printref/Lakatos.html (225 words)

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