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Topic: Inbreeding

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	Inbreeding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inbreeding may result in a far higher expression of deleterious genes within a population than would normally be expected.
		Inbreeding is used by breeders of domestic animals to fix desirable genetic traits within a population.
		Inbreeding is also deliberately induced in laboratory mice in order to guarantee a consistent and uniform animal model for experimental purposes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inbreeding (1081 words)

	Inbreeding and Linebreeding
		Since all pure breeds of animal trace back to a relatively limited number of foundation dogs, all pure breeding is by this definition inbreeding, although the term is not generally used to refer to matings where a common ancestor does not occur behind sire and dam in a four or five generation pedigree.
		However, the process of inbreeding used to create these strains generally results in loss of fertility (first seen in these mammals as a reduction in litter size) which actually kills off the majority of the strains between 8 and 12 generations of this extent of inbreeding.
		Robert Lacy for the calculation of the inbreeding coefficient, kinship coefficients among animals in the breeding pool, percent contributions of varying founding ancestors, and related output, assuming full pedigrees to the foundation stock were available for all animals currently in the breeding population.
	bowlingsite.mcf.com /Genetics/Inbreeding.html (1577 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - inbreeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Inbreeding is chiefly used as a means of insuring the preservation of specific desired traits among the offspring of purebred animals (see breeding).
		The necessarily uncontrolled cases of inbreeding among humans (as in closed societies or within royal families) have generally proved deleterious, and inbreeding is therefore discouraged in most societies (see consanguinity ; incest).
		Quantitative genetics of inbreeding in a synthetic maize population.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/i/inbreedi.asp (324 words)

	G2911 Inbreeding: Its Meaning, Uses and Effects on Farm Animals, MU Extension
		The inbreeding coefficient that is calculated is simply relative to that base and reflects the probable percentage reduction in however many dissimilar gene pairs the average base population animals had.
		Inbreeding is technically defined as the mating of animals more closely related than the average relationship within the breed or population concerned.
		The primary genetic consequence of inbreeding is to increase the frequency of pairing of similar genes.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/ansci/g02911.htm (3389 words)

	Pros and Cons of Inbreeding
		Inbreeding is the mating together of closely related cats, for example mother/son, father/daughter, sibling/sibling matings and half-sibling/half-sibling.
		The ultimate result of continued inbreeding is terminal lack of vigour and probable extinction as the gene pool contracts, fertility decreases, abnormalities increase and mortality rates rise.
		The more that inbreeding is used to get rid of undesirable traits or to fix a desirable trait, the more likely it is that individuals will also inherit the same set of genes for the immune system from both parents, and be born with less vigourous immune systems.
	www.messybeast.com /inbreed.htm (4683 words)

	PROS AND CONS OF INBREEDING DOGS, Inbreeding Dogs
		Inbreeding is the mating together of closely related dogs, for example mother/son, father/daughter and sibling/sibling matings.
		The ultimate result of continued inbreeding is terminal lack of vigor and probable extinction as the gene pool contracts, fertility decreases, abnormalities increase and mortality rates rise.
		Captive populations are at risk from inbreeding since relatively few mates are available to the animals, hence zoos must borrow animals from each other in order to maintain the genetic diversity of offspring.
	www.dogbreedinfo.com /inbreeding.htm (1669 words)

	Inbreeding and brood stock management
		Inbreeding is a powerful breeding tool that has been used to improve livestock and grains, but most fish farmers and hatchery managers do not know how it can be used; they only want to avoid it.
		Chapter 7 discusses ways to prevent inbreeding in hatchery populations and shows the methods that can be used to determine the effective breeding numbers that are needed to prevent inbreeding from accumulating to levels that cause inbreeding depression and that will prevent genetic drift from robbing the population of needed genetic variance.
		Inbreeding is of secondary importance during a selective breeding programme, because the major genetic goal is to alter the genetics of the population in order to improve productivity.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/x3840e/x3840e00.htm (2604 words)

	Inbreeding
		Inbreeding coefficients estimated with pedigree traced to 1985 were inadequate predictors of inbreeding coefficients estimated with pedigrees traced to 1960.
		Inbreeding depression was not enough to cause large reductions of milk and fat yield of a cow with average inbreeding.
		Inbreeding has been a useful tool in plant breeding and in the poultry industry where the occurrence of undesirable genes is quickly overcome by short generation intervals and vast numbers of offspring from single matings.
	www.fass.org /fasscience/viewarticle.asp?article_id=326 (3480 words)

	The Learning Center - Inbreeding Discussion
		Simply put, inbreeding is the process of breeding together individuals which are related, often quite closely.
		Inbreeding has a single consequence, it tends to reduce the number of alleles (genes) available within the population.
		We hope that the reader will realize that inbreeding should be viewed as just another valuable tool to be used by knowledgeable breeders, but that its' use must be tempered by good judgment and caution.
	www.vmsherp.com /LCInbreeding.htm (882 words)

	Inbreeding and Quantitative Genetics
		The importance of inbreeding in QG is two-fold: it affects the mean of traits (which results in inbreeding depression) and it affects the variance.
		Inbreeding depression is the average reduction in fitness, or of a character, due to inbreeding.
		Inbreeding on additive characters results in greater genetic variance among populations and lower genetic variance within populations.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~whitlock/QGPG/QG4/Lecture.html (824 words)

	Inbreeding and brood stock management
		Inbreeding is one of the three major traditional breeding programmes that breeders have used for centuries to improve animals and plants.
		Inbreeding depression is a measure of the population, not of an individual.
		Crossbreeding and inbreeding are mating extremes along a continuum: inbreeding is the mating of animals that are more closely related than the average in a population, and crossbreeding is the mating of animals that are less related than the average in a population.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/x3840e/x3840e06.htm (8140 words)

	Inbreeding
		The SJBRC inbreeding project was designed to examine the effects of intensive inbreeding and subsequent linecrossing on various economically important traits in Hereford cattle.
		A total of 61 calves, with an average inbreeding of 38% were produced over the 12 year period this line was in existence.
		A total of 33 inbred progeny with an average inbreeding of 17% were produced during the 8 years this line was at the station.
	oldfort.fortlewis.edu /inbreedi.htm (2768 words)

	Inbreeding
		Many breeders still cling to the idea that inbreeding is the only route to success, and that they can use it as a tool to identify and weed out genetic problems in their line.
		Inbreeding depression results, in part, from the bringing together of deleterious recessive alleles inherited via both parents from a common ancestor.
		Following that high, the inbreeding coefficient was been reduced to a more reasonable level through a series of partial outcrosses, or what I would prefer to consider intelligently-planned assortative mating (see Breeding Schemes).
	www.canine-genetics.com /inbreed.htm (1523 words)

	KStableau - inbreeding and pedigree loss
		Inbreeding is a common aspect of family relationships.
		Very similar to inbreeding are the calculations and charts for kinship between two or more persons.
		If there is inbreeding, then there is at least one probant involved, one ancestor and two transmittors, who pass the genes of the ancestor via different lines to the probant.
	www.home.zonnet.nl /KStableau/KSinbredhelp.htm (1680 words)

	Genetic Defects and the Effects of Inbreeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The degree of inbreeding will be negligible if the number of individuals in the line is very large and care is taken to avoid matings between close relatives, but it will rapidly increase if the size of the line becomes more restricted or if matings between close relatives are common.
		For instance, just a 1% increase in inbreeding (that is, a 1% increase in the probability that a calf receives the same gene from both parents) results in a measurable decrease in milk quantity and quality, shortening of productive life, and increase in calving interval in studied breeds of cattle.
		Any level of inbreeding does carry some risk (the risk that one or more formerly hidden deleterious recessive traits will be expressed in the homozygous offspring), but there is also the potential for benefits (a beneficial trait in the common sire may be replicated).
	home.austin.rr.com /doublehelix/defects.html (3120 words)

	Inbreeding
		Inbreeding does not change gene frequency, that is the total number of B or b genes in a population.
		Inbreeding, by increasing the frequency of homozygous individuals (BB or bb), removes the protective cover of the non-lethal, dominant gene (B), exposing more offspring to the lethal combination of genes (bb).
		Inbreeding cannot be avoided unless the pedigree of the cow to be inseminated is known in depth.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/dairy/404-080/404-080.html (2010 words)

	Inbreeding, coefficient of definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The coefficient of inbreeding, symbolized by the letter F, is the probability that a person with two identical genes received both genes from one ancestor.
		Further, for any gene the man passes to his child, the chance is 1/8 that the woman has the same gene and ½ that she transmits that gene to the child so 1/8 X ½ = 1/16.
		For example, first cousins of Italian descent are at increased risk of carrying a gene for beta thalassemia and genetic laboratory tests may confirm that they are both beta-thalassemia gene carriers.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3953 (239 words)

	Australian Shepherd Health & Genetics Institute, Inc.
		Inbreeding (which, for the purposes of this article, includes "linebreeding") has been the rule in dog breeding for the better part of two centuries.
		A common result of inbreeding is "inbreeding depression," typified by small litter size or difficulty producing or rearing young.
		Inbreeding gave us the many breeds of dog we enjoy today, but its time is past.
	www.ashgi.org /articles/breeding_downside_inbreeding.htm (2366 words)

	Demystifying Inbreeding Coefficients
		The standard definition of inbreeding is that it is any scheme which results in the sire and the dam having common ancestors.
		Though the primary consequence of inbreeding is to increase homozygosity, the IC is not a direct measure of homozygosity because the two alleles may be the same for other reasons.
		The inbreeding coefficient is a function of the number and location of the common ancestors in a pedigree.
	www.netpets.org /dogs/healthspa/demyst.html (878 words)

	Dog-Play: Dog Breeding - Inbreeding:A quick note
		Inbreeding, even incestuous inbreeding, is not "bad", but it is risky.
		And in the case of bad results from inbreeding that went wrong is mostly (a) not knowing to keep good records and (b) not understanding genetics.
		A frequent argument in fear of inbreeding is that it increases the rate of recessive characteristics.
	www.dogplay.com /Breeding/inbreeding.html (1182 words)

	The Finch Niche - Finch Information & Articles by Myra - Inbreeding: just say no
		Most people don't seen to understand just how dangerous inbreeding can be for the chicks or the future gene pool of the species.
		When inbreeding is used to produce better color, conformation, or size in a show bird it's often done by an experienced breeder using a pair of cousins.
		Of course, inbreeding isn't something you should attempt unless you are an experienced breeder and understand the genetics of what you are trying to produce.
	www.finchniche.com /f-inbreeding.mgi (303 words)

	Inbreeding I
		Inbreeding is the mating of relatives - a form of non-random mating
		Inbreeding alone does not change allele frequencies, but inbreeding does change genotype frequencies.
		: Inbreeding coefficient: the probability that 2 alleles in the same individual are identical by descent.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~whitlock/bio434/LectureNotes/09.InbreedingI/InbreedingI.html (264 words)

	Horse breeding, inbreeding, quarter horse breeding american, breeding horses
		The reason being that inbreeding concentrates blood (the gene pool), which can be good when no defective genes (which are concentrated along with the desirable genes) are expressed in the horse resulting from inbreeding.
		However, inbreeding (in our experience) invariably results in a higher percentage of the resulting foals physically expressing conformational, and/or mental defects, which are such that these individuals must be culled from the breeding program, at the least; and euthanized, at the worst.
		Inbreeding is a dirty word in the vocabulary of many horse breeders (due to a lack of knowledge, and/or listening to those who have no more knowledge of genetics than themselves).
	www.wwrqtrhorses.com /about.html (1120 words)

	Inbreeding - from the Forthcoming book: Bloodlines N Pedigrees, by Larry Thornton
		Inbreeding is defined as "the mating of animals more closely related than the average of the population." This includes sire to daughter matings; son to mother matings, full brother to full sister matings and half brother to half sister matings.
		Thus the chance of the recessive being exposed is increased by inbreeding to carriers of the undesirable gene.
		The benefits of inbreeding are often overshadowed by the undesirable effects of inbreeding.
	www.premierpub.com /pednotes/inbreeding.htm (3461 words)

	What are the general effects of inbreeding
		Inbreeding depression is thought to be caused primarily by the collection of a multitude of deleterious mutations, few in themselves fatal, but all diminishing fitness.
		When that shuffling can't happen because both parents already have mostly the same alleles, the result will be inbreeding depression, if not in a given litter, then in a few more generations of such breedings.
		Inbreeding depression encompasses a wide variety of physical and health defects.
	cc.ysu.edu /~helorime/inbred.html (434 words)

	Thornhill, Nancy Wilmsen: The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding
		Inbreeding, the mating of close kin, and outbreeding, the mating of distant relatives or unrelated organisms, have long been important subjects to evolutionary biologists.
		Inbreeding reduces genetic diversity in a population, increasing the likelihood that genetic defects will become widespread and deprive a population of the diversity it may need to cope with its environment.
		The authors ask whether inbreeding is as problematic as biologists have thought, under what ecological conditions inbreeding occurs, and whether organisms that inbreed have mechanisms to dampen the anticipated problems of reduced genetic variation.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12223.ctl (347 words)

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