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Topic: Incendiary weapon

	The Casper Star-Tribune: Printable Version
		Incendiaries are considered particularly inhumane weapons under international treaty, and a 1980 United Nations convention limits their use.
		Another question is whether the United States is obliged to follow the rules on incendiary weapons in the convention, since the U.S. Senate has failed to ratify that specific protocol.
		That protocol bans incendiary weapons use against civilian targets or against military objects not clearly separated from "concentrations" of civilians.
	www.casperstartribune.net /articles/2005/11/29/news/world/47e896f3e07b5a4a872570c70078c61f.prt (1168 words)

	Encyclopedia: Weapon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Incendiary weapons rely on combustible materials and an ignition mechanism to cause damage by fire.
		Magnetic weapon is one that uses magnetic fields to accelerate and propel projectiles, or to focus charged particle beams.
		Suicide weapons are typically explosive in nature and exploit the willingness of their operator to not survive the attack to reach their target.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Weapon (5950 words)

	Freiheit und Wissen: Napalm and Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used in such a manner as to destroy large numbers of people.
		Weapons that leave behind radiological debris over a wide area, for example, at levels âharmful for human lifeâ count as a weapon of mass destruction by these criteria.
		Weapons that produces clouds of asphyxiating gas, weapons that fling burning particles across a wide area such as white phosphorus ammunitions, and even weapons that produce a burning gel that adheres to the skin â“ all of these count as WMD.
	cntodd.blogspot.com /2005/06/napalm-and-iraq.html (1197 words)

	Incendiary Weapons
		Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons.
		Flame and incendiary weapons are the oldest weapons known to man. According to a recent threat assessment conducted by the National Ground Intelligence Center, the use of incendiaries in battle dates back to biblical times.
		When indendiary weapons were dropped on bunkers in Germany, the intense heat literally baked and dehydrated German World War II soldiers, giving rise to the German word "Bombenbrandschrumpfeichen," meaning "firebomb shrunken flesh." Allied bombers dropped an estimated 3.4 kilotons of incendiaries on the German city of Dresden.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/munitions/incendiary.htm (6256 words)

	Molotov cocktail - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Molotov cocktail (petrol bomb) is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons.
		The weapon is used by first soaking the rag in a flammable liquid immediately prior to using it, lighting the rag, and throwing the bottle at the target.
		The reason the weapon has been used against tanks so effectively is that a Molotov cocktail will often blow up the gasoline tank, destroying the machine (particularly for older tank models).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Molotov_cocktail (1233 words)

	Flamethrower - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The man-portable incendiary weapon is usually called a backpack flamethrower.
		Despite this the weapon was not used in WW I until February 1916 when it was briefly used against the French at Verdun.
		It was discovered that the weapon had certain drawbacks: it was cumbersome and difficult to operate and could only be fired safely from a trench, so limiting its safe use to areas where the opposing trenches were less than 20 yards apart, not a common event.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flamethrower (1156 words)

	Mark 77 bomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mark 77 is a US 750-lb (340-kg) air-dropped incendiary bomb that carries a fuel gel mix that is the direct successor to napalm.
		Use of incendiary bombs against civilian populations was banned in the 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.
		Another incendiary weapon - white phosphorus - is also in use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mark_77_bomb (295 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Weapon [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target.
		The first weapon was certainly a stick, or stone used to increase the destructive effect of a blow from the wielder.
		The usefulness of such tools made their development of paramount importance for a humanity consisting of small, thinly spread, hunter-gatherer communities.The first known traces of weapons are from the stone age with flint knives, handaxes and heads for lances.
	encyclozine.com /Weapons (2000 words)

	Blast Effects
		The overwhelming majority of nuclear weapons in all nuclear weapon nations are less than one megaton [China comes the closest to being an exception to this rule with roughly 73% of its weapons reportedly being 300 Kt or less, and the remaining 77 of its weapons perhaps being 3.3 megatons or greater].
		When eight low-tech 20 Kt nuclear weapons are detonated simultaneously in an encirclement pattern (5 mile radius, 4.3 miles between zero points in a circle) in a high population density urban area, at least as much destruction would tend to be produced as with a single one megaton thermonuclear weapon.
		When a 20 Kt and 550 Kt weapon are compared at radii which produce 10 cal/sq cm heat, the 35 to 6.2 mile reduction in visibility causes the thermal energy at the target to drop to 69% of its former value with a 550 Kt weapon.
	www.nukefix.org /weapon.html (9526 words)

	Annex A - Trends in Small Arms and Light Weapons Development: Non-Proliferation and Arms Control Dimensions
		Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Geneva, 10 October 1980.
		It is prohibited to use any weapon the primary effect of which is to injure by fragments which in the human body escape detection by X-rays.
		Blinding as an incidental or collateral effect of the legitimate employment of laser beams on the battlefield is not covered by this prohibition.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /arms/Trends/section20-en.asp (757 words)

	Kafer Arsenal Part One: Small Arms and Support Weapons
		The weapon is also notable for its use of two triggers, one for semi-automatic and one for automatic fire, rather than a selector switch or a two-stage trigger such as that found on the Thud Gun.
		However, the weapon uses the same 40MW plasma cells as the ubiquitous "Beamer" plasma gun, and it was determined by human guerilla groups on various planets occupied during the Invasion that the Flash-Fryer could be reloaded and re-used (tube life is perhaps 30 rounds).
		The weapon is effective as an indirect fire support system for Kafer forces, though the lack of mobility and lack of any attempt to reduce the signature of mortar rounds means that the weapon is highly vulnerable to even the most rudimentary human counter-battery systems.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~dheb/2300/Kafer/kafer_arsenal.htm (7377 words)

	Incendiary Pig - Mobile Incendiary Device - Infantry Weapons
		It is suggested that this weapon concept was found to be most useful against other livestock such as horses and the mighty war elephants, as any bit of confusion and damage from fire could set these animals off in the wrong direction in a flurry.
		As inhumane as the thought of setting live animals on fire was, the art of ancient warfare in terms of ranged weapons (limited then to arrows, spears, slings and catapults), could still be thought of as in its infancy.
		The idea of incendiary pigs, even in concept, must not have been an overly effective or accurate form of ranged psychological warfare as its use is not mentioned often.
	www.militaryfactory.com /smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=148 (442 words)

	A Brief History
		The secret of this weapon is supposed to have been brought to the Byzantines by a refugee from Moslem-occupied Syria named Kallinikos (or Callinicus; the name is almost certainly a pseudonym - it means handsome winner, possibly a reference to the reward received for his invention).
		By 1232, the Chinese had developed rockets and a weapon called "Heaven-shaking Thunder", an iron bomb attached to a chain which could be lowered from the walls of a city to explode among attackers.
		And so did an incendiary shell that was called, in the proper terminolgy of artillery, the carcass, also called, by those that were not artillerymen (and some few who were), the stink pot.
	www.cbwinfo.com /History/History.html (5419 words)

	Context of 'March 21, 2003 and after'
		Such weapons are considered “to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects.” 51 countries initially sign the document and on December 2, 1983, its provisions are entered into force.
		The US is not a party to this protocol and continues to use incendiary weapons in all its major conflicts.
		The use of incendiary weapons on civilian populations is banned by Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (see October 10, 1980-December 2, 1983), which also restricts the use of these weapons against military targets that are located within a concentration of civilians.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /context.jsp?item=us_military_1762 (359 words)

	Autoduel Quarterly: Strafing and Rockets in AERODUEL
		Strafing weapons cannot aim for specific parts of a target (such as a wheel or turret), although, at the referee's option, the height of the weapon may be taken into account - an MG strafing from the side of a tractor-trailer rig might have a chance to hit the turret of a compact, for example.
		The complicated and realistic way to handle incendiary strafing is this: Whenever a target gets strafed by an incendiary weapon, it takes half (round up) of the burn modifier, with a burn duration of 0.
		Assume that, when strafing with such weapons, the individual shells are spread too far apart to achieve significant burst damage, and thus in strafing mode, these weapons lose their burst effect.
	www.sjgames.com /carwars/adq/7/3/strafing.html (1998 words)

	PROTOCOL ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF INCENDIARY WEAPONS
		"Incendiary weapon" means any weapon or munition which is primarily designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons through the action of flame, heat, or a combination thereof, produced by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target.
		Article 2 Protection of civilians and civilian objects 1.It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such, individual civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons.
		It is prohibited to make forests or other kinds of plant cover the object of attack by incen- diary weapons except when such natural elements are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military objectives, or are themselves military objectives.
	lawofwar.org /protocol_incendiary_weapons.htm (330 words)

	International Humanitarian Law - CCW Protocol III 1980
		It is prohibited in all circumstances to make the civilian population as such, individual civilians or civilian objects the object of attack by incendiary weapons.
		It is prohibited in all circumstances to make any military objective located within a concentration of civilians the object of attack by air-delivered incendiary weapons.
		It is prohibited to make forests or other kinds of plant cover the object of attack by incendiary weapons except when such natural elements are used to cover, conceal or camouflage combatants or other military objectives, or are themselves military objectives.
	www.icrc.org /ihl.nsf/FULL/515?OpenDocument (331 words)

	Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Officials are angry that the wrong description of the procurement as a 'chemical weapon' by the newspaper is now being exploited by LTTE propaganda organs in an international propaganda campaign against the Army.
		The Army is denying that the incendiary rocket-type 'Schmel Launcher' purchased recently from Russia belongs to the 'chemical warfare' category, although certain Western powers, including the United States, had opted not deploy it.
		Army officials say that the Schmel Launcher is a powerful incendiary weapon and is similar to other powerful anti-personnel weapons commonly used in modern warfare.
	www.sundayobserver.lk /2001/08/19/sec00.html (664 words)

	Pentagon says it used phosphorus in Fallujah in 2004 - The Boston Globe
		Some critics have argued that the use of white phosphorus in Fallujah constituted a chemical weapons attack prohibited by the international chemical weapons convention, to which the United States is a signatory.
		A protocol to a 1980 accord on conventional weapons that took effect in 1983 forbids using incendiary weapons against civilians.
		The Pentagon contends that it uses the weapon for its incendiary heat and not for toxic properties.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/11/17/pentagon_says_it_used_phosphorus_in_fallujah_in_2004 (925 words)

	Al Jazeera English - Archive - Us: Incendiary Weapon Used In Iraq
		Lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable, a Pentagon spokesman, said on Tuesday that while white phosphorous was used most frequently to mark targets or obscure positions, it was used at times in Falluja as an incendiary weapon against enemy combatants.
		Venable has said white phosphorous shells are a standard weapon used by field artillery units and are not banned by any international weapons convention to which the US is a signatory.
		These weapons are particularly nasty because white phosphorus continues to burn until it disappears...
	english.aljazeera.net /English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=16298 (669 words)

	Context of '1942'
		It is later learned (see August 2003) that the actual weapons were Mark 77 Firebombs, an incendiary weapon that has virtually the same effect as napalm.
		Mark-77s are incendiary weapons that have a “remarkably similar” effect to that of napalm.
		The main difference between the two weapons is that Mark-77 firebombs use kerosene-based jet fuel whereas napalm used gasoline.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /context.jsp?item=us_military_1758 (715 words)

	Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On 15 November Lt-Col Venable, a Pentagon spokesman, stated that WP weapons were "part of our conventional-weapons inventory and we use it like any other conventional weapon," and that “it was used as an incendiary weapon against enemy combatants.” He denied civilians had been targeted.
		Although he characterized WP as an incendiary weapon in his verbal remarks, this characterization was retracted in a DOD addendum to the press conference transcript[9].
		Although explosive incendiary WP munitions can be used for these purposes, special munitions for illumination and smoke generation which are less likely to cause unintended collateral incendiary damage are available, and have superior performance in typical applications.
	www.armscontrolcenter.org /archives/002201.php (2894 words)

	World Uranium Weapons Conference 2003
		The violations related to the use of the weapons are sufficiently grave to be classified war crimes or crimes against humanity, which would impose legal liability and criminal sanctions on the users as well as fair compensation and other remedies for the victims of these weapons.
		A weapon may be determined to be illegal two ways: (i) by adoption of a specific treaty banning it; and (ii) because its use would necessarily violate existing law and customs of war (humanitarian law).
		It does this in part to militate against the “customary” prohibition of these weapons, presumably to be able to argue that if a large number of countries have DU and other radiological weaponry in their arsenals, it weighs against a ban by operation of customary humanitarian law.
	www.uraniumweaponsconference.de /background.htm (15428 words)

	Depleted uranium: military hazards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There is no international instrument forbidding the use or possession of radiological weapons and even under previous formulations, such as that constructed by the Conference on Disarmament, DU would not have been defined as such.
		Protocol III of the '1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons' (CCW) – ratified by some 80 states including the US and the UK – forbids attacks against civilians, though not combatants, by incendiary weapons.
		This prospect alone may serve to dim the attractiveness of this weapon system in the eyes of the US military and bring forward the day when they are prepared to renounce it.
	www.isisuk.demon.co.uk /0811/isis/uk/regpapers/no78_paper.html (6181 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| US 'uses incendiary arms' in Iraq
		Rai says this amounts to the illegal use of chemical arms, though the bombs are considered incendiary devices.
		Eyewitnesses and ex-US soldiers say the weapon was used in built-up areas in the insurgent-held city.
		Use of incendiary weapons prohibited for attacking civilians (Protocol III of Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons)
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/4417024.stm (518 words)

	Incendiary weapons: The big white lie - Independent Online Edition > World Politics
		The Pentagon says the use of incendiary weapons against military targets is not prohibited.
		Perhaps of crucial importance to the Iraqi investigators, the treaty also restricts their use against military targets "inside a concentration of civilians except when such military objective is clearly separated from the concentration of civilians".
		White phosphorus is a highly flammable incendiary material which ignites when exposed to oxygen, and will burn human skin until all the oxygen is used up.
	news.independent.co.uk /world/politics/article327543.ece (1977 words)

	Answers by expert Dai Williams on the weapons used by US forces
		I think that weapon that fried the busload of people is a version of the microwave weapon that the US Marines revealed in a press conference 1-2 years ago - they wanted to use it in the US for "crowd control".
		Many of the new weapons and the military research has been on "directed energy" - pain beams, heat the enemy up until his skin is burning, fry his brain or scramble it, alter moods, its really really really really wicked.
		The crowd control weapons (non-lethal supposedly) are gas and there doesnt seem evidence of their use as yet.
	www.irak.be /ned/missies/medicalMissionColetteGeert/weaponsUS.htm (2320 words)

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