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Topic: Incineration

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	4-22 Incineration
		Figure 4-22: Typical Mobile/Transportable Incineration Process High temperatures, 870 to 1,200 °C (1,400 to 2,200 °F), are used to volatilize and combust (in the presence of oxygen) halogenated and other refractory organics in hazardous wastes.
		Incineration is subject to a series of technology-specific regulations, including the following federal requirements: CAA (air emissions), TSCA (PCB treatment and disposal), RCRA (hazardous waste generation, treatment, storage, and disposal), NPDES (discharge to surface waters), and NCA (noise).
		Incineration is used to remediate soils contaminated with explosives and hazardous wastes, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs, and dioxins.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-23.html (1413 words)

	ATSDR - Testimony: Health Impacts of Incineration I (House-1/24/94)
		Incineration of wastes should be viewed from a public health perspective in the larger context of generation and management of wastes.
		ATSDR advised EPA that location of the proposed incinerator should be moved away from proximity to residential areas, to increase off-site emissions monitoring during the incinerator's operation, to conduct additional on-site contaminate characterizations, and to develop a means for sharing the monitoring data with local residents.
		Adequate training should be provided to incinerator operators to ensure that the incinerator is operated in a manner that does not adversely affect the operators' or the community's health.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /cxcx4.html (4025 words)

	A Citizen's Guide to Incineration - EnviroTools.org
		Incineration is the process of burning hazardous materials to destroy harmful chemicals.
		Incineration also reduces the amount of material that must be disposed of in a landfill.
		EPA tests the incinerator before and during operation to make sure that gases are not released in harmful amounts.
	www.envirotools.org /factsheets/Remediation/incineration.shtml (456 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Incineration
		High temperature incineration can also destroy many pathogens and toxic materials, which is why incinerators are often used in the disposal of biomedical waste.
		Incinerators reduce the volume of waste by up to 90 percent, a significant reduction that would otherwise likely go into a landfill.
		Despite their long history, the use of incinerators continues to be controversial due to issues, such as the emission of gaseous pollutants.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/60.html (261 words)

	Friends of the Earth: Press Releases: Government plans to increase incineration slammed
		Recycling saves more energy than is created by burning waste, and incinerators are extremely inefficient generators of energy, producing more carbon dioxide per unit of energy than an old-fashioned coal fired power station.
		Mass burn incinerators of the type proposed in the UK are hugely damaging for recycling.
		They are very expensive and require long term contracts that force councils to continue giving waste to the incinerator company, rather than recycling it.
	www.foe.co.uk /resource/press_releases/government_plans_to_increa_19012006.html (312 words)

	Incineration
		Incineration is different from other thermal technologies in that it oxidizes bulk quantities of waste that may be in liquid and solid phase.
		Incinerators may release carcinogenic and toxic chemicals from their stacks, including heavy metals, partially-burned organic material such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), herbicide residues, and other organic chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins and furans.
		Incineration is used to remediate soils contaminated with explosives and hazardous wastes, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/incinr.htm (584 words)

	Incineration Summary
		Incineration reduces the overall volume of the waste stream and, especially for hazardous wastes, is intended to reduce the wastes' toxicity and other hazardous characteristics.
		The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called clinkers.
		The heat produced by the rotary-kiln incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive an electrical generator producing a net electrical power for the local utility of about 500 to 600 kWh of per ton of waste incinerated.
	www.bookrags.com /Incineration (4064 words)

	Incineration
		Yet incinerator ashes - contaminated with heavy metals, unburned chemicals and entirely new chemicals formed during the burning process - are buried in landfill or dumped in the environment.
		An average-sized commercial incinerator (32,000 tonnes per year) burning hazardous waste with an average metals content emits these metals into the air at the rate of 92 tonnes a year (total for lead,cadmium, arsenic, mercury and chromium); another 304 tonnes a year will be found in residual ashes and liquids.
		Incinerators with state-of-the-art pollution control equipment are formidably expensive, but once authorities have invested in incineration they often don't have the money to invest in waste reduction.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /WestBletchley/Incineration.htm (6103 words)

	Environment Agency - Incineration (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Therefore, to preserve the mechanical integrity of the plant it is important to have regard for the nature of the feed; a degree of pre-sorting is important.
		The main output from an incinerator is the flue gas, which contains water vapour and most of the carbon in the feed as carbon dioxide as well as the nitrogen and excess oxygen, from the air used for combustion.
		Heat is another output from an incinerator: it can be utilised directly as steam by an adjacent plant, converted to hot water for use in a district heating system, or converted to electricity.
	www.environment-agency.gov.uk /wtd/679004/679021/679059/?lang=_e (1022 words)

	SCADPlus: Waste Incineration
		Incineration of both hazardous and harmless wastes may cause emissions of substances which pollute the air, water and soil and have harmful effects on human health.
		Apart from the incineration of non-hazardous municipal waste, its scope extends to the incineration of non-hazardous non-municipal waste (such as sewage sludge, tyres and hospital waste) and hazardous wastes not covered by Directive 94/67/EC (such as waste oils and solvents).
		Incineration residues must be reduced to a minimum and, as far as possible, recycled.
	europa.eu /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28072.htm (945 words)

	Incineration, Information on
		Incineration is seen by some to be an attractive alternative to Landfill for waste disposal.
		It also seems to be true that a waste incinerator designed, built and operated to the new standards (which could also produce energy) would be much better at controlling pollution than a site built primarily to produce energy.
		They say that although it is increasingly agreed in the clean technology community that the thermal treatment of the waste materials represents one of the best overall environmental options, this view is not generally accepted by the public because of the fear of the unknown effects of dioxins/furans.
	www.envocare.co.uk /incineration.htm (1048 words)

	Paul Connett - Municipal Waste Incineration
		The major response to this discovery from consultants representing the incinerator industry was to claim that as long as the incinerator furnace was operated at a high temperature all the dioxins and furans would be destroyed, however these claims were subsequently found to be based on fraudulent manipulation of the data.
		There are two kinds of ash generated by an incinerator: the bottom ash which falls through the grate system in the furnace (about 90% of the ash), and the fly ash, which is the very fine material which is collected in the boilers, the heat exchangers and the air pollution control devices.
		Even if decision-makers believe that incineration will be a part of their waste solution, they would be advised to put serious attention and equal funding (with a careful choice of consultants) into an alternative plan that doesn't include incineration.
	www.rhodesnsw.org /Incineration/Connett.htm (8036 words)

	Solid Waste Management Sourcebook/2.3 Topic d: Incineration (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Another factor underlying the acceptance of incineration in Europe is that the energy generated by European waste-to-energy plants goes to supply steam to district heating loops.
		The coupling of incineration with electricity generation, which contributes substantially to the capital costs of incineration, is quite rare in Europe, in part because European countries do not, in general, have utility rate structures that allow non-utility-generated electricity to be sold to the grid.
		While accepting their long-term reliance on waste incineration as a disposal and energy recovery strategy, many European governments are phasing out an older generation of non-energy-generating incinerators, most of them small and serving only a single city, because these do not comply with emissions limitations in national and European Community law.
	www.unep.or.jp /ietc/ESTdir/pub/MSW/RO/Europe/Topic_d.asp (900 words)

	ETC -HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION:
		This is because incineration safely and effectively destroys the hazardous constituents in the waste, as discussed in the subsequent sections of this report.
		The operators of hazardous waste incineration facilities should be held to the highest standards of care and proof of their claims, as should the organized opponents of the technology.
		Incineration is indeed the leading technology in this nation’s transition away from land disposal and toward permanent protection of public health and the environment.
	www.etc.org /technologicalandenvironmentalissues/treatmenttechnologies/incineration (4269 words)

	Types of Incineration
		Municipal waste incineration is the still the number one dioxin source, according to a 1999 UNEP study.
		Data collected primarily from trial burns of 16 incinerators showed that 10 of the incinerators failed to meet the proposed EPA standard of 0.2 ng TEQ /dscm.
		By burning medical waste in an incinerator the basic biological problem of disinfecting infectious material - which can be dealt with by various technologies - becomes a formidable chemical pollution problem that is costly to manage and difficult to contain.
	archive.greenpeace.org /~toxics/html/content/incineration/types.html (798 words)

	Hazardous Waste Incineration
		Hazardous waste incinerators were the "answer" by the combustion industry (manufacturers, designers, and engineers for oil, coal, and nuclear power plants, and large-scale heating systems) to "solve" the hazardous waste crisis.
		During the incineration period before it was shut down by a Federal Judge, the dioxin blood level of nearby residents increased by 22%, and the 9600 drums of waste "destroyed" had been "reduced" to 12,000 drums of dioxin-laced salt and 1,730 drums of dioxin-laced ash, for a net gain of 43%.
		It is the position of CQS that all hazardous waste incinerators are an imminent threat to public health and should be shut down immediately, and that incineration of hazardous waste should be banned worldwide.
	www.cqs.com /ehazburn.htm (510 words)

	Hazardous Waste Incineration 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although 1996 was a not a great year for the incineration industry, Laidlaw’s ownership of 10 incinerators across North America is causing operators and analysts to believe it is within the company’s capability to influence the primary factor that affects the profitability of burning hazardous waste —; substantial excess capacity.
		The incineration sector responds to market forces less quickly than most other markets because of such barriers to exit as RCRA closure expenses and the lack of alternative uses for an expensive hazardous waste incineration plant, forcing facilities to stay in the game and hope for better times ahead.
		Incinerator operators were asked how they believe overall prices will react during the next 12 months for material going to their facilities.
	www.envirobiz.com /audit/sector.htm (2718 words)

	Virginia DEQ - Waste Management - Incineration
		Incineration as a waste disposal process has been an integral part of successful waste management programs in a number of communities.
		According to the EPA in 1999, there were 110 incinerators in the U.S. that burned MSW.
		The mass burn incineration technology and the RDF incineration technology require different types of furnaces and incineration conditions.
	www.deq.state.va.us /waste/incineration.html (922 words)

	Incineration \| Greenpeace International
		Despite what industry and governments would like people to believe, incineration is not a solution to the world’s waste problems, but part of the problem.
		Incinerators may reduce the volume of solid waste, but they do not dispose of the toxic substances contained in the waste.
		Incinerators emit a wide range of pollutants in their stack gases, ashes and other residues.
	www.greenpeace.org /international_en/campaigns/intro?campaign_id=3989 (173 words)

	Incineration (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The facility is permitted to incinerate hazardous and non-regulated wastes such as liquids, sludges, hardened solids and lab packs.
		It is home to highly sophisticated RCRA permitted incineration units and considered a leader in the industry.
		Vacuum is maintained on the entire incineration and air pollution control system by an induction fan, which discharges the final clean gases into the 195' stack.
	www.terisna.com /incineration.html (718 words)

	EURITS - European Union for Responsible Incineration & Treatment of Special Waste
		Eurits, the European Union for Responsible Incineration and Treatment of Special Waste, represents more than 90% of the EU's specialist waste incineration sector, and exists to ensure the safe, legal and environmentally sound incineration of waste.
		Eurits also aims to increase transparency about the technical, environmental and safety aspects of specialist high temperature incinerators, in order to secure greater public confidence in and acceptance of the sector.
		A specific topic is chosen; for instance, in 2006, the selected issue was 'The end of the landfilling of HW with a high organic content and the future of incineration'.
	www.incineration.info (384 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Q&A: Waste incineration
		They say incineration encourages more waste because incinerator operators need to have a constant level of waste to keep the fires burning.
		The main concern surrounds pollutants found in the ash left in the incinerator and emitted from the chimney.
		Environmental groups say that although incinerators generate electricity, it does not save energy in the long run because the waste is not recycled.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4622484.stm (614 words)

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