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Topic: Income distribution

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	Income distribution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Classical economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.
		The distribution of income within a community may be represented by the Lorenz curve.
		The Lorenz curve is closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Gini coefficient.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Income_distribution (157 words)

	China Income Distribution
		Although the number of people earning incomes far beyond the normal wage scale was tiny relative to the population, they were important symbols of the rewards of economic reform and received a great deal of media attention.
		While the average net per capita income for rural residents in 1985 was - Y398, provincial-level averages ranged from a high of -Y805 for farm families living in Shanghai to a low of -Y255 for the rural population of Gansu Province.
		An increasingly important influence on rural incomes in the mid-1980s was the expansion of nonagricultural rural enterprises, often referred to as "township enterprises." These were factories, construction teams, and processing operations, most of which were owned by collectives, primarily villages, towns, and townships.
	www.country-studies.com /china/income-distribution.html (1640 words)

	Distribution of Income, by Frank Levy: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The distribution of income is central to one of the most enduring issues in political economics.
		On one extreme are those who argue that all incomes should be the same, or as nearly so as possible, and that a principal function of government should be to redistribute income from the haves to the have-nots.
		The distribution is described by computing the share of total family income going to the poorest one-fifth of families, the second fifth, and so on.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html (2135 words)

	Mexico - Income Distribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the mid-1990s, Mexico had a highly inequitable distribution of income, a pattern that, according to government statistics, became particularly skewed during the economic crisis of the 1980s.
		Analysts estimate that the informal sector of the economy represents from 30 to 40 percent of the urban workforce in the mid-1990s.
		Income for the top 10 percent alone increased from 32.8 percent in 1984 to 37.9 percent five years later.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-8722.html (1012 words)

	Lorenz curve: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Income, generally defined, is the money that is received as a result of the normal business activities of an individual or a business....
		Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the...
		Income inequality metrics or income distribution metrics are techniques used by economists to measure the distribution of income among members of a society....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/lorenz_curve.htm (1038 words)

	Income Distribution [ Biz/ed Virtual Developing Country ]
		The cumulative percentage of population is plotted along the horizontal axis whilst the cumulative percentage of income is plotted along the vertical axis.
		If the income were distributed so unevenly that one person had 100% of all the countries income and the rest of the population had nothing the Gini Coefficient in this case would be one.
		The closer the Gini Coefficient to one the greater the inequality of income distribution.
	www.bized.ac.uk /virtual/dc/farming/theory/th9.htm (473 words)

	Income Distribution
		Distribution of joint operating results represents a problem in all forms of relations in production, as each worker aspires for a larger share in the distribution of a collectively produced commodity.
		A final say in income distribution has to be that of the commune's inhabitants by their direct stating of the minimum income level.
		Incomes of workers may be presented to public or kept in secret depending on the wish of the people and every individual.
	www.sarovic.com /income_distribution.htm (3960 words)

	The Distribution of Income in Canada
		As references, average family income in 1991 was $53,131, the highest income in the lower group (40th percentile) was $39,481, and the minimum income of the upper group (60th percentile) was $54,178.
		The share of income that went to the lower group decreased by 0.8 percentage points, the middle group's share fell by 0.7 percentage points, and the upper group's share increased by 1.4 percentage points (the decreases should be exactly balanced by the increase, but the rounding of the numbers creates a small discrepancy).
		The data displayed in Table 7.3 represent the distribution of earnings and can be loosely interpreted to represent the distribution of income that might prevail in the absence of government income transfers.
	www.cfc-efc.ca /docs/ccsd/00000327.htm (1305 words)

	Trends in the Distribution of After-Tax Income
		The share of after-tax income received by the wealthiest one percent of families fell from 12.1 percent in 1992 to 11.4 percent in 1994.
		Their logic suggests that as the share of national income received by high-income families grows — and thus, the share of federal tax payments borne by high-income families increases — the need of these high-income families for tax relief grows commensurately.
		While the various Census indicators of income inequality were at record levels during this period, the shares of income that the top 20 percent and top five percent of households received were slightly lower in 1995 than in 1994.
	www.cbpp.org /814inc.htm (2544 words)

	Income Inequality: How Census Data Misrepresent Income Distribution
		The limitations in the Census measurement of income distribution lead to a considerable exaggeration of income inequality.
		This paper examines the distribution of income and income inequality with data extracted from the March Current Population Survey of 1998.
		The fungible adjustment was devised for the measurement of poverty, not income distribution.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Labor/CDA99-07.cfm (6448 words)

	SparkNotes: Income Distribution: Income Distribution
		Income distribution is the smoothness or equality with which income is dealt out among members of a society.
		This type of graph, showing income distribution among population segments, is called a Lorenz curve.
		The greater the Gini coefficient, the greater the degree of income inequality.
	www.sparknotes.com /economics/micro/incomedistribution/section1.html (810 words)

	Income Distribution: Austria 1972-1991
		Whereas in the fifties and the sixties income distribution seemed to be stable as a kind of "natural law", especially the U.S. and the UK experienced a tremendous increase in inequality in the recent decades (Freeman and Katz, 1994, Machin, 1996).
		The development of income distribution over time should be especially interesting for the case of Austria.
		The development of income distribution over time should be especially interesting for the case of Austria being a country with strong corporatist institutions.
	www.economics.uni-linz.ac.at /Paper/papers/9614.htm (4318 words)

	Price Theory: Chapter 14 D. Friedman
		This is a perfectly egalitarian society, since everyone's income follows the same pattern; but the income distribution appears far from equal on the graph, and the Gini coefficient is not equal to zero, as it should be if all incomes are equal.
		Both the cumulative income distribution shown on Figure 14-1c and the corresponding Gini coefficient are the same as for a society where one twelfth of the people have an income of $5,000/year, two tenths have $15,000/year, and so on--with everyone having the same income for his whole lifetime.
		The full explanation of the income distribution is that the price of an input is equal to both its marginal cost of production and its marginal revenue product, and the quantity of the input sold and used is that quantity for which the marginal cost of production and the marginal revenue product are equal.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_Chapter_14/PThy_Chapter_14.html (12725 words)

	National Statistics Online - Search result
		How taxes and benefits redistribute income in the UK; where different types of households and individuals are in the income distribution; the changing levels of income inequality over time.
		Article shows where different types of households and individuals are in the income distribution and looks at the changing levels of income inequality over time.
		How taxes and benefits redistribute income, where different types of household and individuals are in the income distribution and the changing levels of income inequality over time.
	www.statistics.gov.uk /CCI/SearchRes.asp?term=inequality (613 words)

	The L-Curve: A Graph of the US Income Distribution
		Those on the vertical spike would escape virtually all of their obligations and the burden of government would be born almost entirely by those of us on the horizontal spike, both through increases in other forms of taxation and reduction of services.
		Increase in net worth IS income according to the renowned economist, John R. Hicks in Value and Capital.
		Income on paper, from growth of investments, needs to be distinguished from "taxable income." It's true that there are differences among different kinds of income, so they aren't strictly comparable, but political and economic power derives from wealth, whether it is taxable or not.
	www.lcurve.org (1799 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Distribution of family income - Gini index
		This index for an economy is calculated from the Lorenz curve, in which cumulative family income is plotted against the number of families arranged from the poorest to the richest.
		The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the closer its Lorenz curve to the 45 degree line and the lower its Gini index, e.g., a Scandinavian country with an index of 25.
		The more unequal a country's income distribution, the farther its Lorenz curve from the 45 degree line and the higher its Gini index, e.g., a Sub-Saharan country with an index of 50.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2172.html (176 words)

	Income distribution and social expenditure in Brazil
		This paper examines trends in income distribution in Brazil and the determinants of income inequality, including social expenditure.
		The distribution of income in Brazil is among the most unequal in the world and also highly skewed regionally, with the richest state enjoying a per capita income seven times that of the poorest state.
		Among the most important determinants of income inequality is extreme disparity in educational attainment, yet a large share of education spending is allocated to universities, primarily benefiting upper-income groups.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC4763.htm (314 words)

	The Shape of the Curve: Household Income Distributions in U.S. Cities, 1979-1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The proportion of households with high incomes declined in 79 of the 100 largest cities between 1979 and 1999.
		Yet the suburbs of the 100 largest cities contain a greater mix of households by income today than in 1979; the relative numbers of high-income households in suburbs declined, while those of low-income and lower-middle-income households rose.
		Because a balanced income profile can create better social, fiscal, and political outcomes for places, cities should aim to attract and retain the particular types of households that would contribute to greater income diversity.
	www.brookings.edu /metro/pubs/20040803_income.htm (529 words)

	Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution - Social and Economic Policy - Global Policy Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The average income of the richest 20% of the world’s population in 1960 was 30 times higher than that of the poorest 20%.
		This article claims that the directors and shareholders of Tesco, a UK supermarket chain, are benefiting from its record profit, equal to half the income generated by the entire UK farming industry, at the expense of the farming community.
		The 400 richest US citizens have a combined income of $69 billion, which is more than the total income of the 166 million people living in four of the countries that President Bush is visiting: Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda and Botswana.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/inequal/indexinq.htm (3370 words)

	Income Distribution
		November 2004— The sources from which age 65+ Americans derive their income are analyzed by Ke Bin Wu in this AARP Public Policy Institute Data Digest which reports the distribution of each income source by gender, race and personal income level among the older population.
		May 2003— The increasingly unequal distribution of family income during the past three decades could affect the income of retirees over the next four decades.
		May 2003— A short summary of the similarly titled AARP Public Policy Institute Issue Paper in which Karen Smith of the Urban Institute analyzes the potential impact of the increasingly unequal family income distribution of the past 30 years upon the income of future retirees.
	www.aarp.org /research/assistance/incomedist (673 words)

	Singularity and Income Distribution - Singularity Investor
		The income distribution follows Pareto's curve for the upper class portion, but follows that funky logarithmic formula for middle and lower classes.
		The authors of the paper do not attempt to explain why income distribution follows these curves, rather they are simply trying to find mathematical formulas that correctly match the actual income distribution of the real world.
		The income distribution for lower and middle class is the Gibrait function
	www.singularityinvestor.com /income-distribution.php (1288 words)

	Grandfather Family Income Report - pg 1 - by MWHodges
		This requires continuously increasing levels of inflation-adjusted net income and savings to families with less debt and less taxation, giving them the opportunity to steadily improve living standards and security savings, plus the choice for mother to remain at home to raise their children if they wish - and increased choice concerning education alternatives.
		Watch family incomes rapidly rise for 23 years (1947-1970), then for the next 34 years incomes adjusted for inflation level off, oscillate and stagnate, despite more mothers entering the workforce trying to make up the squeeze.
		The lower curve shows inflation-adjusted family incomes were stagnant to falling where the wives were not in the labor force, which reflects stagnant to falling real income of full-time working males during that period.
	mwhodges.home.att.net /family_a.htm (6030 words)

	EconLog, Income Distribution Facts, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty
		While income and consumption are the chief measures of a nation's standard of living, other, more subtle indicators also play an important role - and several of them are not doing so well.
		In that case, economic security is inversely related to income (the higher you are, the further you have to fall).
		Getting a good job makes you more insecure because you might lose it and be unable to sustain the standard of living you've come to expect; getting the worst job around, assuming you figure out how to live on it, makes you economically secure because you have nowhere to go but up.
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/2005/07/income_distribu_1.html (904 words)

	Sala-i-Martin's World Income Distribution and Poverty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We estimate the world distribution of income by integrating individual income distributions for 125 countries between 1970 and 1998.
		We estimate eight indexes of income inequality implied by our world distribution of income.
		All of them show substantial reductions in global income inequality during the 1980s and 1990s.
	www.columbia.edu /~xs23/papers/WorldDistribution.htm (251 words)

	Distribution of Household Income by Race
		Home ownership and inequality: imputed rent and income distribution in Australia.
		Economic well-being of the old: family unit income and household wealth.
		An analysis of lump-sum pension distribution recipients: according to data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), most recipients of lump-sum pension distributions "roll over" at least part of their lump sums; those who spend theirs typically do so to pay off debts, purchase other items, and cover everyday expenses.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0104552.html (218 words)

	Motu Economic & Public Policy Research: Income Distribution
		The rise in income inequality in New Zealand over the past 15 to 20 years has been large by international standards.
		Motu’s contribution to this line of enquiry includes research into household income inequality, inequality across different geographic areas, and we are currently working on family and child poverty.
		Hyslop, Dean., and Dave Maré "Understanding Changes in the Distribution of Household Incomes in New Zealand between 1983-86 and 1995-98" NZ Treasury Working Paper 01/02.
	www.motu.org.nz /income_distribution.htm (274 words)

	EconLog, Income Distribution Archives: Library of Economics and Liberty
		William Easterly writes (also can be found here), The poor have neither the income nor political power to hold......
		The Los Angeles Times reports In the early 1970s, the inflation-adjusted incomes of most families in the middle of the......
		Income Distribution and the Left (January 24, 2005)
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/income_distribution (557 words)

	american income distribution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Distribution of Income, by Frank Levy: The Concise Encyclopedia of …...
		… At the end of the 1990s, the measured household income of those in the bottom fifth of the American income distribution averaged less than the household income …
		… However, in the top one-fifth of the income distribution, American families had disposable incomes more than 20% higher than their Canadian counterparts.
	www.muacacia.com /american-income-distribution.html (256 words)

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