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Topic: Income inequality

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income tax

measures of national income and output

measures of national income

Income inequality metrics

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fixed income

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	Economic inequality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Income inequality and the social capital index in 50 U.S. states.
		Income inequality and mortality in 282 metropolitan areas of the United States.
		One argument in favor of the acceptance of economic inequality is that, as long as the cause is mainly due to differences in behavior, the inequality provides incentives that push the society towards economically healthy and efficient behavior, and is therefore beneficial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economic_inequality (4517 words)

	Income Inequality
		The ratio between the average income of the top 5% in the world to the bottom 5% increased from 78 to 1 in 1988 to 114 to 1 in 1993 (Milanovic 1999).
		Although not evident in the graph, the UNDP report also found that world income inequality was decreased somewhat by the rapid growth in China since 1970s and India since 1980s, and the fact that European economies began to "catch-up" with the United States.
		Income ratio shows the ratio of national income to the world mean for the decades 1980 to 1999.
	ucatlas.ucsc.edu /income.php (951 words)

	Sources of Income Inequality and Poverty in Rural Pakistan
		Total income is then broken down into 5 sources of income in order to examine the contribution of each of these sources to income inequality and poverty.
		The Gini coefficient, which ranks inequality on a scale of 0 to 1 with 1 highest, indicates that the distribution of total per capita household income among the sample population is 0.381, but the distribution of landownership is much higher, 0.769.
		When ranked by income data, only one-third of the 145 households in the lowest quintile group in the first year of the study were in that quintile in both of the next two years.
	www.ifpri.org /pubs/abstract/abstr102.htm (1666 words)

	Michael E. Shin: Income inequality, democracy and health: A global portrait
		Income inequality is one of the predominant features of global society.
		One dimension of the relative income hypothesis that has not thoroughly been examined relates to those factors that are associated with and possibly affect the distribution of income within a country.
		The assertion that inequality, and income inequality in particular, is perceived as unjust and elicits a political response is disputed.
	www.colorado.edu /IBS/PEC/gadconf/papers/shin.html (3995 words)

	Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States
		Income variables that were given only at the family or person level were aggregated to the household level.
		The undercount of income in the CPS is the result of underreporting of the types of income included in the Census definition of money income as well as the exclusion of other important sources of income from the money income definition.
		The "fungible method" of calculating income is clearly inappropriate for measuring the distribution of income, and its use distorts the Census figures.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm (3932 words)

	Worsening American Income (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Income changes are calculated after taking account of changes over time in the price level and changes in the size of families in different parts of the income distribution.
		In 1969, income at the 95th percentile of adjusted personal income was a little less than 12 times income at the 5th percentile.
		Male inequality is growing in both the most and the least trade-affected industries, and it is growing at the same rate—47 percent between 1969 and 1993.
	www.brookings.edu /press/review/spring96/burtless.htm (1958 words)

	Income Inequality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The topic of income inequality in the United States has captured increased interest in the past few years as it has become clearer that the economic expansions of the 1980s and 1990s have not benefited all segments of the population equally.
		Income inequality is a distributional issue, and in order for one group to gain a greater share of total income, another has give up some share.
		The average income of the open-ended "$100,000 or more" class was calculated by subtracting the amount of income in the other eight classes from the total income of all nine classes and then dividing this difference by the number of households in the top income class.
	www.utexas.edu /academic/uip/research/docstuds/coll/gubits.html (4804 words)

	National Statistics Online
		Income inequality still remains high by historical standards - the large increase which took place in the second half of the 1980s has not been reversed.
		The IFS found that the income tax cuts of the late 1980s worked to increase income inequality while direct tax rises in the early 1990s - together with the increases in means-tested benefits in the late 1990s - produced the opposite effect.
		Income inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient.
	www.statistics.gov.uk /cci/nugget.asp?id=332 (457 words)

	Distribution of Income, by Frank Levy: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		On one extreme are those who argue that all incomes should be the same, or as nearly so as possible, and that a principal function of government should be to redistribute income from the haves to the have-nots.
		In sum, slow income growth and movements within the income distribution have led to a sense of a vanishing middle class even though overall family income inequality has not increased very much.
		Table 2 shows the impact in 1989 of moving from the standard census income (pretax money only) to an adjusted census income that subtracts taxes paid from gross income and adds to income the cost of benefits provided by the government and the employers.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html (2135 words)

	Growing Income Inequality: Roots and Remedies
		But from 1979 to 1989, the rate of income growth was highest for the top group and dropped steadily through the income distribution (see figure).
		Since the greatest movement toward inequality occurred in the 1980s during the Reagan administration, it is tempting to link this problem to the trickle-down economics then espoused by the White House.
		Furthermore, adjusting for in-kind benefits such as Medicaid and Food Stamps—which are not counted in Census incomes but for which federal spending grew rapidly in the 1980s—indicates that the federal government may even have ameliorated the distribution of income over the decade.
	www.urban.org /PERIODCL/pubsect/gramlich.htm (1832 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		Bartels uses a very simple measure of inequality: the income of the 80th percentile family divided by the income of the 20th percentile family (raw data here).
		Income equality is important, the data are informative (all data have errors and biases), and the cure for incomplete data is to have more data, not to hate the data that you have.
		The primary reason this happens is income inequality as the wealth created by production ends up in the hands of the top percentile of the population that do not spend or invest all of their income.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2005_05/006286.php (15210 words)

	Income
		Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance in the United States: 2003
		Alternative Measures of Income for 2001 and 2002 (Revised)
		Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Income 1993 to 1994
	www.census.gov /hhes/www/income.html (288 words)

	danieldrezner.com :: Daniel W. Drezner :: The great white whale of income inequality
		I agree that income inequality is the wrong variable when considering legislative measures because that may compromise liberty, as happened in the Marxian experiments.
		However, income inequality is as troubling to a human (who has not masked their humanity) as perceived errors in logic.
		I notice that you're kind of assuming that if income inequality is due to differing labor wages, that somehow sweeps that whole thing under the rug ("inequality isn't due to the idle rich anymore, it's due to entrepeurship", to paraphrase).
	www.danieldrezner.com /archives/000747.html (7718 words)

	Income Inequality Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Inequality is a property of the distribution in a population of some (presumably valued) resource such as income or wealth but also cattle, wives (in a polygynous society), and articles published by scholars in scientific journals.
		Imagine that all income-receiving units (IRUs) are ranked by income from the smallest to the largest, and calculate the cumulative share of income accruing to each category of the populations from poorest to richest, as in the following table.
		Kuznets thought that dualism generated by income differences between traditional/agricultural and modern/urban sectors was a principal reason for the high level of income inequality in developing countries.
	www.unc.edu /~nielsen/soci209/s2/s2.htm (1826 words)

	Debate about Income Inequality
		To determine the causes of that historic decline, we focus on income inequality across nations and find that the major equalizing force is faster-than-world average income growth in China and South Asia, industrializing regions where 40% of the world’s people live.
		Rising inequality occurs mainly from differences in average country incomes, and the fall since 1980 is primarily due to rising average incomes in China and India.
		In order to rebel against the appalling poverty and the staggering inequalities that characterize the contemporary world--or to protest against the unfair sharing of benefits of global cooperation--it is not necessary to show that the massive inequality or distributional unfairness is also getting marginally larger.
	ucatlas.ucsc.edu /income/debate.html (1842 words)

	Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Reexamining the Links - Finance & Development - March 1997
		Measures of inequality tend to be quite different across regions but to remain relatively stable within regions and individual countries, regardless of the considerable changes in aggregate income that have taken place.
		Periods of growth are associated with an increase in inequality almost as often (43 cases) as with a decrease in inequality (45 cases).
		Because acceptable data on income inequality prior to 1960 are scarce, we use country averages of observations for the entire period.
	www.worldbank.org /fandd/english/0397/articles/0140397.htm (2580 words)

	The L-Curve: A Graph of the US Income Distribution
		If we divided the income of the US into thirds, we find that the top ten percent of the population gets a third, the next thirty percent gets another third, and the bottom sixty percent get the last third.
		Those on the vertical spike would escape virtually all of their obligations and the burden of government would be born almost entirely by those of us on the horizontal spike, both through increases in other forms of taxation and reduction of services.
		Income on paper, from growth of investments, needs to be distinguished from "taxable income." It's true that there are differences among different kinds of income, so they aren't strictly comparable, but political and economic power derives from wealth, whether it is taxable or not.
	www.lcurve.org (1799 words)

	Income Distribution Inequality Increases
		One of the central goals of the Republocrat party is to increase the share of the nation's income and wealth held by the rich, at the expense of the middle class and poor.
		The CBO data indicate that by 1997, the 2.6 million Americans with the highest incomes — the top one percent — had as much after-tax income as close to 100 million Americans with the lowest incomes.
		Similarly, the 20 percent of Americans with the highest incomes received as much as the other 80 percent of the population.
	www.therationalradical.com /dsep/0801/income-distribution.htm (289 words)

	NOW with David Brancaccio. Politics & Economy. Losing Ground: Global Inequality \| PBS
		The Gini coefficient is the standard equation used by economists to determine economic equality among and within nations.
		Note: Although the U.S. ranks last among OECD nations in terms of income equality, in 1993 the poorest 10% of the U.S. population was still wealthier than two-thirds of the rest of the world.
		Also included are the percentage of total disposable income held by the wealthiest (top 30%) and poorest (bottom 30%) of each nation's population.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/income.html (316 words)

	Income Inequality / Social Stratification
		Maxwell, Nancy L. Income inequality in the United States, 1947-1985.
		Poverty and inequality : the political economy of redistribution.
		The rise in income inequality in Massachusetts and New England.
	www.brockport.edu /~library5/NickelAndDimed/IncomeInequality.htm (941 words)

	Gap Between Rich and Poor: World Income Inequality
		The number of poor people in a country and the average quality of life depend on how equally or unequally income is distributed across the population.
		In Brazil and Hungary, for example, per capita income levels are quite comparable, but the incidence of poverty in Brazil is much higher.
		Income gap increases between U.S. poor, rich over past two decades.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0908770.html (312 words)

	Paul Krugman on Income Inequality
		pointed out that income inequality is increasing so rapidly that "the income of families in the top 1 percent was 10 times that of typical families in 1979, and 23 times and rising in 1997."
		And of course, during this entire time period, the taxes on the wealthy have been reduced again and again, far more so than for any other income group.
		Krugman then asked "You might have expected the concentration of income at the top to provoke populist demands to soak the rich." Then he posed the $64,000 question:
	www.therationalradical.com /dsep02/01/income-inequality.htm (563 words)

	NOW with David Brancaccio. Politics & Economy. Election 2004. Income and Inequality \| PBS
		And NOW updates a story on a strike in Wisconsin and takes a look at the new jobs being created in the U.S. today.
		Make use of NOW's coverage of the U.S. income and inequality to get the facts, brush up on the issues under debate and find out what's going on in YOUR neighborhood.
		The U.S. leads the Western world in income inequality and in workhours.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/electionincome.html (258 words)

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