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Topic: Income redistribution

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income tax

measures of national income and output

measures of national income

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Earned Income Tax Credit

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	Redistribution (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Redistribution is often understood more narrowly, referring only to socially caused changes in patterns of holdings over time that are implemented (at least in part) for the very reason that they are likely to bring about these changes.
		Income tax, for instance, which is commonly thought to involve ‘redistribution as taking’, does not typically confiscate income that was initially in the possession of the taxpayer, since it is usually withheld from pay.
		With respect to income quintiles, it seems very likely that diachronic income redistribution occurred between 1979 and 1987 — but only very likely, since it is possible in principle to deny that the income shifts among quintiles were caused by the policies adopted by the Reagan Administration or through other social mechanisms.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/redistribution (6100 words)

	Income redistribution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The basic premise of the redistribution of wealth is that money should be distributed so it benefits all members of society, and that the rich should be obliged to assist the poor.
		Often, proponents of redistribution claim that the rich are exploiting the poor or otherwise gaining unfair benefits, and therefore redistributive practices are justified in order to redress the balance.
		They also believe that income redistribution creates a dependency culture and a society that is not meritocratic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Income_redistribution (532 words)

	Redistribution of income - a nightmare -DAWN - Business; 12 July, 2004
		The function of redistribution of income is assigned to central or federal governments, and not to provincial or local governments, for several reasons.
		The first reason is that any attempt made by a provincial or a local government within their geographic jurisdiction aimed at redistribution of income may drive at the factors of production from there to another provincial or local government jurisdiction.
		While presenting the budget, 2004-05 the finance minister in his budget speech has tacitly admitted that redistribution of income from growth in the economy was not in focus by stating that "so far the focus of reforms was to achieve macro- economic stability as we had inherited a declining and volatile economy.
	www.dawn.com /2004/07/12/ebr1.htm (1000 words)

	Redistribution of Income, by Dwight R. Lee: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Since the Great Depression most Americans have agreed that a principal responsibility of government is to redistribute income from the well-to-do to the impoverished and to those who are temporarily disadvantaged, most notably the unemployed.
		Reynolds and Smolensky found that the households with incomes in the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution received 6.4 percent of the national net income in 1950 and 6.7 percent in 1970.
		Those households with incomes in the top 20 percent of the income distribution received 39.9 percent of the net national income in 1950 and 39.1 percent in 1970.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/RedistributionofIncome.html (1878 words)

	The Income Gap
		Suppose we define a high income level as income at the 90th percentile: that is, the income level higher than that of 90 percent of all families but lower than that of the top 10 percent.
		Income growth at the top of the distribution provides the means to act on our compassion by improving the material well-being of those at the bottom.
		Income transfers to the poor, financed by a system of progressive taxation, have the virtue of targeting those in need without undue disruption of the economy.
	www.scu.edu /ethics/publications/iie/v9n3/income.html (2562 words)

	Book Review - The Ethics of Redistribution
		Income is not merely a means for physical maintenance of oneself and one's family plus a few dollars for leisure activities.
		Income acquired above some notion of a "minimum" is also the way individuals have had the means to perform many activities "for free" that are considered the foundation of the social order, from community and church work, to support for the arts and humanities.
		What is redistributed is not wealth from the rich to the poor, but power from the people to the state.
	www.fff.org /freedom/1290d.asp (848 words)

	TCS Daily - Never Mind the Gap
		One element of the larger income disparities can be explained by a rapid rise in the demand for highly-quality skilled workers or managers relative to a small talent pool.
		Income mobility is best achieved with flexible labor markets with fewer obstacles for employers to create new jobs and facilitate job changes.
		By itself, a widening income or wealth gap is not an economic problem nor is it evidence of social injustice.
	www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=030306A (911 words)

	Distribution of Income, by Frank Levy: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The distribution of income is central to one of the most enduring issues in political economics.
		On one extreme are those who argue that all incomes should be the same, or as nearly so as possible, and that a principal function of government should be to redistribute income from the haves to the have-nots.
		Table 2 shows the impact in 1989 of moving from the standard census income (pretax money only) to an adjusted census income that subtracts taxes paid from gross income and adds to income the cost of benefits provided by the government and the employers.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html (2135 words)

	The Havens Center - University of Wisconsin Madison
		By the early 1990s, defenders of traditional redistributive policies of the affirmative state were on the defensive and virtually no one in the public debate argued that income redistribution was a worthy political goal.
		Redistribution is now broadly regarded as antithetical to economic efficiency and thus ultimately self-defeating; there is no vocal political coalition demanding new efforts at egalitarian redistribution; and talk of raising taxes and dramatically expanding the activities of the state is seen by most analysts as off the political agenda.
		Basic income envisions a system of redistribution that permanently guarantees everyone freedom from poverty and a certain kind of lifetime equality of minimal opportunity: the opportunity to withdraw from the labor force to engage in non-remunerated activity.
	www.havenscenter.org /real_utopias/ruprr.htm (1233 words)

	jeremybre - Income Redistribution
		Chapter 7 mentions many different theories of income redistribution, some of which are based on merit, and others of which are purely idealistic.
		So, while there does have to be income redistribution (economic equity), it can't be done without taking into consideration the detrimental affect it has on economic efficiency.
		Overall, redistribution has many positive aspects of it, but it can't be too extreme of a redistribution because economic efficiency will be sacrificed, and then all Americans, poor and rich, will suffer.
	jeremybre.livejournal.com /4786.html (381 words)

	Taxation and Redistribution
		Individual taxes, and especially the income tax, may be graduated for a good reason-that is, so as to compensate for the tendency of many indirect taxes to place a proportionally heavier burden on the smaller incomes.
		progressive throughout and that, through redistributive expenditure on subsidies and services, the income of the very lowest classes has been increased (so far as these things can be meaningfully measured: what can be shown is always only the cost and not the value of the services rendered) by as much as 22 per cent.
		Even the conception of income itself is in their case largely an abstraction forced upon them by the income tax.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~grjan/hayektaxation.html (5731 words)

	Nineteen Neglected Consequences of Income Redistribution
		When people look at income redistribution in this way, they tend to make a judgment about the desirability of the transfer simply by considering whether T or R is the more deserving.
		Further, because many of the consequences of government income redistribution share the common aspect of impoverishing the society, even those who get a bigger slice than they surrender are cutting into a smaller pie.
		Redistribution of income by government coercion is a form of theft.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1196613/posts (5149 words)

	Dynamic Income Redistribution from Trade Liberalization
		The immobile factor model concludes that income will be redistributed from workers in the import-competing industry to workers in the export industry.
		Thus, by piecing the results of these models together, we can evaluate how income redistribution is likely to change dynamically, over time in response to any shock to the system such as a movement towards trade liberalization or free trade.
		The determinants of these paths are whether income is from a relatively abundant factor or from a relatively scarce factor and which industry the factor is employed before the liberalization occurs.
	www.internationalecon.com /v1.0/ch110/110c040.html (3035 words)

	Payroll Taxes and the Redistribution of Income
		The mean income family in the lowest quintile receives an EITC which more than offsets its payroll tax contribution, leaving the family with a negative tax liability.
		Thus the lowest income families receive tax transfers from the government and the highest income families pay over one-fourth of their incomes in personal taxes.
		As Table 2 shows, the difference between transfer payments is quite large for the cohort born in 1960, indicating a substantial redistribution of income from middle- and high-wage workers to low-wage workers.
	www.house.gov /jec/fiscal/tx-grwth/payroll/payroll.htm (2176 words)

	The Redistribution Debate: Arguments Against Redistribution
		By definition, income redistribution means that some people will be (in a sense) made worse off in order to make others better off.
		If the government were to redistribute income, there would be no incentive for people to take dangerous jobs or difficult jobs or even jobs that require more effort than other jobs.
		Even though income inequality is not a good thing, simply taking money from one end of the income spectrum and giving it to the other is not a solution to the cause of inequality.
	wps.prenhall.com /bp_casefair_econf_7e/0,8233,2031475-,00.html (341 words)

	Redistribution Of Income
		The person in their sixties may have had to spend many years working up from under six figure annual income to reach this income level and the person in their twenties may find that in later years his or her income may fall to sub six figure level.
		Just the fact that the excess income is in circulation allows for its use by the rest of the private sector to promote increased business, create jobs and overall increased financial wealth.
		If this excess income is confiscated through taxes it is not allowed to work to effect this increased private sector prosperity.
	www.arationaladvocate.com /redistincome.html (746 words)

	Income Redistribution Between the States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Through progressive income taxation and the provision of transfer payments to people whose earned income is low, the Federal government seeks to cause people's after tax income to differ less than does their before tax income.
		As is true of many Western European nations, in the United States income dispersion has been increasing in the since the 1970s.
		Income redistribution carried out through transfer payments to individuals may have regional effects because some states have a relatively larger share of lower income groups than do others, and some grant programs are designed to favor low income states.
	www.westga.edu /~bquest/1999/regionabs.html (193 words)

	Redistribution across income levels in pay-as-you-go
		People who live longer than average require larger lifetime incomes to maintain their standard of living, and pensions are designed to insure against this eventuality.
		The public pension scheme in the Netherlands was found to have redistributed income primarily from unmarried to married individuals, regardless of income.
		Not a single study for any country has presented strong evidence that the public pension scheme has substantially redistributed income from the lifetime rich to the lifetime poor once mortality differences are taken into account.
	www.worldbank.org /html/dec/Publications/Briefs/DB44.html (957 words)

	The Volokh Conspiracy - THOSE WHO FAVOR INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPRESS RACIST VIEWS. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The results are a problem for the academic assumption that opposing income redistribution indicates hostility toward other groups and a desire to dominate them.
		And, thus, it is easier to justify redistributing to Blacks because of their history of slavery and Jim Crow, and to Hispanics because of their peasant roots south of here.
		As for redistribution being upward, I don't know how they do it in Idaho, but in New York, the poor are taxed at lower rates and are eligible for more free government services, whereas the rich pay higher rates on income and are subject to tax on large estates when they die.
	volokh.com /posts/1164605626.shtml (9935 words)

	Mises Economics Blog: Vouchers: Another Income Redistribution Scheme
		It may involve redistribution – but it isn’t clear to me why the current system of discriminating against parents who use private schools is a better use of government powers.
		Posted by: Happy Hacker at February 18, 2005 12:16 PM Happy Hacker says: "Those of you against vouchers are not libertarians, but champions of the present course toward increasing totalitarianism." This is the most ludicrous thing I have ever heard from a voucher supporter.
		You complain that vouchers are income distribution from the "rich" to the poor.
	blog.mises.org /blog/archives/003087.asp (6946 words)

	The Chronicle: 1/16/2004: Lending a Lasting Hand
		The most controversial of the plans is the universal basic income, whose best-known contemporary proponent is Philippe van Parijs, a professor of economic and moral philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain, in Belgium.
		A final objection to the basic income is that it would weigh down the economy by reducing people's incentive to learn new skills.
		"Basic income grants and the earned-income tax credit have a negative impact on human capital formation -- both theoretically and according to empirical evidence," says Robert A. Moffitt, a professor of economics at the Johns Hopkins University, who is generally skeptical of Mr.
	chronicle.com /free/v50/i19/19a01401.htm (2952 words)

	Income - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Internationally, the accounting term income is synonymous to term revenue.
		is the quantity of good x, and Y is the income (Py and y are similar to Px and x).
		Again, something may happen to the economy beyond the control of the individual to reduce (or increase) the flow of income.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Income (1141 words)

	Mises Economics Blog: The Welfare State and Income Redistribution in Democracy
		The article then proceeds to an evaluation of the overall effects of the welfare state, examining its real ability to achieve its fundamental purpose, namely the redistribution of income.
		After reviewing some of the main theories of redistribution, both normative and positive, the author surveys some recent empirical studies suggesting that the welfare programmes of recent decades in Italy and other industrial countries have failed to produce adequate income redistribution.
		In conclusion, the author finds that the theory of unintended consequences continues to apply and calls for a radical change in welfare benefits with the elimination or reduction of spending on universalistic programmes and an increasein those directly benefitting the poorest.
	blog.mises.org /blog/archives/001976.asp (240 words)

	Media Matters - O'Reilly opposes income redistribution -- unless he's on the receiving end!
		The truth is that lower- and middle-income New Jerseyans pay a larger portion of their income in property taxes than do upper-income residents.
		According to a report by the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy, the poorest 20 percent of New Jerseyans paid out 5.6 percent of their annual income in property taxes, while the richest 20 percent paid out about 4 percent.
		Indeed, the New Jersey tax system as a whole -- including property taxes, state income taxes, and sales and excise taxes -- is similarly regressive, with the poorest 20 percent of residents paying 12.5 percent of income while the richest 20 percent pay about 9.6 percent.
	mediamatters.org /items/200405210005 (934 words)

	Nineteen Neglected Consequences of Income Redistribution: Newsroom: The Independent Institute
		In 1993 the total came to $912 billion, or nearly 17 percent of personal income.
		It is tempting to think about government transfers in a simple way: one person, taxpayer T, loses a certain amount of money; another person, recipient R, gains the same amount; and everything else remains the same.
		Ironically, in the full-fledged transfer society, where governments busy themselves redistributing income by means of hundreds of distinct programs, hardly anyone is better off as a result.
	www.independent.org /newsroom/article.asp?id=1155 (3353 words)

	EconLog, Income Redistribution Proposals, Arnold Kling: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The Chronicle of Higher Education discusses a number of income redistribution proposals.
		3) A end-result gradual redistribution of Income with the Average and Mean closing the Gap.
		The economic rent, from an individual perspective, is not linear to income.
	econlog.econlib.org /archives/2004/02/income_redistri.html (2996 words)

	Income redistribution, GOP-style. - By Timothy Noah - Slate Magazine
		What the AP is describing, then, appears to represent not only a spending shift from Democratic congressional districts to Republican ones, but also, and more significant, a spending shift from low-income people to middle- and upper-income people.
		The GOP, it seems, is every bit as bent as the Democrats on redistributing income; the only difference is that while Democrats want to redistribute income downward, to the poor, Republicans want to redistribute it upward, to the rich.
		But their impact is neutralized by all the other programs, which tilt the other way and are, of course, much greater in size.
	www.slate.com /?id=2069049 (826 words)

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