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	Incumbent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Incumbents also have easier access to campaign finance, as well as government resources (such as the franking privilege) that can be indirectly used to boost a campaign.
		For example, a Democratic incumbent in historically conservative Texas would have a less likely chance of winning than a Democratic incumbent in liberal New York City, because Texas has shifted away from the Democratic party in terms of voting (see also Congressional stagnation in the United States).
		Elections featuring an incumbent, on the other hand, are as Guy Molyneux puts it, "fundamentally a referendum on the incumbent." Voters will first grapple with the record of the incumbent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Incumbent (800 words)

	CongressLink - A Resource for Teachers Providing Information About the U.S. Congress
		In this research, incumbents were said to win reelection so frequently because congressional voters were inordinately swayed by name recognition when casting their congressional votes.
		Incumbents already have gotten their name before the voters; things like casework and franking allow them to do so while in office.
		Incumbents win reelection so often because congressional elections are usually poorly followed by media and by the voters.
	www.congresslink.org /print_expert_congressionalelections.htm (1773 words)

	Vital Statistics - Commentary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In the years since 1980, the percentage of Senate incumbents winning with 60% or more have ranged from a low of 38% in 1994 and 40% in 1980 to highs of 64% in 1998 and 78% in 2000.
		Incumbents who lost in 2000 spent almost twice as much as did incumbents who won close races and four times as much as safe incumbents.
		Almost one-fourth of all incumbents were either unopposed or did not face a major-party general election challenger who filed a disclosure report with the Federal Election Commission.
	www.cfinst.org /studies/vital/commentary.html (1762 words)

	Incumbent Rule
		Incumbent races should not be characterized in terms of point spread.
		In 98 of the 127 cases (77%), the incumbents’ final polls standing was plus or minus four percentage points from the actual election result.
		To suggest otherwise by emphasizing point spread or to say that an incumbent is ahead when his or her percentage is well under 50% leads to election day surprises.
	www.pollingreport.com /incumbent.htm (1175 words)

	Congress for Life The Problem of Careerism in Congress and a Case For Term Limits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		It causes some incumbents to assess their positions and decide to retire or run for other offices, rather than seek reelection to the House.
		Every incumbent who has any paper challenger in a primary or general election will repeatedly comment that "Smith is a serious challenger.
		The truth is, experienced incumbents know full well the difference between a challenger who represents a real threat and those who are just passing names on meaningless ballots.
	www.innerself.com /Magazine/Commentary/Congress_for_Life.htm (2569 words)

	Congressional Evaluation Project Article
		Comparing the incumbent's ratings with those of other incumbents on the same issues should provide a sense of each lawmaker's position in relation to his or her peers and colleagues.
		A few incumbents who have served only for part of the term may have no ratings in most or all categories because any votes they cast occurred after the organizations' previous ratings were made.
		The former incumbents' information is there to show the way in which the district was represented in the past, since the new incumbents have not been in office long enough for evaluation.
	www.zipbeep.org /congress (4727 words)

	Center for Voting and Democracy
		With only a few exceptions, incumbents and party leaders gerrymandered districts to guarantee the reelection of incumbents, as well as the over-representation of whatever party controlled the redistricting process in their state.
		Four incumbents lost to other incumbents in races where they were thrown together by redistricting, but overall 98% of incumbents were returned to office, with no advantage for either side.
		With "incumbent protection plans" prevailing across the land and the parties too often attempting to obscure their differences in close races, voters were left with what they perceived as no-choice elections.
	www.fairvote.org /e_news/election2002.htm (2190 words)

	Voter anger places incumbents at risk =TheHill.com= (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The growing anger towards incumbents, who, until recently, were basking in the warm glow of a surge in patriotism in the wake of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and a publicly stated preference for experienced legislators over newcomers, does not have a partisan tilt, experts said.
		He noted that voters are growing increasingly dissatisfied with the direction of the country, a phenomenon that is reflected in polling questions that ask whether the country is heading on the right track or the wrong track.
		Incumbent governors, Faucheux said, are bearing the brunt of the public anger.
	www.thehill.com /issues/091102/voter.shtm (1121 words)

	FairVote - How Redistricting Protects Incumbents
		Of those 46 incumbents, 37 of them had their districts made safer in redistricting in that the presidential candidate of the incumbent’s party won a higher percentage of the vote in their 2002 district than the 2000 district; only nine districts were made less safe for these potentially vulnerable incumbents.
		No incumbents were defeated in those two states in 2002, and only four of those state’s 85 seats were decided by margins of less than 10%.
		Note that these incumbents are quite safe in 2004 and their seats are likely safe for their party for the entire decade unless more seats become open.
	www.fairvote.org /?page=715 (1341 words)

	Why Incumbents Rarely Lose
		Incumbents have a much easier time getting reelected than challangers have at even coming close to beating them and there are three reasons for this occurance.
		The facts are that a congressional incumbent seeking reelection has about as much chance of losing as the Chicago Bulls do of losing a seven game series to UNLV.
		The portion of votes received by incumbents in contested House races between 1980 and 1996 has averaged 64 percent as a result of gerrymandered districts.
	nj.npri.org /nj97/01/why.htm (820 words)

	[No title]
		Second, microwave incumbents that self- relocated links during this time period were not obligated to do so by our rules; indeed, for most of this time period, these incumbents were not obligated to negotiate with PCS entities over relocation.
		In the case of a self-relocating microwave incumbent, the self-relocating incumbent is, by definition, relocating before the existence of an agreement with a PCS relocator.
		Microwave incumbents request that the Commission clarify whether the relocation of a self-relocating microwave incumbent occurs on the date that the incumbent's links are decommissioned, the date that the replacement facilities are fully implemented, or some other date.
	www.fcc.gov /Bureaus/Wireless/Orders/2000/fcc00123.txt (5691 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: Incumbents look toward November
		While no Seattle City Council incumbents received a majority of primary votes counted through yesterday, that doesn't mean November's general election will be a repeat of 2003 — when three incumbents were ousted.
		The four incumbents on the 2003 primary ballot collectively averaged 37 percent of the vote; the three incumbents this year are at 43 percent.
		What gives challengers hope is that none of the three incumbents in contested primaries received 50 percent or more of the votes counted through yesterday.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002511869_seacouncil22m.html (631 words)

	Incumbents feeling heat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Others picked up her battle flag at a Scottsdale City Council meeting Tuesday, where the three incumbents believed to be hiding the identity of the initial petition challengers came under fire.
		The three incumbents running for re-election - Wayne Ecton, Bob Littlefield and Kevin Osterman - all have said they were not directly involved in launching the challenge to Nesvig, although they have since agreed to pick up the legal tab.
		The incumbents promoted their records for hiring more police and code inspectors and revitalizing downtown, while Nesvig and Nelssen hammered them for being secretive and unethical.
	www.azcentral.com /rsslinks/125859 (694 words)

	Table and charts summarizing the mounts Raised by House incumbents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The amounts represent activity of an incumbent’s principal campaign committee and any authorized committees (but not that of a joint-fundraising committee).
		Transfers to and from an incumbent’s committees are subtracted from receipts to produce net receipts, eliminating double counting.
		The numbers of House incumbents raising funds in the first half of the off-year are lower in 1991, 1993 and 1995 than in 1989 or later years.
	www.cfinst.org /tables/sixMonths_02/2002_cycle.htm (210 words)

	Feel free to copy and share this message (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Incumbents seduce the voters into the unproductive, circular pattern of thought and behavior that allows the incumbents to retain their power, and deceives the voters into believing that the incumbents are their best choice.
		Incumbents have secured for themselves many unfair advantages, perks of office, time to campaign while on the job, visibility and access to media, pre-existing big-money-donors and campaign organizations already in place, and little or no threat from voters who are apathetic, complacent, misguided, or resigned to futility and despair.
		In time, incumbents will get the message, or be voted out, and voters will then be able to know who is, or is not responsible, because of the reforms that are passed to increase transparency (e.g.
	home.comcast.net /~d.a.n/OneSimpleIdea.htm (5663 words)

	Stephen Moore NRO
		Studies show that House incumbents start every election with roughly a built-in $500,000 advantage, thanks to name recognition, the ability to pass out pork and go to ribbon-cutting ceremonies, and, of course, to the free campaign literature that congressional offices can mail out at taxpayer's expense during the year.
		Now, of course, incumbents of both parties don't have a strong incentive to change the laws so that it's easier to defeat them.
		First, the money-raising restrictions benefit incumbents, because it makes their $500,000 head start all the more valuable.
	www.nationalreview.com /balance/balance040501.shtml (962 words)

	Voters stick with City Council's six incumbents
		"Incumbents are hard to beat," said Rogers, who congratulated the winners, saying voters obviously support what they are doing.
		One advantage the incumbents have is the city newsletter that goes out regularly, giving them a name-recognition advantage over challengers, he said.
		Council incumbents expressed pride in the park the city is building that will pay tribute to past, present and future police and firefighters, and others who serve their communities and nation.
	www.enquirer.com /editions/2004/11/03/loc_el-alexandria.html (708 words)

	Incumbents failed to score impressive tallies in primary vote
		It wasn't quite "throw the bums out," but voters in Tuesday's primary signaled discontent with a wide range of incumbents, from the King County executive and mayor of Seattle to the monorail board and port commission.
		Any time an incumbent draws less than half the vote in a non-partisan primary, it's considered a bad portent for re-election.
		The theory is that incumbents run on their records, and a sub-50 percent showing means a majority of the voters think somebody else could do better.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/241769_election22.html?source=rss (1208 words)

	The New York Times > Congressional Quarterly > Washington > CQ Today: Arizona Incumbents' Advantage ...
		Yet the primary results underscored how hard it is to oust a sitting member of Congress: All three of the seriously challenged incumbents won renomination with relative ease, and will enter their general election campaigns as solid favorites.
		While most House incumbents run on a platform built largely on the federal dollars they have delivered for their districts, Flake has taken a different tack during his two House terms.
		Although the incumbent has a mainly conservative voting record, he sometimes differs with the party line on issues such as abortion rights and some gun control measures.
	www.nytimes.com /cq/2004/09/08/news-1318190.html (955 words)

	Politics: Incumbents in Trouble (Seattle Weekly)
		They handed out the lowest set of numbers to City Council incumbents in recent history: No incumbent received as much as 45 percent of the vote, and council member Judy Nicastro was at 25 percent.
		While all four City Council incumbents led their races, the margins were tight enough and the overall percentages low enough that none of the elected officials will be coasting into the Nov. 4 general election in seven weeks.
		Incumbents in Trouble — Seattle voters tell officeholders not to count on another term.
	www.seattleweekly.com /news/0338/news-howland.php (1237 words)

	Potomac News Online \| County Democrats flunk incumbents
		The committee recommended that the voters expel the incumbents and elect Democrats Hilda M. Barg, who is running against Frederick; Bruce Roemmelt, who is trying to oust Marshall; and Earnie Porta, who is after McQuigg's job.
		Coplen called the incumbents "grandstanders who demonstrate more profile than courage," when the committee issued the report card at a recent press conference.
		Coplen accused the incumbents of posing for cameras and focusing on divisive social issues and ignoring problems such as transportation and education.
	www.potomacnews.com /servlet/Satellite?pagename=WPN/MGArticle/WPN_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031785265428&path= (567 words)

	Database P&D Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Current referential integrity ("the PCN of all current incumbents must be a current position") is straightforward and uses the trick of converting a predicate of the form "for all P" into "not exists (not P)."
		For the INCUMBENTS table, the most appropriate interpretation is that this table records current data, in which case the code in Listing 1 suffices.
		The sequenced RI constraint, "at each point in time, each incumbent's PCN is valid at that time," is the most natural application of the non-temporal RI constraint to time-varying information.
	www.dbpd.com /vault/9810/temporal.html (2580 words)

	Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U
		In contrast to both the redistricting hypothesis and the partisan polarization hypothesis, the incumbency hypothesis argues that declining competition in House elections is due less to change in the partisan composition of House districts than to the growing advantage of incumbency.
		A statistical analysis of panel data designed to decompose the sources of the incumbency advantage in House races from 1984 to 1990 puts the blame squarely on the second set of factors, and follows the “strategic politicians” hypothesis first proposed by Jacobson and Kernell (1983).
		Note: Low-risk districts are those in which share of major party vote for presidential candidate of incumbent’s party was at least 10 percentage points greater than national vote share.
	www.emergingdemocraticmajorityweblog.com /spsa/spsa.html (5788 words)

	RhodesCook.com Web Site
		Normally, the primaries are a very easy hurdle for incumbents on their way to the general election.
		Altogether, 19 House incumbents were beaten in the primary season of 1992, a post-World War II record.
		But by far the issue that could affect congressional incumbents the most in 2006 is the one that could touch many of them personally, the Jack Abramoff lobbying scandal.
	rhodescook.com (1752 words)

	Voter anger places incumbents at risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		If on election night, we see GOP incumbents like Walsh or Bilirakis start falling, I think that would be the signal of a Democratic landslide (perhaps on the order of a 20-seat pickup).
		The incumbents in the election of 2002 are, in reality, safer in their seats than in any prior election -- except for the four of them who were garanteed defeat by being redistrcted into districts to run against another.
		All the other incumbents used the most sophisticated computer programs yet to assure that the people within their hand-tailored districts would be more likely to reelect them.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/748912/posts (3162 words)

	Tracking the Cash
		As in past cycles, incumbents in 1998 are enjoying a huge fund-raising advantage over their challengers.
		Peter Fitzgerald, a GOP contender for the Senate seat held by Democrat Carol Moseley-Braun, was the biggest spender among Senate candidates in the 1998 cycle, with Moseley-Braun ranking eighth.
		In fact, incumbents and challengers are represented among top spenders for the three most expensive races so far this cycle: Illinois, California and New York.
	www.crp.org /pubs/tracking/track.htm (1678 words)

	Vote Out Incumbents for Democracy: October 2005 Archives
		As long as incumbent politicians remain, no laws substantially removing the influence of special interests and big campaign donors will be proposed or passed.
		Senate challengers in battleground states raked in bundles of campaign cash in the third quarter of the year, pointing to growing discontent with incumbents and suggesting that next year’s races will be as intense as ever.
		Hurricane Katrina has the potential to foment change in Washington like the terrorist strikes did four years ago, altering the government's priorities for the foreseeable future and darkening the mood of an electorate that was already anxious before the storm hit shore, according to lawmakers, pollsters and strategists from both parties.
	www.poliwatch.org /void/2005/10/index.php (1352 words)

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