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	Incunabula - LoveToKnow 1911
		Very many incunabula contain no information as to when, where or by whom they were printed, but the individuality of most of the early types as compared with modern ones has enabled typographical detectives (of whom Robert Proctor, who died in 1903, was by far the greatest) to track most of them down.
		The celebration in 1640 of the second centenary (as it was considered) of the invention of printing may be;taken as the date from which incunabula began to be collected for their own sake, apart from their literary interest, and the publication of Beughem's Incunabula typographiae in 1688 marks the increased attention paid to them.
		The chief collections of incunabula are those of the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, Royal library, Munich, and British Museum, London, the number of separate editions in each library exceeding nine thousand, with numerous duplicates.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Incunabula (0 words)

	ArtLex on Incunabula
		Incunabula represent the revolutionary transition from the time of hand written manuscripts and that of mechanically printed media.
		From the study of incunabula we gain insight into the origins of a tradition that has vastly affected the course of human culture and development, and reveals much about the life, customs, and tastes of the educated during the Renaissance.
		The import of incunabula is in some ways analogous to the that of such new media as you see on the Internet today.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/ij/incunabulum.html (281 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - INCUNABULA:
		The number of incunabula is reduced to 99 if the Brescia Pentateuch of 1493 (91) be regarded as a part of the Bible of 1494.
		There are, besides these, eight incunabula of which either no copy is known or the time and place of publication can not be definitely determined.
		Chief among the incunabula of this kind, however, are those of Latin translations of the medieval Jewish scientists and philosophers, as that of Abraham ibn Ezra, "De Nativitatibus" (1485, Venice), of Bonet de Latis, Astronomy (1493, Rome), of Maimonides, Aphorisms (Bologna; Hain, No. 10,524), and of Israeli, "De Particularibus Diæctis" (Padua, 1487).
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=127&letter=I (0 words)

	Incunabula Database -- The Bancroft Library
		The study of incunabula gives insight into the origins of a tradition which has greatly affected the course of western culture and development, and reveals much about the life, customs, and tastes of the educated during the Renaissance.
		Some incunabula are represented by leaf books, that is, modern books about a particular pre-1501 work, such as the Gutenberg Bible printed about 1454, or the Chronicles of England printed by William Caxton in 1480, each containing one or more leaves from the originals.
		In addition, there are collections of original leaves from German, Italian, and western European incunabula, described by Konrad Haebler, noted historian of incunabula, as well as a miscellany collection of unidentified original leaves, and a selection of modern facsimiles and photographic reproductions of other incunabula and early type faces.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /incunabula (0 words)

	What are Incunabula? \| Incunabula - Dawn of Western Printing
		These included the use of diverse typefaces according to genre and region, the use of contractions and abbreviations in sentences, frequent use of columns and marginal notes, and rubrication at the beginning of the chapter.
		A look at examples of incunabula shows that there are very few where the place of printing, the name of printer, and the year of printing are all indicated in the book.
		Libraries with the largest collections of incunabula are the British Library, the Bavarian State Library, the National Library of France, the Bodleian Library, the Vatican Apostolica Library (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), and the Library of Congress in the United States.
	www.ndl.go.jp /incunabula/e/chapter1 (1098 words)

	Fifteeners
		Incunabula or incunables are the very first examples of books, pamphlets, and broadsides printed with moveable type in Western Europe.
		Incunabula are also sometimes referred to as "fifteeners" from their appearance in the fifteenth century.
		Despite their European origins, incunabula can be found in library collections throughout the United States today, with the greatest concentration in the Library of Congress.
	www.countway.med.harvard.edu /rarebooks/exhibits/fifteeners (1602 words)

	INCUNABULA - Online Information article about INCUNABULA
		From the total of about twenty-three thousand incunabula thus registered considerable deductions must be made for duplicate entries and undated editions which probably belong to the 16th century.
		A study of lists of incunabula enables a student to see just what works this included, and the degree of their popularity.
		Interest in books of the last ten or fifteen years of the century is a much more modern development, but with the considerable literature which has grown up round the subject is not likely to be easily checked.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/INCUNABULA.html (2195 words)

	The History of Visual Communication - The Printing Press
		The origin of the word is the Latin incunabula for "swaddling clothes", used by extension for the infancy or early stages of something.
		The first recorded use of incunabula as a printing term is in a pamphlet by Bernard von Mallinckrodt, "Of the rise and progress of the typographic art", published in Cologne in 1639, which includes the phrase prima typographicae incunabula, "the first infancy of printing".
		There are two types of incunabula: the xylographic (made from a single carved or sculpted block for each page) and the typographic (made with movable type on a printing press in the style of Johann Gutenberg).
	www.citrinitas.com /history_of_viscom/press.html (1725 words)

	Incunabula Collections
		The British Library's collection of incunabula (15th century books produced with moveable type) is unrivalled in size and scope: some 12,500 incunabula representing about 10,390 editions, out of an estimated surviving 28,000 editions.
		Readers and the general public may access records for incunabula online through the British Library Integrated Catalogue or in a printed edition of the Library's main catalogues: information about these is given on the webpage Catalogues of Early Printed Materials in the British Library.
		Of these, 27,460 are true incunabula: for the sake of completeness, ISTC includes a number of 16th-century editions which have been assigned erroneously to the 15th century in previous bibliographies or catalogues.
	www.bl.uk /collections/hoinc.html (0 words)

	incunabula
		Incunabula were, however, among the first books presented to the Bodleian Library (by Sir Thomas Bodley's 'Store of Honourable Friends'), and were also among the earliest purchases made for it.
		A great many incunabula were subsequently made available through the disposal of duplicates by the Royal Library in Munich (now Bayerische Staatsbibliothek); it is estimated that over four hundred Bodleian incunabula were once in the Royal Library in Munich.
		Some 560 incunabula, mainly printed in Germany and, when known, nearly all with an earlier German provenance, were acquired from the collection of Georg Franz Burkhard Kloss (1787-1854), a physician from Frankfurt am Main, whose sale was held in London in 1835; the Bodleian spent a total of œ343.
	www.bodley.ox.ac.uk /dept/scwmss/rarebooks/incunabula.html (2035 words)

	Decentral Digital Incunabula Collection
		In this project "Decentral Digital Incunabula Collection" (2003-2006), funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation), the Herzog August Bibliothek has digitised 667 incunabula printed after 1484 and made their contents accessible.
		The digitised incunabula of the HAB have been made available both via the Wolfenbüttler Digitale Bibliothek and the joint project homepage located in Cologne (http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de).
		In detail: 627 of 1046 incunabula of the Augusta Collection (60%), 36 of 521 of the Helmstedt Collection (7%), and 4 of 378 of the "Mittlere Aufstellung" (1%).
	www.hab.de /forschung/projekte/incunabula-e.htm (0 words)

	Introduction to Incunabula
		"Incunabula" is a generic term coined by English book collectors in the seventeenth century to describe the first printed books of the fifteenth century.
		In addition many incunabula were designed to be rubricated by hand, that is, to be decorated with flourishing initial letters and other embellishments, done by the now underemployed and presumably discontented scribes.
		Book illustrations in the Incunabula period were prepared from woodcuts, that is, printed from blocks of wood hand engraved with their subjects by skilled artists and artisans.
	www.historicpages.com /texts/incun1.htm (1634 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for incunabula (Site not responding. Last check: )
		incunabula earliest stages or first beginnings; books produced in the ‘infancy’ of printing, i.e.
		The library's collection is rich in classical manuscripts, notably Homer and Vergil, in incunabula, and in Oriental texts.
		Incunabula Research Center Announces Investigation into the Legitimacy of Physicists' Story of Dimensional Travel Methods.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=incunabula (752 words)

	United States: Hebrew manuscripts and incunabula - 66th IFLA Council and General Conference - Conference Programme and ...
		The next thirty minutes are not going to be taken up with a general quantitative account of the locations of (a) manuscripts written in Hebrew characters, or (b) the location of books printed in Hebrew characters and published in the 15th century and early years of the 16th century, i.e., Incunables.
		His 1988 revised catalogue of the Hebrew Incunabula in the library of the St. Petersburg branch of the Oriental Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is a revision of a work first published in Leningrad in 1985.
		There is much to be learnt, too, from the Hebrew incunabula and manuscript treasures currently at the Scriptorium, the Center for Christian Antiquities, Grand Haven, Michigan (there is a branch at Hampton Court, Hertfordshire in England.) The Scriptorium is a fine illustration of a private collection.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla66/papers/082-141e.htm (3577 words)

	Amazon.com: Incunabula: Music: Autechre (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In hindsight, *Incunabula* is perhaps Autechre's most shallow album; but `shallow' is a deceptive term, for the depths of even this birth-record cannot be fully grasped in the first, or even tenth, listen.
		Most effectively, the overall soothing consistency of the album is punctured at strategic points, giving a whiplash snap to the ambient flow, such as the opening snarl of `Doctrine' after the aforementioned glide of `Eggshell', or the smarmy hip-hop parody of `Lowride' on the whispering tail of `Windwind's' devastating death-fugue.
		Or, to use an organic metaphor, *Incunabula* is the soundscape of winter, of earth subsumed by a cold, crystalline surface of snow, nature buried under Melville's terrifying whiteness - the abyss codified and, at least in this record, made palatable.
	www.amazon.com /Incunabula-Autechre/dp/B000003RG9 (2119 words)

	Incunabula
		The few incunabula from the Orange-Nassau library which entered the KB upon its foundation in 1798, supplemented in 1807 with the Romswinckel collection of mainly foreign printed books, did not become an actual collection until 1809, upon the acquisition of the entire collection of early printed books owned by Mr.
		As to the incunabula printed in the Low Countries of which the KB does not own a copy, for most editions there are photographs, microfilms or microfiches of copies held elsewhere in the world available for consultation.
		Particularly for the purpose of a more precise dating of the many incunabula which up to now have only been dated on the basis of typeface, the paper of the incunabula printed in the Low Countries is under examination.
	www.kb.nl /bc/incun/incun_1-en.html (817 words)

	Guide to PUL Special Collections -- Incunabula to John Milton
		The University owns about 500 incunabula (books printed 1450-1500); in addition, there are about 150 in the Scheide Library (privately held but accessible to University and other scholars.) According to Goff, Princeton ranks twenty-fifth among the twenty-five largest collections of incunabula in American libraries.
		By far the greatest number of incunabula in the general collection are those printed in Italy.
		The Kane illustrated incunabula are some of the finest of the 15th-century examples of Italian, French, German, and Swiss work.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/h-in-mi.html (0 words)

	incunabula - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		incunabula, plural of incunabulum [Late Lat.,=cradle (books); i.e., books of the cradle days of printing], books printed in the 15th cent.
		These books were generally large quarto size, bound in calf over boards of wood, decorated with red initials (rubricated) and ornamental borders, and carrying a colophon but no title page.
		Notable European collections of incunabula are in Paris, London (British Museum), Oxford (Bodleian Library), Vienna, Rome, Milan, Brussels, and The Hague.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-incunabu.html (471 words)

	Incunabula and Illuminated Manuscripts - Collecting the Earliest Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the great words we in the book trade get to use is the word "incunabula".
		Translated literally, incunabula means "in the cradle"; thus, it refers to a thing's origin.
		Used by a bookseller, the word denotes the 50-or-so year period subsequent to Gutenberg's printing of the famous 42-line Bible, whose fame rests on its being the first book printed in the West using moveable type.
	cdickens.com /articles/incunabu.htm (685 words)

	Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--incunabula (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Incunabula" derives its name from the Latin "cunae" (cradle) and refers to books produced in the infancy of printing.
		The term may also be used to designate works created during the earliest stages in the development of an art form or technique or at the beginning of any new period of artistic productivity.
		Incunabula were usually simply bound in leather-covered boards with decoration in blind.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /don/dt/dt1824.html (129 words)

	The Infancy of Printing: Incunabula at the Golda Meir Library
		Just as we are currently poised on the cusp of a transition from print to electronic and multimedia communication, incunabula offers physical evidence of the transitional phase between the manuscript and print traditions.
		Books printed during this period are called incunabula or incunables, from the Latin word for cradle, since the late fifteenth century constitutes the infancy of the printing tradition.
		Studying incunabula reveals much about the life, culture, and tastes of the educated during the Renaissance, and offers considerable insight into the origins of a tradition that has vastly affected the course of human culture and development.
	www.uwm.edu /Library/special/exhibits/incunab/incpref.htm (486 words)

	Incunabula - WMU Libraries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Incunabula is the plural form of the Latin word Incunabulum.
		Among the incunabula are works by Saint Thomas Aquinas, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, and Saint Benedict of Monte Cassino.
		During Dom Edmund's 37 years at the abbey, he enjoyed collecting manuscripts and incunabula which are now held on permanent loan at WMU for research in conjunction with the History, Religion, and Medieval Studies departments.
	www.wmich.edu /library/special/collections/incunabla.php (245 words)

	Incunabulaguide
		It is a more elegant replacement for what had previously been called "fifteeners", and is formed of two Latin words meaning literally "in the cradle" or "in swaddling clothes".
		The definition above is considered the primary definition of the term “incunabula” and refers specifically to those earliest texts printed by the movable type method, i.e.
		Finally, it is worth pointing out that the term “incunabula” is also being used in conjunction with digital printing on the Web; those interested in cataloging and archiving the early efforts in Web publishing speak, therefore, of “digital incunabula.”
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/class/clis710/StudentWebGuides/Incunabula2.htm (629 words)

	The National Library of Russia: Incunabula
		The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible), produced in the German city of Mainz in around 1450, was the very first book printed using movable type in Europe.
		The National Library's collection of incunabula (books printed before 1501) is the largest in Russia.
		Subsequently they formed the Rare Books holdings which is on a par with the world's greatest repositories in terms of size and historico-cultural significance.
	www.nlr.ru /eng/coll/rare/incunabula.html (0 words)

	Bancroftiana, Number 120 Spring 2002: Bancroft Incunabula Database on the Web!
		The study of incunabula gives insight into the origins of a tradition that has vastly affected the course of human culture and development, and reveals much about the life, customs, and tastes of the educated during the Renaissance.
		Some incunabula are represented in the collection by leaf books, that is, modern books about a particular pre-1501 work, such as the Gutenberg Bible printed at Mainz about 1454, or the Chronicles of England printed by William Caxton in 1480, containing one or more leaves from the original.
		Incunabula are important not only for their content, and who produced them under what circumstance, but also for their physical characteristics, reflecting both their manner of production, their distribution, and who owned them.
	bancroft.berkeley.edu /events/bancroftiana/120/incunabula.html (556 words)

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