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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Indentured servant
		An Indentured Servant is a bonded labourer — a labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, usually seven to eight years, to pay off a passage to a new country or home.
		Indentured servitude is not identical with involuntary servitude and slavery.
		Ideally, an indentured servant's lot in the establishment would be no harder than that of a contemporary apprentice, who was similarly bound by contract and owed hard, unpaid labour while "serving his time." At the end of the allotted time, an indentured servant was to be given a new suit of clothes and set loose.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Indentured_servant (1609 words)

	Indentured servant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indentured servitude is not identical with involuntary servitude and slavery.
		Ideally, an indentured servant's lot in the establishment would be no harder than that of a contemporary apprentice, who was similarly bound by contract and owed hard, unpaid labour while "serving his time." At the end of the allotted time, an indentured servant was to be given a new suit of clothes and set loose.
		Indentured servitude was a method of increasing the number of residents/emigrants, especially in the British colonies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indentured_servant (949 words)

	Coolie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Labourers were supposed to be recruited by voluntary negotiation, however it has been suggested that kidnapping and trickery were frequent.
		Indentured labourers from Indochina were mainly recruited by the French and sent to their colonies.
		In the British Empire, a "coolie" was an indentured labourer with conditions often resembling slavery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coolie (976 words)

	home
		An 1892 manifesto, for example, maintained that one of the reasons that indentured labour should not be used was that the “permanent existence of a large servile population amongst us, not admitted to the franchise, is not compatible with the continuance of our free political institutions”.
		Another factor encouraging the phasing out of indentured labour was the concern that governments would have to cover the expenses for indentured labourers wishing to return to their homelands after their term had expired, due to the increasing instability of certain colonial economies, such as Jamaica, whose sugar economy was faltering.
		By in large, it was not the recruiters or those recruited that caused the abolition of indentured labour, nor indeed was it primarily in the hands of the British Indian government nor the receiving colonies.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/five4.html (2400 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Indentured Labour
		Labour shortage was badly felt on plantations particularly in Trinidad and Guyana from 1838 onward, that is, after the abolition of slavery and the period of “apprenticeship” (the system through which former slaves had to continue working for the same master).
		Some of the hardships endured by indentured labourers are described in chapter 62.
		The recruiting of indentured labour in India was finally ended in 1917 as a result of the movement of Indian nationals under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
	www.litencyc.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1519 (511 words)

	History News Network
		Indentured labour was brought in precisely _because_ of this refusal by ex-slaves.
		Indian indentured labour - the overwhelming bulk of the whole - began to be taken to the various sugar colonies (both British and French)in 1835.
		Thus indentured labour was an _expedient_, made necessary by the unexpected decline in labour supply to the sugar plantations.
	hnn.us /readcomment.php?id=54567&bheaders=1 (419 words)

	Pacific Islanders to be used as cheap labour Australian government prepares to revive "blackbirding"
		Indentured labourers, mostly single men, were cheap indeed, as the employer was not obliged to pay the cost of feeding their families.
		The unions were hostile to the indentured labourers, claiming they were being used by the employers to undermine the conditions and wages of non-indentured European workers.
		One of the first pieces of legislation to be passed by the new parliament was the banning of the virtually redundant indentured labour system and the establishment of the framework for the racist expulsion of the Pacific Islanders from Australia.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/nov2003/blac-n03.shtml (1917 words)

	Are ALTA Rents Fair - 03 Indentured Land
		The core of the indenture system, which was, and remains, so resented by the Indian community, consisted of a contract between worker and employer (the colonial government underwriting the CSR) which essentially gave the employer exclusive rights over the worker’s labour (and, to a degree, his non-working hours) for a period of five years.
		The recruitment of indentured labour was terminated by the British colonial government in India in 1916, and current contracts of indenture were cancelled by the colonial government in Fiji in 1920.
		The cumulative effects of land’s indenture have been to precipitate the widespread desire of mataqalis to be free individually to decide the disposition of their lands.
	maorinews.com /karere/leases/03indent.htm (1702 words)

	home
		Although the importation of labour into Mauritius was initially very high, a great enough population of resident labourers, as well as lowered demand for Mauritian sugar after its initial boom, resulted in a decreased need for new imports.
		Subsidised French migrants and indentured Madeiran workers were initially sought, but insufficient numbers due to the fact that such migrants would receive no long-term benefits from their move forced the French to turn elsewhere.
		Although the indenturing of Africans was viewed by contemporaries as little different than a continuation of the slave trade, African imports to the French colonies rose in numbers, to a high of 10,000 in 1858, due to a reduction in the numbers of available labourers from India.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/five2c.html (1010 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At the end of the initial three year contract the indentured labourers were given a free passage back to India or given agricultural land equivalent to the value of a passage back to India.
		Indentured labour into the Colony was at first discouraged and later completely outlawed.
		From humble beginnings as indentured labourers the Indians have progressed to a point where despite their small numbers they are playing a leading role in the social, political and economic life of South Africa.
	www.imperiumjournal.com /0pages/00002.html (6482 words)

	Mahatma Gandhi: My Experiments with the Truth
		Balasundaram's case reached the ears of every indentured labourer, and I came to be regarded as their friend.
		Labourers from different parts of the province, who went to Natal on indenture, came to know of this case through their indentured brethren.
		Without outside labour the cultivation of cane and the manufacture of sugar were impossible, as the Natal Zulus were not suited to this form of work.
	www.corvalliscommunitypages.com /asia_pacific/gandhi1.htm (1758 words)

	indian
		The labour contracts under which East Indians worked varied, but as a rule, they were bound to work on a designated estate for five years in return for a wage, housing, clothing, food and medical care.
		Indentured labourers in St. Lucia probably came from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in Northern India.
		Migration of indentured labourers to St. Lucia was never very great but due to the island's low population density and their uneven distribution throughout the island, East Indians gained a fairly high profile in the ethnic make-up of the island.
	www.slucia.com /visions/2002/indian.html (1423 words)

	l'express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Each year, the arrival of the indentured labourers in Mauritius is commemorated at a national level on 2nd November at the Aapravasi Ghat site where more than 400,000 indentured labourers took their first steps on Mauritian soil between 1849 and 1924.
		During the afternoon of 3rd November, permission for the landing of the labourers was given by the British governor.
		However, Arbuthnot’s coolies as well as the 25,000 indentured labourers who were introduced after them between 1835 and 1839 were certainly not the first indentured labourers to set foot on Mauritian soil during the early period of British rule.
	www.lexpress.mu /display_article.php?news_id=53340 (919 words)

	Chinese Heritage of Australian Federation Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As nearly 3000 indentured Chinese labourers were imported into the colony over the period 1847-53 there is still a substantial proportion of labourers who continue to be unknown and unnamed.
		This table started as a way of attempting to collate some of the labourers "discovered" while I was undertaking research for my doctoral thesis and after a while as the names and information on their time in the colony continued to increase the table assumed a life of its own.
		This "life" has been extremely useful as a tool for further research into the movements of the labourers while under contract and at the conclusion of their contract and also on a family history level.
	www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au /indentured.htm (305 words)

	Gautam - INDIAN IMAGE IN SURINAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During the 19th century almost 1 million indentured Indian labourers were imported from India into the European colonies in the West Indies (Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe, ecetrac), East and South Africa, the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius and Reunion, Ceylon, Singapore, Malaysia, and Fiji in the Pacific.
		Munshi Rahman Khan's individual indentured experiences were more or less similar and had much in common with those thousands of other emigrants who in reality left India to improve their economic conditions and achieve an equal status within the highly socially stratified Indian society.
		Though slavery was eradicated, the indentured labourers who had a contract for a period of five years were treated in the old prevailing system of slavery.
	saxakali.com /indocarib/sojourner7a.htm (7408 words)

	proXsa: Immigration to South Africa from India
		Like all indentured labourers Ratunya carried the marks of her story on the cage of her body.
		Those indentured labourers who survived the journey were immediately confronted by the harshness of the labour system.
		'indentured' immigrants who were under contract; 'free' Indians who had completed their period of indentureship and who had decided to remain in Natal instead of returning to India, and 'passenger' Indians who came to South Africa of their own volition and expense.
	www.proxsa.org /immigration/migr_southaf.html (1500 words)

	Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians
		Various questions are discussed: the reasons for introducing indentured labourers into Fiji, the structure and operation of the recruitment system in India, the regional origins of the migrants, their social and economic background in India, and the migration of women and families.
		To this end it was important for both the Indian and the colonial governments to facilitate communication between the indentured labourers in the colonies and their kin in India, whether through exchange of letters or for transfer of money.
		Almost all the castes and sub-castes found in the United Provinces were represented in the indentured population migrating to Fiji, but those which furnished the largest number of indentured migrants were well represented in the UP in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Table 1 shows.
	www.fijianstudies.org /books/girmitiyas_originsoffijiindians.htm (1809 words)

	Coolie Summary
		Labourers were supposed to be recruited by voluntary negotiation, and this was probably usually the case, though kidnapping and trickery were frequent.
		Indentured labourers from Indochina were mainly recruited by the French and sent to their colonies.
		In the British Empire, a "coolie" was an indentured labourer with conditions often resembling slavery.
	www.bookrags.com /Coolie (1297 words)

	94. THE ROSE HALL DISTURBANCES IN 1913
		The other labourers protested sharply to the manager saying that they had all on their own stayed away from work and asked him to withdraw the summons against their seven colleagues.
		Smith refused, and a large group of the indentured labourers marched to New Amsterdam to complain to the Immigration Agent.
		On the day of the trial (during mid-February 1913) about 300 indentured labourers from Rose Hall gathered in the New Amsterdam court compound, and noisily protested the charges and threatening retaliation if their colleagues were convicted.
	www.guyana.org /features/guyanastory/chapter94.html (1011 words)

	The Indian Diaspora
		Beginning in the 1840's indentured labourers -- most Hindi-speakers from the north of the subcontinent -- were transplanted from India to the British Caribbean, promised fair wages and a return voyage to India in exchange for a predetermined number of years spent working in the colonies.
		On the French islands of Réunion and Mauritius off of Africa's east coast, south Indian indentured labourers made up the majority population by 1870, while more Indian indentured labourers were recruited for the bauxite mines of British Jamaica, the sugarcane fields of Natal, and the rubber plantations of French Guyana.
		The Indian migrant labourers living in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar revolted against the corrupt and unrepresentative Arab princely governments, and constituted the radical-democratic Islamic Republic of Arabia.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/indiasp.html (2652 words)

	BritsAway - The Number One Site For British Expariates
		The indentured labourers sent to the sugar plantations are regarded as the most important early immigrants of this type.
		However, the earliest indentured labour immigrations were fraught with obstacles and accusations of abuse.
		As the years progressed, Indian labourers moved to more countries so your ancestors could have been sent to Kenya and Uganda in the 1880s to assist with the construction of the Mombasa to Kampala railway.
	www.50connect.co.uk /britsaway/dailyFeature.asp?article=14052 (562 words)

	Span number 32 Mishra
		Thus began the saga of indenture, or girmit, as it came to be known by the indentured labourers themselves.
		Such was the impact of this language that indentured labourers to these plantations from other linguistic groups (Tamil, Telegu, Malayalam and Bengali for instance) quickly adopted this language.
		For the Girmitiyas (the indentured labourers) their life in Fiji was retrospectively seen as a deception played upon them by recruiting agents (arkatis) who convinced them of future possibilities filled with millenarian expectations.
	wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au /ReadingRoom/litserv/SPAN/32/Mishra.html (2829 words)

	Manmohan in Mauritius
		He visited the Aapravasi Ghat, where the first indentured labourers arrived in Mauritius from India.
		From 1834 to 1923, it is estimated that half a million Indians came to Mauritius as indentured labourers, or coolies.
		The PM walked up the First Steps that Indian indentured labourers used at the ghat for centuries.
	inhome.rediff.com /news/2005/apr/01sld02.htm (63 words)

	Indentured labour for Fiji's plantations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first group of labourers for Fiji plantations came from the neighbouring Pacific islands of New Hebrides, the Solomons and the Gilbert Islands in 1864.
		The need for dependable and sustained outside sources of labour supply was sharpened soon after Fiji became a British colony in 1874.
		Like their compatriots who were to make the same journey over the next 37 years, they came as indentured servants, subject to the authority of their masters in every respect, and they entered a world of unremitting toil and harsh discipline.
	www.undp.org.fj /elections/Fiji/hist_indenture.htm (536 words)

	Gautam - INDIAN IMAGE IN SURINAM
		During the 19th century almost 1 million indentured Indian labourers were imported from India into the European colonies in the West Indies (Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe, ecetrac), East and South Africa, the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius and Reunion, Ceylon, Singapore, Malaysia, and Fiji in the Pacific.
		Munshi Rahman Khan's individual indentured experiences were more or less similar and had much in common with those thousands of other emigrants who in reality left India to improve their economic conditions and achieve an equal status within the highly socially stratified Indian society.
		Though slavery was eradicated, the indentured labourers who had a contract for a period of five years were treated in the old prevailing system of slavery.
	www.saxakali.com /indocarib/sojourner7a.htm (7408 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : Film on indentured Indians strikes a chord
		The film starts with a cutback to the labour shortage in West Indian sugar plantations in the immediate aftermath of African slave emancipation in 1838 forcing the19th century European planters and British colonial government to engage in a large-scale labour trading.
		A new system of contractual slavery termed `Indentured Labour Contract' was soon developed by the colonial administration to bring migrant labourers from the Indian subcontinent.
		For eighty years, between 1838 and until the abolition of indentures in 1917, the plantation economies in countries ranging from Sri Lanka in South Asia to Surinam (formerly Dutch Guiana) in South America survived by the hard labour of these Indian labourers or `Coolies'.
	www.blonnet.com /2003/04/19/stories/2003041901031300.htm (687 words)

	south african indians
		At the end of the initial three year contract the indentured labourers were given a free passage back to India or given agricultural land equivalent to the value of a passage back to India.
		Indentured labour into the Colony was at first discouraged and later completely outlawed.
		From humble beginnings as indentured labourers the Indians have progressed to a point where despite their small numbers they are playing a leading role in the social, political and economic life of South Africa.
	www.ipoaa.com /south_african_indians.htm (6481 words)

	47. THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE
		In particular, the Maltese, who were indentured to Hibernia in Essequibo, suffered badly and their social conditions deteriorated so very rapidly that the Governor cancelled their indentures and arranged for them to be shipped back to Malta.
		In the period from the inception of Portuguese migration, 30,645 indentured labourers arrived mainly from Madeira, while smaller groups came from the Azores, Cape Verde and Brazil.
		As soon as their two- to four-year period of indenture ended, they moved off the plantations and on to their small plots of land as well as into the huckster and retail trade.
	www.guyana.org /features/guyanastory/chapter47.html (1131 words)

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