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Topic: Indentured servitude

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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Indentured Servitude in the Colonial U.S.
		Indentured Servitude in the Colonial U.S. Joshua Rosenbloom, University of Kansas
		Indentured servitude was introduced by the Virginia Company in 1619 and appears to have arisen from a combination of the terms of two other types of labor contract widely used in England at the time: service in husbandry and apprenticeship (Galenson 1981).
		Like slaves, indentured servants were unfree, and ownership of their labor could be freely transferred from one owner to another.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/Rosenbloom.Indenture (907 words)

	Indentured Servitude in Colonial America
		The earliest indentured servants were brought to Virginia as farm laborers.
		One indentured servant, Thomas Morally, was given three biscuits a day to eat and each mess of five men was given three pints of water per day.
		Servitude also could result from indebtedness, where a person, their spouse or parents owed money, and the person was sold into servitude to recover the debt.
	www.geocities.com /nai_cilh/servitude.html (788 words)

	Indentured servant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indentured servitude is not identical with involuntary servitude and slavery.
		Ideally, an indentured servant's lot in the establishment would be no harder than that of a contemporary apprentice, who was similarly bound by contract and owed hard, unpaid labour while "serving his time." At the end of the allotted time, an indentured servant was to be given a new suit of clothes and set loose.
		Indentured servitude was a method of increasing the number of residents/emigrants, especially in the British colonies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indentured_servitude (949 words)

	White Servitude
		Indentured servitude had its roots in the widespread poverty and human dislocation of seventeenth-century England.
		Still, hard as white servitude bore on servants, it was nevertheless not always a happy arrangement for owners, especially for those with little capital and little margin for error: shiftless and disagreeable servants, as well as successful runaways, were common enough to introduce a significant element of risk into this form of labor.
		In law an indenture was a contract in which the servant promised faithful service for a specified period of time in return for his housing and keep and, at the end of his term of work, that small sum of things, known as "freedom dues," which his master promised him upon their parting.
	www.mc.cc.md.us /Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html (7542 words)

	Indentured Servants and Transported Convicts
		During the time of his indenture, however, the servant was considered his master?s personal property and his contract could be inherited or sold.
		An unruly indentured servant was whipped or punished for improper behavior.
		Some of the male indentured servants were highly skilled laborers, holding such jobs as bricklayer, joiner, plasterer, cook, clerk, gardener, coachman, butcher, flsmith, and musician.
	www.stratfordhall.org /ed-servants.html?EDUCATION (508 words)

	Indentured Servitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A worker seeking a new start in America signed an indenture agreement,* which stipulated that he was borrowing money for his transportation and would repay the lender by performing labor for a set period.
		Skilled laborers were often indentured for four or five years, while unskilled workers often had to remain under the master’s control for seven or more years.
		The length of servitude could legally be lengthened in cases of bad behavior, especially for those workers who ran away or became pregnant.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1157.html (725 words)

	Indentured servitude
		1750:1754; German laborer, Gottlieb Mittelberger, described his years in indentured servitude in the New World, later translated as Gottlieb Mittelberger's Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and Return to Germany in the Year 1754.
		When the ships have landed at Philadelphia after their long voyage, no one is permitted to leave them except those who pay for their passage or can give good security; the others, who cannot pay, must remain on board the ships till they are purchased, and are released from the ships by their purchasers.
		If such a runaway has been away from his master one day, he must serve for it as a punishment a week, for a week a month, and for a month half a year.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/Mittelberger.Indentured.htm (454 words)

	Indentured Servants (lesson-plan)
		Students will write an opinion essay about whether European American indentured servitude was the same as or different from African American servitude.
		Some historians argue that the life for European American indentured servants in America was very similar to that of African American slaves.
		Based on the information given about indentured servants and prior knowledge of slavery, have students create a Venn diagram that visually shows the similarities and differences of the lives of indentured servants and slaves in early America.
	www.teachervision.fen.com /slavery/lesson-plan/3849.html (235 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Slavery is not over, redux
		WASHINGTON -- Recently I mused about people who demand reparations for slavery that ended 140 years ago while remaining silent about the fact that, according to many experts, involuntary servitude is more widespread worldwide today than ever before.
		Involuntary servitude is alive and well in the United States today.
		Here we are in the year 2001 working as glorified indentured servants for the government, which takes our money and, among many other bad, unconstitutional ideas, considers handing it out as reparations for slavery to people who have never experienced slavery.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=22271 (735 words)

	Indentured servitude - got it backwards! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This site explains what indentured servitude is and how it shaped the economy of early Virginia.
		It also explains the need for indentured servants and gives some insights into the hardships that indentured servants faced.
		This website also does an adequate job of explaining the function of indentured servitude in colonial America, but also within the wider context of the Protestant world view (which deeply influences modern American culture).
	northonline.sccd.ctc.edu /earlyus/_disc51/00000359.htm (94 words)

	The Bankruptcy Bill and Indentured Servitude, by Dan Gougherty - Democratic Underground
		For those of us who slept through high school civics or just don't flat remember, this is the amendment abolishing slavery and indentured servitude.
		While the bankruptcy law won't bring back slavery, it does appear to lay the groundwork for a new form of American indentured servitude.
		Even to this day, it is nearly impossible for someone less than 25 years of age to rent a car because of the insurance risk, yet they can get tens of thousands of dollars in credit to purchase the latest fashions from Old Navy.
	www.democraticunderground.com /articles/05/03/09_bankruptcy.html (666 words)

	A little piglet makes a big difference \| csmonitor.com
		Her father had planned to bond her again, but was allowed to stay home after the family received a pig to raise and sell.
		In Nepal, families promise not to let their daughters become indentured servants in exchange for a free pig.
		Until a few years ago, the square was filled with fathers negotiating with city labor contractors for their daughters to work as kamlaris for the coming year.
	www.csmonitor.com /2006/0308/p14s03-lifp.html (912 words)

	Forker Frizzel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		These tasks are based on the life of an actual Maryland farmer named Forker Frizzel.
		Frizzel left England and traveled to Maryland to work as an indentured servant.
		After serving his indenture he acquired a plot of farm land and grew tobacco, corn, and other crops.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Union/8376/forkerf.html (121 words)

	Africans in America \| Part 1 \| Narrative \| From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery
		However, the third, a fl man named John Punch, was sentenced to "serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life." He was made a slave.
		They were strangers and in many ways throughout the world, slavery has taken root, especially where people are considered outsiders and can be put in a permanent status of slavery.
		Also, the indentured servants, especially once freed, began to pose a threat to the property-owning elite.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part1/1narr3.html (942 words)

	BTC News » The Indentured Servitude Act of 2005
		The most common term of indentured servitude was five to seven years.
		Analysts say the bill will not only dramatically increase the cost of bankruptcy but will also increase the amount of time the bankruptcy will affect the debtor’s credit, making it much harder to get the fresh start bankruptcy is meant to afford those who seek its protection as a last resort.
		The spectacle of Democrats supporting a bill that legalizes what amounts to indentured servitude to credit card companies and health care providers is, in a word, sickening.
	www.btcnews.com /btcnews/897 (1076 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Documents: Misfortune of Indentured Servants
		From Revolution to Reconstruction: Documents: Misfortune of Indentured Servants
		FRtR > Documents > Misfortune of Indentured Servants
		Both in Rotterdam and in Amsterdam the people are packed densely, like herrings so to say, in the large sea-vessels.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/D/1601-1650/mittelberger/servan.htm (1274 words)

	American Idol - Winning Big or Indentured Servitude? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In the highly competitive world of the music industry, it is never wise to sail alone.
		Or are they pushed into contracts that basically equate to indentured servitude and a total loss of both their creative freedom and control of their music career in exchange for stardom?
		It’s has often been said that unless we learn from history, we are doomed to repeat it.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/4/prweb370064.htm (566 words)

	VOA News - Trokosi: NGO Attempts to Free Ghanaian Girls from Indentured Servitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		VOA News - Trokosi: NGO Attempts to Free Ghanaian Girls from Indentured Servitude
		In some parts of Ghana, Benin and Togo, young girls are held in bondage in shrines under a system called trokosi.
		Trokosi: Indentured Servitude of Women Lingers in Pockets of West Africa
	www.voanews.com /english/Africa/2006-10-10-voa14.cfm (746 words)

	NYOF \| Liberating Girls from Indentured Servitude
		Please contact us at info@nyof.org if you would like a short, professional video on NYOF's indentured girls program.
		This program also has been profiled on The Oprah Show.
		Alone and far from home, these "indentured daughters" have no knowledge of the ways of city people or of other cultures, and most speak only the local dialect.
	www.nyof.org /programs/indentured1.html (185 words)

	Portland Thai Restaurants discovers Indentured Servitude \| MetaFilter
		The visa is supposed to protect U.S. jobs while bringing in necessary foreign labour, the actions of the INS actually work against this philosophy though since it allows employers to essentially hire indentured servants.
		The intent is that the employer can't underpay foreign workers, thus reducing the prevailing wage for that skill because the worker can cross the street and get a new job.
		The majority of southeast Asian migrant workers who end up here are locked into a form of indentured servitude, and very little is done about it.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/23230 (1894 words)

	IWR Photo Bush Cartoon - New Era of Indentured Servitude
		The president (above) was sporting a pair of horns that he grew on his vacation for the Annual Satyr Rut, which will be held at the Crawford, Texas fairgrounds in October.
		But please don't fret just yet, because next year, I will be introducing a new bill to Congress that will lower the minimum wage to 75% of what it is in Sri Lanka!
		This is a New Era of Indentured Servitude!
	www.internetweekly.org /photo_cartoons/cartoon_bush_jobs.html (418 words)

	IWR Bush Cartoon - Frist Links Indentured Servitude To Wage Hike
		) - Senator Bill Frist today linked what he called "indentured servitude" to the minimum wage bill.
		And if a worker earns more in tips than the wage ceiling allows, the employee by law must split his take with the business owner.
		That's also what I like to call the new indentured servitude," said Frist with an expression of fake sincerity.
	www.internetweekly.org /2006/08/cartoon_frist_indentured_servitude.html (314 words)

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