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Topic: Independence Intifada

	Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer-Page 10
		Intifada activism was organized through popular committees under the umbrella of the United National Leadership of the Uprising.
		The intifada shifted the center of gravity of Palestinian political initiative from the PLO leadership in Tunis to the occupied territories.
		Although the intifada did not bring an end to the occupation, it made clear that the status quo was untenable.
	www.merip.org /palestine-israel_primer/intifada-87-pal-isr-primer.html (787 words)

	Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
		They were removed from solutions that would guarantee minimum national rights of the Palestinian people in an independent state established on all of the territories occupied in 1967 with Jerusalem as its capital and the right to self-determination and the return of refugees in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution (UNGA) 194.
		The Cairo Declaration was significant because it crowned the third round of the Palestinian dialogue and drew an outline for reconsidering the role of a unified PLO and its institutions.
		As Sharon is a leading figure in the mythological and ideological claim that all of historic Palestine is the land of Israel, and due to his continued use of the phrase "painful concessions" and belief that the land of Israel was torn from live Israeli flesh, he arrived at this conclusion very late.
	www.dflp-palestine.org /english/articles/return_to_unity.htm (1264 words)

	Palestinian National Council Declaration of Independence (November 14, 1988)
		It is a total popular revolution that embodies the consensus of an entire nation - women and men, old and young, in the camps, the villages and the cities - on the rejection of the occupation and on the determination to struggle until the occupation is defeated and terminated.
		The UN General Assembly's resolution of 3.11.1988, which was adopted in the session dedicated to the intifada, is another sign of the stand the peoples and states of the world in their majority are taking against the occupation and with the just struggle of the Palestinian people and their firm right to liberation and independence.
		The people that had been denied independence and whose homeland had become the victim of a new breed of occupation became the target of attempts to propagate the lie that "Palestine is a land without a people".
	www.fmep.org /documents/PalestinianNationalCouncilDeclarationOfIndependence.html (2828 words)

	The Branding of Lebanon's 'Revolution' (washingtonpost.com)
		The "intifada" brand emerged on Feb. 18 when Beirut's Daily Star reported that the opposition leaders, outraged by the Feb. 14 assassination of former prime minister Rafiq Hariri, were "calling for an 'intifada for independence'" as they stepped up attacks on the government.
		When the protests forced the resignation of the pro-Syrian prime minister on Monday, the Daily Star quoted opposition leaders saying "the resignation marked the 'first success of the peaceful intifada' it waged on the government." A correspondent for the Morocco Times uses the same phrase.
		Intifada is an Arabic word meaning "shaking off." It was coined by Palestinians during their spontaneous uprising against Israeli military occupation in 1987.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A1911-2005Mar2.html (854 words)

	The first Intifada 1987- 1993
		The first Intifada (1987 - 1993), was a spontaneous explosion of popular resistance to the Israeli occupation, a resistance which had begun some fifty years before.
		The force with which the Intifada began and continued for eight years stunned not only Israel, but indeed, all countries of the world.
		The primary aim of Oslo was to kill the Intifada and to ensure that Israel gained as many political benefits as possible, all the while transforming its identity into that of a peace-making country.
	www.jerusalemites.org /Intifada/first.htm (706 words)

	The Intifada For Independence, But…?
		The intifada resistance is a political struggle by the Palestinian people, who are resisting the policy of the Oslo agreement and step-by-step solutions which have brought nothing but humiliation to the Palestinian people due to the policies of the Palestinian Authority.
		The intifada has moved from an emotional movement to become a powerful political movement (intifada until liberation) to overcome the danger of the Oslo and Camp David accords which finally forced the Arab leaders in their last summit at Sharm el Sheik, Egypt, to publicly support the intifada financially and politically.
		We must continue to support and defend the intifada on the national level under an Arab umbrella, bring back the morality and integrity of our nation for all kinds of resistance and struggle and combat the claims that we are violent and terrorists.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv7n1/intifada.htm (964 words)

	Fatah Statement on 1st anniversary of the Heroic Intifada
		However, the Intifada which represents the live conscience of our nation was able to stand firm and move forward towards freedom and independence; the Intifada inflicted human, economic, political and security losses on the criminal Israeli occupation.
		The unity of the political, national and Islamic forces contributed greatly in the continuation of the Intifada and in its capacity to overcome the various interpretations and disputes at difficult and several phases and with the PNA.
		The Intifada was also able to shake the pillars of Zionist settlements and freeze it and transfer the life of settlers into a hard and unbearable situation in many of the settlements.
	www.jmcc.org /banner/banner1/bayan/fatahstate.htm (954 words)

	[No title]
		Though the celebrations are no less jubilant, reports Frances Z. Brown, the movement bears a different moniker: "The Independence Intifada." While the White House revels in the triumph of Western-inspired democracy, the masses in Beirut celebrate independence from any foreign influence.
		Meanwhile, the term "Independence Intifada" echoes among the opposition politicians, billboards, and citizens of Beirut.
		For Lebanon, the "independence" being invoked is an economic imperative as much as a political one.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /article.print?id=5712 (1580 words)

	UPMRC - Das Palestinensische Netzwerk Medizinischer Hilfsdienste
		The current Intifada is a direct response to people's frustrations after 34 years of Israeli military occupation of the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem.
		Israel's policies during the Intifada have led to devastation and disruption in all areas of Palestinian life.
		In the first days of the Intifada, UPMRC focused on ensuring that basic medical services would continue to be provided in the face of Israeli aggression and policies of collective punishment.
	www.upmrc.org /german/content/health/health_c.html (1865 words)

	Alternative-Online
		Consequently, economic, social, cultural and political factors worked in harmony leading to the birth of a popular Independence Intifada that we witnessed in the period between March 14 and the end of April.
		The independence path also requires the deepening of the social revolution in order to re-produce new concepts and social frameworks that should be able to cater to the ambition of the citizens and not the current sectarian clients.
		Finally, the success of this independence path depends on the citizens who think that their loyalty is with the state.
	www.alternative-online.org /200603Daou.htm (1303 words)

	Dar Al Hayat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Lebanese "Intifada for independence" has achieved its first victory with the resignation of the Damascus-controlled government and the mass mobilization of people in Beirut.
		The Indian independence movement not only shook the foundations of British rule, but established a stable democracy amidst a population composed of multiple religions and sects.
		The Lebanese "Intifada for independence" is gathering momentum through the broad consensus behind its basic demands: freedom from all foreign powers, and democracy.
	english.daralhayat.com /opinion/contributors/03-2005/Article-20050303-69e1c963-c0a8-10ed-0022-da1770a0ee39/story.html (1482 words)

	Facts about topic: (Israel) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		al-Aqsa Intifada (additional info and facts about al-Aqsa Intifada) אינתיפדת אל-אקצא The Israeli Defense Forces (The ground and air and naval forces of Israel) codenamed it "אירועי גיאות ושפל" ("Ebb and Tide events") but it is unofficially referred to as the Oslo War (additional info and facts about Oslo War) in some Israeli circles.
		The ministry of education manages the secular (largest) and religious streams of various faiths in parallel, with a limited degree independence and a common core curriculum.
		Israel possesses extensive facilities for oil refining (additional info and facts about oil refining), diamond polishing, and semiconductor (A substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities) fabrication.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/israel.htm (5089 words)

	Middle East Transparent – About March (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The process of the Intifada itself was not far from sectarian zeal which was beneficial on the eve of the historic independence but that soon turned (unsurprisingly) into a mixture of internal struggle and coexistence that had featured earlier on.
		It considered reform, however, to be the natural consequence of independence and the end of former sins of the Syrian epoch.
		Siniora should be also supported and encouraged to drive to reform the judiciary and securing its independence, his start with political and administrative reform that is inline with the principle of the separation of powers.
	www.metransparent.com /texts/ziad_majed_about_march_the_incomplete_intifada.htm (1300 words)

	CNN.com - Intifada 2 years on but few answers - Sep. 28, 2002
		When the Intifada erupted two years ago, some called it a Palestinian war of independence and others described it as a threat to Israel's survival.
		But the Palestinians are no closer to independence today than they were two years ago, and Israel's security is as elusive as ever.
		The Intifada started with stone throwing, but it was not long before the suicide bombings began.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/meast/09/28/palestinians.intifada.otsc/index.html (614 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Opinion \| Return to unity
		The Palestinian Intifada brought to light the flaws of the Oslo years as well as the machinations of the State of Israel.
		Yet despite all of the Intifada's accomplishments and the strength it brought to the Palestinian framework in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, unity in the face of settlement building and occupation has not yet been realised.
		Due to the lack of an authority that is independent and sovereign, and due to the occupying power's failure to recognise the right of return, no Palestinian Authority will be able to expand its power except through broadening its political and social base and adopting national interests.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/764/op121.htm (2909 words)

	Middle East Transparent - Hezbollah's Other War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The ideals of the Independence Intifada were largely the ideals of an urban middle class — politicians, professionals, journalists and students; mostly Christians and Sunnis but also some Druse — fed up with a vulgar, vampirical Syrian hegemony.
		Thus, in only a matter of weeks, the dizzying duplicity of Lebanese politics had swept all concord away, and the idealists of the Independence Intifada either found themselves standing against their former comrades or too disgusted to trust the political class.
		Given the present balance of forces, it is difficult to conceive of a resolution to the present fighting that would both satisfy the majority’s desire to disarm Hezbollah and satisfy Hezbollah’s resolve to defend Shiite gains and remain in the vanguard of the struggle against Israel.
	www.metransparent.com /texts/michael_young/michael_young_hezbollah_s_other_war.htm (4906 words)

	Mailgate: soc.misc: Al-Aqsa Intifada: Strategies of Asymmetric Confrontation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Al-Aqsa Intifada: Strategies of Asymmetric Confrontation Shaul Shay and Yoram Schweitzer [SOUTH ASIA TERRORISM PORTAL (www.satp.org)] Since September 29, 2000, Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) have been engaged in a violent confrontation, which is defined and portrayed differently by each of the parties.
		In spite of the differences in defining and understanding the situation, it is obvious that there has been a fundamental change in the Palestinian modus operandi, and that they have reverted to the use of and#8216;armed struggleand#8217; as a tool of policy.
		The original Intifada, which broke out in 1987, was directed, at least initially, by the and#8216;Palestinian street.and#8217; It was initiated from the bottom up.
	mailgate.dada.net /soc/soc.misc/msg00381.html (641 words)

	ei: Building Economic Independence in Palestine
		Your steadfastness is being registered in the annals of history with every meter of Wall being built and every olive tree ripped from it roots by this deplorable occupation.
		Yes, I speak of those third parties that are signatories to the Fourth Geneva Convention that, for the last year, and the majority through today, have opted to apply economic and political boycotts and sanctions against the occupied people, driving us to a nation of poverty, crime and lawlessness.
		A reality many try to brush aside or under the carpet while pretending to be building or contributing to a viable state.
	electronicintifada.net /v2/article6817.shtml (1692 words)

	CFR Publications: The Autumn of the Autocrats
		But now the Lebanese people, in an "independence intifada," are clamoring for a return to normalcy.
		Lahoud was even at odds with the mainstream members of his own Maronite community, who have traditionally been devoted to the ancestral independence of their country.
		The independence of Lebanon should not be feared; it is not stability that the Syrians provide.
	www.mafhoum.com /press8/237P5.htm (5602 words)

	Document: Palestine National Council: Political Communique, 15 Nov 1988 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the valiant land of Algeria, hosted by its people and its President Chedli Benjedid, the Palestine National Council held its nineteenth extraordinary session – the session of the intifada and independence, the session of the martyred hero Abu Jihad – in the period between 12 and 15 November 1988.
		The fruits that our people’s revolution and their blessed intifada have borne on the local, Arab, and international levels have established the soundness and realism of the Palestine Liberation Organisation’s national program, a program aimed at the termination of the occupation and the achievement of our people’s right to return, self-determination, and statehood.
		The Council notes with considerable concern the growth of the Israeli forces of fascism and extremism and the escalation of their open calls for the implementation of their policy of annihilation and individual and mass expulsion of our people from their homeland, and calls for intensified efforts in all arenas to confront this fascist peril.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/docs/pal/pal4.htm (1451 words)

	The Daily Bruin - Celebration amplified in recent years
		Megan Michaels, the 2000-2001 president of Bruins for Israel, said that after the second intifada, Israel Independence Day “took on a greater significance.” Before the second intifada, she said, it was “smaller...
		The resolution, sponsored by the Muslim Student Association, also requested that USAC “condemn political Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination.” During the meeting, 80 students, most of whom were Jewish, Muslim or Arab, crowded the room to watch a confrontation emblematic of the newly flared tensions on campus.
		Some believe the tensions of the second intifada have bled off, leaving the two sides tired and looking for peace, which this year’s theme for Israel Independence Week, “Show the Love,” is meant to reflect.
	www.dailybruin.ucla.edu /news/2004/apr/27/celebration-amplified-in-recen (1408 words)

	WSO\| Chronology of the Intifada in the occupied territories of Western Sahara
		Another demonstration, which was organised in the Maghreb Arab Street in commemoration of the historical Intifada of Zemla (in 1970), and to claim for the independence of Western Sahara, in El Aaiun, was violently repressed by Moroccan authorities causing many injured persons among whom a mentally handicapped young Saharawi, Haddad Saaid.
		Organising demonstrations to claim for their right to self-demonstration and to independence as well as to claim for the respect of human rights in Western Sahara, the demonstrators faced the GUS, the anti-riot police force, the gendarmerie and the auxiliary forces, which charged on crowd with teargas grenades, bludgeons and stones.
		"The Intifada of independence" in the occupied territories of
	www.wsahara.net /05/chronointifada05.html (5383 words)

	Edward Said \| Literary and Social Crtitic \| Orientalism \| Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising against Israeli Occupation (Chap.
		1 "Intifada and Independence" by Edward W. Said)
		...Intifada and Independence Edward W. Said I The Palestinian uprising...infifada on the West Bank and Gaza is said to have begun on December 9, 1987...within the Soviet...
	www.questia.com /Index.jsp?CRID=edward_said&OFFID=se1 (667 words)

	Arafat Letter Incites Israeli Arabs Against Israel
		The statement, which bears the emblem of the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the President's Bureau, was issued on September 30th 2001 to mark the Intifada's first anniversary.
		You are guarding this pledge [that depends] on your necks and the necks of your grandchildren, because you are the protectors and guardians [of the homeland], and live on it, and are its original and legal owners, and its inheritors until the day you will be resurrected.
		The ties of connection are interwoven between the residents of Jerusalem and the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the residents of the occupied cities of old.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Peace/inciteletter.html (894 words)

	Al-Aqsa Intifada Institute for Conflict Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Palestinians’ stated goals in initiating the al-Aqsa Intifada are the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, with Jerusalem as its capital, within the 1967 borders and the realization of the right of return for the Palestinian refugees.
		The al-Aqsa Intifada was intended to be a golden opportunity for the Islamic terror organizations, the Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, to justify their achievements in the struggle against Israel.
		The advantages of conducting the struggle in urban areas to create a national ethos of "independence gained by armed struggle" are exploited to the full, in spite of the human misery and the high economic price paid by the Palestinian population.
	www.chretiens-et-juifs.org /article.php?voir[]=991&voir[]=8605 (7521 words)

	New Left Review - Mustafa Barghouti: Palestinian Defiance
		Between the signing in 1993 and the outbreak of the second Intifada in 2000, they built 102 new settlements and redoubled the size of the existing ones.
		So it was necessary to foster a new movement, one which would continue the struggle for an independent Palestinian state, of course, but which would also have a social dimension, a clear programme of action on health, education, taxation.
		Hamas became radicalized by the brutality of the Occupation, by the violence used to repress the first Intifada, by the deteriorating economic conditions and the disappearance of hope.
	newleftreview.org /?page=article&view=2555 (5723 words)

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