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Topic: Independence class aircraft carrier

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	Aircraft carrier Summary
		Carriers steam at speed, for example up to 35 knots (65 km/h), into the wind during take-off in order to increase the apparent wind speed, thereby reducing the speed of the aircraft relative to the ship.
		By the late 1930s, aircraft carriers around the world typically carried three types of aircraft: torpedo bombers, also used for conventional bombings and reconnaissance; dive bombers, also used for reconnaissance (in the U.S. Navy, this type of aircraft were known as "scout bombers"); and fighters for fleet defence and bomber escort duties.
		Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies; a Nimitz class carrier powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines is 1092 ft (333 m) long and costs about $4.5 billion.
	www.bookrags.com /Aircraft_carrier (6174 words)

	The Carrier Myth
		Moreover, because the carriers were expected to face attack from waves of Soviet Backfire bombers and cruise missiles, the Navy embarked on a buildup of Ticonderoga-class Aegis air defense cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers to handle airborne threats.
		A carrier's ability to project sustained firepower depended on generating numerous sorties, and claims for high sortie rates are key to the carrier myth.
		Carrier strike aircraft may be free to operate from a deck in international waters, but they depend on land-based support to reach maximum combat effectiveness.
	www.afa.org /magazine/March1999/0399carrier.asp (3626 words)

	USS Independence (CV 62)
		USS INDEPENDENCE was last homeported in Yokosuka, Japan, and is now laid-up at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Bremerton, Wash. Because of the poor material condition at the time of her decommissioning, the Navy decided not to retain the INDEPENDENCE for future use as a museum.
		INDEPENDENCE sailed April 19, 1962 for Sixth Fleet duty in support of President John F. Kennedy's firm stand on Berlin during a reoccurrence of stress in a critical area.
		INDEPENDENCE, along with USS JOHN F. (CV 60), and seven other U.S. Navy ships, were put on standby in case U.S. military protection was needed for the evacuation of U.S. citizens and as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union's Mediterranean fleet.
	navysite.de /cvn/cv62.htm (2198 words)

	USS Cabot and USS Belleau Wood were the Carriers used by Air Group 31 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Their first carrier was the USS Cabot (CVL-28) which they boarded in November of 1943 and served on until October 4,1944.
		Independence class aircraft carriers were rather small when compared to the large Essex.
		To give you an idea of the size of an Independence Class aircraft carrier, here is a photo of CVL- 22 with some of her air wing on the 71 foot wide flight deck.
	www.vf31.com.cob-web.org:8888 /CVL/cvl.html (227 words)

	USN Ship Types--Independence class small aircraft carriers (CVL)
		Studies of cruiser-size aircraft carriers had shown their serious limitations, but the crisis following the December 1941 Pearl Harbor disaster demonstrated the urgent need to have more carriers as soon as possible.
		The Navy responded by greatly accelerating construction of the big Essex class carriers and, in January 1942, reordering a Cleveland class light cruiser as an aircraft carrier.
		Independence was expended as an atomic bomb target, and the rest were laid up in 1947.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/usnshtp/cv/cvl22cl.htm (1447 words)

	USS Independence CVA/CV-62 Communications Department
		USS Independence was commissioned as a "Forrestal Class" attack aircraft carrier (CVA 62) at the Brooklyn Naval Shipyard, New York, on January 10, 1959.
		Independence changed homeports again on September 11, 1991 - this time to Yokosuka, Japan, embarking Carrier Air Wing FIVE and assuming the role of the Navy's only permanently forward-deployed aircraft carrier and flagship for Commander, Carrier Group FIVE.
		In November 1995, the Independence and Carrier Air Wing FIVE team returned to Japan after successfully completing their third deployment to the Arabian Gulf in support In March 1996, Independence was called upon to provide a stabilizing presence during heightened tensions between Taiwan and China.
	www.ussindependence.us /index.html (917 words)

	CVL-22 Independence
		The Independence class light carriers was converted from Cleveland class light cruiser hulls, on an initiative originating with President Roosevelt.
		Their availability in the 1943 operations proved a considerable addition to the striking power of the fleet, and although the smaller flattops did not operate as well as the larger ships, the additional air groups they provided were valuable enough.
		It soon became evident that the small carrier could not adequately provide that service; night landings aboard the ship were extremely hazardous, and by March 1945, she had relinquished her role.
	www.microworks.net /pacific/ships/carriers/independence.htm (924 words)

	Aircraft Carrier Tactics of World War II
		Aircraft carriers were first developed in the 1920s.
		The first was that carrier based planes would scout for the main battleship fleet, soften up the enemy fleet, and spot for the big guns of the battleships.
		Because of this, carriers were dispersed in the theory that if the enemy could only find one carrier, they could only sink one carrier.
	johnsmilitaryhistory.com /carriertactics.html (2204 words)

	CVN-68 Nimitz-class - Navy Ships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Aircraft are used to conduct strikes, support land battles, protect the battle group or other friendly shipping, implement a sea or air blockade.
		The various functions of the flight deck crew are identified by the colors they wear: yellow for officers and aircraft directors; purple for fuel handlers; green for catapult and arresting gear crews; blue for tractor drivers; brown for chock and chain runners; and red for crash and salvage teams and the ordnance handlers.
		NIMITZ-class carriers boast all the amenities that would be found in any American city with a comparable population, including a post office with its own ZIP code, TV and radio stations, a newspaper, a fire department, a library, a hospital, a general store, two barbershops and much more.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/cvn-68.htm (2029 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Once launched, the aircraft could not land back on the deck and had to ditch in the sea if it was not within range of land.
		To an adversary, an aircraft carrier, its seven-story island protruding from the flight deck that sits 65 feet above the water, is an imposing offshore city that can appear overnight.
		After 42 years at the service of the Brazilian Navy, the aircraft carrier Vengeance—built by Winston Churchill while London was being bombed during World War II—is being readied to become a floating entertainment space in China.
	www.lycos.com /info/aircraft-carrier--ships.html (542 words)

	US Navy
		Identical in all respects to the preceding Tennessee class except for the substitution of eight 16 inch for twelve 14 inch.
		These were also the first ships with independent elevation for their rifles in the triple turrets.All previous classes had their main rifles in a single slide.
		The PT Boat was a small, wooden craft that carried enough firepower to sink a battleship, was faster than anything on the water, and could sneak right up to shore to perform reconnaissance or drop off troops.
	homepage.eircom.net /~war/usnavy.htm (975 words)

	United States Carrier Force
		Although aircraft carriers are a frequent target for critics who emphasise the threat of new weapons, it is striking that the most powerful navy in the world still places great trust in them.
		The aircraft carrier remains the central element in the US Navy force structure and occupies a similarly pivotal role in US national strategy: the most frequent response to a crisis is to send a carrier.
		The carrier remains the centrepiece of the battle group, its aircraft are crucial for establishing and exploiting control of the battlespace, at sea, over land or where they converge.
	www.global-defence.com /2001/SeaSpart1.html (1324 words)

	LEYTE - The Fast Carriers (David Llewellyn James)
		From the start of the Pacific War the US fleet contained what are referred to as "fast carrier task forces." But the formation known as "The Fast Carrier Task Force" only came into being in late 1943, after the arrival in the Pacific of the first ships of the new Essex and Independence classes.
		The nucleus of the Fast Carrier Force consisted of the large fleet carriers of the Essex Class, augmented by the two surviving pre-war carriers - Enterprise and Saratoga - and the light fleet carriers of the Independence Class.
		Of the nine heavy carriers eight were of the new Essex Class, the ninth being the old Enterprise (of the Yorktown Class), a ship with a matchless combat record.
	www.angelfire.com /fm/odyssey/LEYTE_Fast_Carriers_.htm (629 words)

	Dragon Models USA - 1/700 U.S.S. Independence Class Aircraft Carrier ~ Premium Edition
		This class of carrier was launched from 22 August 1942 onwards but now it has been commissioned yet again in this Premium Edition kit — a kit that offers ship modelers a first-rate replica of this important and illustrious type of WWII carrier.
		These aircraft carriers of the U.S. Navy offered distinguished combat service at a time when there was a shortage of larger carriers.
		Because they were not designed from the outset for this role, they were cramped and had limited maintenance and storage facilities for the maximum number of 45 aircraft that could be carried on board.
	www.dragonmodelsusa.com /dmlusa/prodd.asp?pid=DRA7054 (429 words)

	USS Cowpens (CG 63) Official Web Site
		A drugstore owner from Cowpens, South Carolina had written a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, suggesting that a carrier be named in honor of the of the famous nearby Revolutionary war battle.
		Carriers at the time were named after battles (as cruisers are now), and the ship was reclassified USS COWPENS (CVL 25).
		She was also the first light carrier to enter Tokyo Bay and from her decks the crew witnessed the signing of the Japanese surrender onboard the USS MISSOURI "The Mighty Mo", bringing an end to World War II.
	www.cowpens.navy.mil /history.htm (276 words)

	CV-48 Saipan
		The Saipan class was a parallel evolution of the Independence class light aircraft carrier (CVL) based on the Baltimore class heavy cruiser.
		They were laid down in July-August 1944 but, like the Independence class light cruisers based on the Cleveland class light cruiser, they were built to the carrier specification.
		Plans to convert this class to ASW carriers were diverted due to the availability of the larger Essex class carriers.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ship/cv-48.htm (311 words)

	USN Ships--USS Cabot (CVL-28)
		USS Cabot, a 11,000-ton Independence class small aircraft carrier, was built at Camden, New Jersey.
		She participated in all the Fleet's major carrier actions from then until the end of World War II, notably including the Marshalls Operation, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, raids on the Philippines and other Pacific islands, the Iwo Jima Operation, carrier strikes on Japan and the Okinawa Campaign.
		Decommissioned in January 1955, she was reclassified as an aircraft transport and redesignated AVT-3 in May 1959.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/cvl28.htm (637 words)

	USS Independence Class Light Car
		Completed in January-December 1943, simultaneously with the first eight Essex Class, the nine Independence class ships were vital components of the great offensive that tore through the central and western Pacific from November 1943 through August 1945.
		The nine ships of the Independence class were all converted from Cleveland class light cruisers building at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard, Camden, New Jersey.
		Initially classified as "aircraft carriers" (CV), all were re-designated "small aircraft carriers" (CVL) on 15 July 1943, while four ships were still under construction.
	www.totalnavy.com /700indepen.htm (877 words)

	LEYTE - 'Independence' Class light carriers
		The nine Independence Class light carriers were laid down as light cruisers of the Cleveland Class, but as an emergency wartime measure were completed as carriers.
		Nonetheless they made a vital contribution to the strength of the Fast Carrier Task Force at a time when the large carriers of the Essex Class were not yet available in sufficient numbers, and all nine ships ofthe Independence Class achieved a very distinguished combat record.
		Princeton, sunk at Leyte Gulf after a bomb hit on 24 October 1944, was the only wartime-built carrier of the Fast Carrier Force to sunk, and the only American fast carrier to be lost in action after October 1942, when the older Hornet (CV-8) was sunk in the Battle of Santa Cruz.
	www.angelfire.com /fm/odyssey/LEYTE_IndependenceClassCarriers.htm (251 words)

	Withdrawl of U.S.S. Cabot: National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL)
		In June of that year, in order to meet the Navy's pressing demand for carriers while the Essex class was under construction, President Roosevelt ordered the conversion of nine Cleveland-class light cruiser hulls to the Independence-class light aircraft carrier.
		She was also selected as the carrier to host war correspondent Ernie Pyle when he covered carrier operations late in the war.
		The carrier remained moored in New Orleans, deteriorating and accumulating large fees for dock space and environmental clean-up.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nhl/DOE_dedesignations/Cabot.htm (593 words)

	[No title]
		In the military actions of the second half of the 20th century, aircraft carriers performed essential roles, proving their versatility and becoming the prime forward presence of the United States.
		The ability of an aircraft carrier to remain on station in international waters for an extended period of time is a function of the Navy's logistic support forces.
		The Tomcat is assigned to Carrier Air Wing Seven which is embarked onboard the USS George Washington for a scheduled deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
	www.lycos.com /info/aircraft-carrier--aircraft-carriers.html (460 words)

	USS Princeton (CVL-23) - Wikimedia Commons
		USS Princeton (CVL-23) was an Independence-class light aircraft carrier lost in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
		Categories: Aircraft carriers of the United States
		This page was last modified 22:05, 24 June 2006.
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23) (51 words)

	Factsheets Database - CVN-68 Nimitz-class - Powered by ReviewPost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The carrier air wing can destroy enemy aircraft, ships, submarines, and land targets, or lay mines hundreds of miles from the ship.
		Her aircraft elevators will also have greater capacity then those currently in use aboard her sister ships.
		Aircraft carriers are generally estimated to have useful operating lives of 50 years.
	www.trackpads.com /factsheets/showproduct.php/product/61 (1907 words)

	USS Cowpens (CVL-25) Streamlined Bait
		Two large groups of approximately 60 - 70 enemy aircraft were spotted on radar about 70 miles away coming in from Formosa headed for the "bait".
		The Cowpens planes attacked the enemy planes to the south while the Cabots planes took the other group.
		Halsey's plan worked as it was drawn up, with a majority of the attacking enemy aircraft destroyed and the damaged cruisers safely escorted to the Carolines.
	www.geocities.com /cvl-25/bait.htm (189 words)

	CV-59 FORRESTAL class - Navy Ships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Forrestal was the first carrier designed specifically to operate jet aircraft, and included an angled deck which permitted simultaneous takeoffs and landings.
		The flight deck had a different layout than later aircraft carriers, with the island placed closer to the bow and a different starboard elevator configuration (one forward, two aft).
		USS Independence (CV 62) was commissioned as a "Forrestal Class" attack aircraft carrier (CVA 62) at the Brooklyn Naval Shipyard, New York, on January 10, 1959.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/cv-59.htm (784 words)

	Amazon.com: The Independence Light Aircraft Carriers: Books: Andrew Faltum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Navy Aircraft Carriers — The Navy is equipped with some of the most technologically advanced assets imaginable.
		The Independence Light Aircraft Carriers by naval aviation and aircraft carrier enthusiast Andrew Faltum is a detailed and comprehensive look at the Independence-class light carriers, built in World War II, which gave a significant contribution to victory in the Pacific.
		A welcome contribution to the growing library of naval history, The Independence Light Aircraft Carriers, rich with its close and accurate inspection of a singularly amazing vessel type, is especially recommended for students of the nautical history of World War II.
	www.amazon.com /Independence-Light-Aircraft-Carriers/dp/1877853623 (1097 words)

	World Aircraft Carriers List: US Light Fleet Carriers, WWII Era
		Laid down as light cruiser 2 June 1941, reordered as carrier, renamed and redesignated CV 23 16 Feb 1942, launched 18 Oct 1942, commissioned as carrier 25 Feb 1943.
		Laid down as light cruiser 29 Dec 1941, reordered as carrier, renamed and redesignated CV 26 31 March 1942, launched 28 Feb 1943, commissioned as carrier 17 June 1943.
		Laid down as light cruiser 16 March 1942, reordered as carrier, renamed and redesignated CV 28 2 June 1942, launched 4 April 1943, commissioned as carrier 24 July 1943.
	www.hazegray.org /navhist/carriers/us_light.htm (1760 words)

	NAVetsUSA Naval History - USS INDEPENDENCE (CV-62)
		The USS INDEPENDENCE(CV-62) was commissioned as a "Forrestal Class" attack aircraft carrier(CVA-62) at the Brooklyn Naval Shipyard, New York on January 10, 1959.
		INDEPENDENCE changed homeport again on September 11, l991-this time to Yokosuka Japan, embarking Carrier Air Wing FIVE and becoming the Navy's only forward deployed aircraft carrier and Flagship for Commander, Carrier Group Five.
		On January 21, 1998, the Secretary of Defense, William Cohen spoke to the crew of USS INDEPENDENCE (CV-62) aboard the flight deck officially announcing the Independence's deployment to the Arabian Gulf.
	home.earthlink.net /~navetsusa/history/indy.html (858 words)

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