Independence of Peru

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Topic: Independence of Peru

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	f. Peru and Upper Peru (Peru and Bolivia). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Anxious to preserve their autonomy from the hegemonic pretensions of Buenos Aires, Upper Peru patriots resorted to Sucre's protection to proclaim the INDEPENDENCE of the new republic of Bolívar (BOLIVIA).
		After struggles among the proponents of independence in Lima, a new government was established and invited Simón Bolívar to Peru.
		Bolívar and Sucre led their troops into the highlands, where they defeated the royalist army at Junín (Aug. 24) and at Ayacucho (Dec. 9), which secured the independence of the new republics of South America.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1649.html (459 words)

	Peru (disambiguation) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Peru is also the name of several places in the (North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776) United States of America:
		(A republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries) Peru (Spanish: "Perú" or "El Perú") is a country in (A continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama) South America.
		Peru (disambiguation) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pe/Peru_(disambiguation).htm (257 words)

	Encyclopedia: Upper Peru
		When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Bolivia, rich in silver deposits, was incorporated in the Viceroyalty of Peru, and later that of La Plata.
		Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simón Bolívar, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups.
		After briefly being part of a union with Peru, Bolivia became fully independent.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Upper-Peru (872 words)

	Peru - History of Peru, Incas, Spanish Conquer, Republic, Idependence
		Given the crisis within the Vice Regency, one social class, especially the criollos (the children of the Spanish, born in Peru), were the principal managers of the future Independence of Peru.
		The history of Peru goes back to some 20 000 years B.C. when the territory began to be populated with groups of hunters and gatherers.
		In this period, the Vice Regency dominated Peru and politically organized the management and the governance, always under the authority of the Spain.
	www.amautaspanish.com /amautaspanish/english/peru/history.asp (682 words)

	Peru: In Depth : History : Independent Peru Frommers.com
		Though Peru mounted its first civilian government, defeat by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-83) left Peru in a dire economic position.
		Peru launched war with Ecuador over a border dispute -- just one of several long-running border conflicts -- in 1941.
		Peru won its independence from Spain after crucial battles in late 1824.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/peru/0814037626.html (298 words)

	The Absense of National Unity: An Interview with Bassam Shaka : SF Bay Area Indymedia
		Shaka says that the Palestinian cause must be centred on national independence and freedom by binding the Palestinian struggle to its national and human elements.
		Referring to the upcoming elections, Shaka said, "The purpose of the elections is to commit to the Oslo agreements, while the Palestinian national agenda opposes Oslo." Shaka says that despite the success of Western governments to impose Oslo as a de facto policy, it did not get the necessary legitimacy.
		"Our people must defend its presence, freedom and independence and we must insist that there will be no negotiations until Israel recognizes our national rights".
	www.indybay.org /news/2005/08/1763249.php (1315 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Field Listing - Political parties and leaders
		National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Carlos PESQUERA]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Sila M. CALDERON]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
		National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties
		National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]
	www.faqs.org /docs/factbook/fields/2118.html (3394 words)

	Political parties and leaders. The World Factbook. 2003
		National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Carlos PESQUERA]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Sila M. CALDERON]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
		Democratic Party or PD [Traian BASESCU]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Theodor STOLOJAN]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Adrian NASTASE], formerly known as the Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR
		Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/54.html (3394 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background
		A three-year-old Marxist government was overthrown in 1973 by a dictatorial military regime led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely elected president was installed in 1990.
		Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975.
		A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (3394 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Political parties and leaders
		National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Carlos PESQUERA]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Sila M. CALDERON]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
		National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]
		National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties
	www.riddle.ru /mirrors/factbook2003/fields/2118.html (3394 words)

	Country Reports
		African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, chairman]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Dr. Oresimo SILVEIRA, president]
		National Democratic Party [William MIRANDA]; National Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Anibal ACEVIDA Vila]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]
		political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations
	www.classbrain.com /cb_cr/fields/political_parties_leaders.html (3394 words)

	International
		Green Party of the US Hawai`i, independence movement
		Parti Constitutionnel a non-profit political organization for the adoption in France of the American Constitution and way of life
		Cascadian National Party, independence for Washington and Oregon
	www.eritreaone.com /index/internationalparty.htm (3394 words)

	m4per.html
		The herous of the independence of Peru are José de San Martin from Argentina and Sîmon Bolîvar from Venezuela.
		Mina B. The current government structure of Peru is there is a president, two vice-presedents, a one house legislature called the congress, and a concil of ministers.
		San Martin invaded Peru in 1820 with an army of Argentines and Chileans.
	clague.aaps.k12.mi.us /web/lam/m4per.html (858 words)

	BBC NEWS World Americas Country profiles Timeline: Canada
		2003 April - Liberal Party beats the Parti Quebecois in provincial elections in Quebec, ending nine years of rule by the pro-independence party.
		Parti Quebecois (PQ) is formed to push for complete independence for Quebec.
		2004 June - Prime Minister Paul Martin is returned to power in general elections, but his Liberal party is stripped of its majority.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1203358.stm (858 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Peru
		The Holy Office was established in Peru in 1570, during the regime of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, the tribunal of the Inquisition sitting at Lima and extending its jurisdiction over the Captaincy-General of Chile, the Presidency of Quito, the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
		According to the "Annuario Ecclesiastico" of Rome (1909), the Catholic population of Peru is 3,133,830, distributed as follows among the various dioceses: Lima, 606,900; Arequipa, 270,460; Ayacucho, 200,610; Chachapoyas, or Maynas, 95,370; Cuzco, 480,680; Huánuco, 288,100; Huaraz, 350,000; Puno, 260,810; Trujillo, 580,900.
		The movement for emancipation in Peru began early in the nineteenth century, but the first attempts were repressed with considerable severity, and it was not until 28 July, 1821, that independence was declared.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11732b.htm (3197 words)

	Peru (03/06)
		Peru's independence movement was led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		Peru is the world’s second-largest producer of silver, sixth-largest producer of gold and copper, and a significant source of the world’s zinc and lead.
		Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's mestizo-Hispanic culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35762.htm (4364 words)

	History of Peru
		As a result, colonial Peru was a divided society, consisting of a small class that owned the land and controlled education, political, military, and religious power, and of a large, mostly indigenous class (about 90 percent of the total population) that remained landless, illiterate, and exploited.
		In 1873 Peru signed a secret defensive alliance with Bolivia, the purpose of which was to defend Bolivia's nitrate interests against Chile.
		Bolívar left Peru in 1826, and a series of military commanders who had served under him ruled over the nation.
	www.peru-explorer.com /history.htm (1643 words)

	peru map and map of peru and information page
		For almost three hundred years Peru functioned as a Spanish colony, but in the early 19th century native discontent and colonist revolts brought calls of independence, localized uprisings, and then, civil war in 1821, with the Spanish finally defeated in 1824.
		Climate Peru's Pacific coastal areas are mostly dry and mild; the Andes are temperate in the foothills with frigid conditions at higher elevations, and the eastern lowlands are tropical, warm (often hot) and humid.
		In 1980, Peru finally returned to democratic leadership, but even today, the new presidential administration is hampered by allegations of corruption and mismanagement.
	www.worldatlas.com /webimage/countrys/samerica/pe.htm (901 words)

	Amazonas Region - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cordillera del Condor, located in this region, was the scenery of the war between Peru and Ecuador in 1981.
		The area of the Amazonas Region was strongly linked to the independence thoughts and actions.
		The Amazonas region is made up by of rainforest and Sierra (highlands), although the rainforest area is larger and extends northwards up to the border with Ecuador in the top of the Cordillera del Cóndor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amazonas,_Peru (397 words)

	Peru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821 thanks to an alliance between the Argentine army of José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón Bolívar.
		The Republic of Peru, (Spanish: República del Perú), or Peru, is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
		Peru is rich in cultural anthropology, and is well-known as the cradle of the Inca empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peru (2071 words)

	Lima, Peru
		Lima's old "Cabildo" was refurbished after independence from Spain, and became the Municipalidad (seat of the city authorities), its biggest treasure being a library that has hardly changed since the building was founded.
		Lima, however, was to become and still is a huge cultural mosaic, a condition particularly reflected in the local cuisine, which offers an exquisite variety of tastes and dishes.
		The city of Lima could well be described as a progressive mixture of races, cultures, architectures and arts, all different from one another, which have fused over the course of time into a distinct cultural identity, one that still dominates the city today.
	worldfacts.us /Peru-Lima.htm (2071 words)

	History of Bolivia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Upper Peru was fundamentally loyal to Spain, the ideas of the Enlightenment and independence from Spain continued to be discussed by scattered groups of radicals.
		Upper Peru, at first a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, joined the new Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata (whose capital was Buenos Aires) when it was created in 1776.
		During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called "Upper Peru" or "Charcas" and was under the authority of the Viceroy of Lima.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Bolivia (5166 words)

	Callao Region -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Callao is a region located in the central coast of (A republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries) Peru.
		It includes the city of (additional info and facts about Callao) Callao, which is Peru's most important port, and the San Lorenzo, El Frontón, Cavinzas and Palomino islands.
		The Callao region is composed of only one (The proper sphere or extent of your activities) province, the Constitutional Province of Callao ((The Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain) Spanish: Provincia Constitucional del Callao).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/callao_region.htm (193 words)

	Lima Peru Travel Tours and Incentives. Hotel Guide. Lima Photos
		The centre or heart of modern Lima is situated in the Square of São Martin, in which a monument to the great patriot, Jose de San Martin, who proclaimed independence for Peru in 1821, can be found.
		Lima is the political, administrative and cultural centre of Peru.
		Lima was founded in 1535 by the Spanish colonialist Francisco Pizarro, and was also known as the City of the Kings due to the fact that it was founded on 6th January.
	www.masitravel.com /destinos/lima/lima_en.htm (193 words)

	Peru: History
		A boundary dispute with Colombia was settled in 1932 by the withdrawal of Peru from a large area in the Amazon plain.
		In 1879 Peru, together with Bolivia, fought a four-year war with Chile over posession of the nitrate-rich northern part of the Atacama desert.
		Peru declared its independence in 1821, following an uprising by local European (Creole) inhabitants against the Spanish colonial rule, which came to an end only in late 1824.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/perhis.htm (193 words)

	Bolivia - State, Church, and Society
		Although Upper Peru was fundamentally loyal to Spain, the ideas of the Enlightenment and independence from Spain continued to be discussed by scattered groups of radicals.
		Upper Peru, at first a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, joined the new Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata (whose capital was Buenos Aires) when it was created in 1776.
		This situation led to a competitive attitude and the reputation of Upper Peru for assertiveness, a condition reinforced by the economic importance of the region.
	countrystudies.us /bolivia/7.htm (1273 words)

	Search Results for "Peru"
		Peru and Upper Peru (Peru and Bolivia) 1809 The inhabitants of Chuquisaca and La Paz, declaring loyalty to Ferdinand VII, established juntas in their cities and...
		Background:Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadores...
		Peru Peru after independence was riven by conflict between rival military caudillos.
	bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Peru&... (266 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 148, BOLIVIA: Library of Economics and Liberty
		A quarrel with Peru, in which Peru seems to have been altogether in the wrong, came near compromising, in 1860, this favorable movement, but harmony was restored between the two republics, and they became more closely united, some years later, under the influence of common interests and common dangers.
		Bolivia was at first united to the republic of Peru, and Bolivar exercised over it an unlimited power, the rigor of which Colombia and Peru themselves had not felt to the same extent.
		—Peru secured the alliance of the three republics which had sent delegates to the congress of Lima.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy148.html (1725 words)

	A short history of Peru
		Peru's independence movement is by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela.
		As most South-American states Peru is a weak and unstable state, ruled by a succesion of military dictators for most of the 19th century.
		In 1836 Andrés de Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia, launched a project to confederate Peru and Bolivia under his "Protectorship." Both the South-Peruvian State and the North-Peruvian State are proclaimed, in each case de Santa Cruz is state's "Supreme Protector" with full powers.
	www.electionworld.org /history/peru.htm (837 words)

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Topic: Independence of Peru

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