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Topic: Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany

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	Communist Party of Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Communist Party of Germany (German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands – KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918 and 1933, and a minor party in West Germany in the postwar period.
		Germany was seen as being of central importance to the struggle for socialism, and the failure of the German revolution was a major setback.
		In East Germany, the KPD (led by Walter Ulbricht) absorbed some elements of the eastern SPD and was renamed the Socialist Unity Party (SED), which became the ruling party in East Germany until 1990.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany (1348 words)

	Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic.
		To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (SAG, "Social Democratic Working Group"); concerns from the SPD leadership and Friedrich Ebert that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on January 18, 1917.
		Ultimately, the proposition to join the Komintern was approved at a party convention in Halle in October 1920, but the USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany (361 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Communist Party of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Communist Party of Germany (in German, Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands – KPD) was formed in December of 1918 from the Spartacist League, which originated as a small factional grouping within the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and the International Communists of Germany (IKD).
		Following German reunification, the SED became the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which is still a force in German politics today, especially in the east.
		In West Germany, the KPD was banned in 1956 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Communist_Party_of_Germany (959 words)

	Germany - The Weimar Republic, 1918-33 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Weimar Republic, proclaimed on November 9, 1918, was born in the throes of military defeat and social revolution.
		The percentage of the vote gained by this coalition of parties in favor of the republic (76.2 percent, with 38 percent for the SPD alone) suggested broad popular support for the republic.
		The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, which had split from the SPD during the war, won 8 percent of the vote.
	countrystudies.us /germany/35.htm (367 words)

	Germany World War I
		Germany's war aims were annexationist in nature and foresaw an enlarged Germany, with Belgium and Poland as vassal states and with colonies in Africa.
		Frustrated in its quest for peace, in April 1917 a segment of the SPD broke with the party and formed the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany.
		The military allowed the birth of a democratic parliament because it did not want to be held responsible for the inevitable armistice that would end the war on terms highly unfavorable to Germany.
	www.country-studies.com /germany/world-war-i.html (848 words)

	Glossary of Organisations: In (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A reformist organisation founded by the leaders of the "new trade unions" in 1893 during the active strike movement and the mounting drive for independence of the British working class from the bourgeois parties.
		For a time the Spartacus group was associated with the party of "Independents" as an affiliated group, which preserved its organisational and political independence, and continued its illegal work and struggle to free the Social-Democratic workers from the influence of the Centrist leaders.
		At its congress in Halle in October 1920 a split occurred in the Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/orgs/i/n.htm (930 words)

	History of Germany, The Weimar Republic, 1918-33
		Unlike political parties in well-established democracies, the right-wing parties in the Reichstag could not be considered a loyal opposition because their ultimate aim was to abolish the new system of government.
		A prerequisite to Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926, the treaties formalized German acceptance of the demilitarization of the Rhineland and guaranteed the western frontier as defined by the Treaty of Versailles.
		The party's program was broad and general enough to appeal to many unemployed people, farmers, white-collar workers, members of the middle class who had been hurt by the Depression or had lost status since the end of World War I, and young people eager to dedicate themselves to nationalist ideals.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany/4.htm (6196 words)

	AllRefer.com - Germany - Problems of Parliamentary Politics - The Stresemann Era \| German Information Resource
		The right styled those who were party to the armistice and to the Treaty of Versailles as "November criminals" because of Germany's loss of territory and sovereignty and the burden of enormous war reparat ions.
		Because no party ever gained as much as 50 percent of the vote, unstable coalition governments became the rule in the 1920s, and by the end of the decade more than a dozen governments had been formed, none capable of unified action on major problems.
		A prerequisite to Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926, the treaties formalized German accepta nce of the demilitarization of the Rhineland and guaranteed the western frontier as defined by the Treaty of Versailles.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/germany/germany30.html (1813 words)

	Clara Zetkin (1857 - 1933) - German Socialist and Fighter for Women's Rights
		Until 1917 she was active in the Social Democratic Party of Germany, then she joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) and its far-left wing, the Spartacist League; this later became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), which she represented in the Reichstag during the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1933.
		In 1916 Zetkin was one of the co-founders of the Spartacist League and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) which had split off in 1917 from its mother party, the SPD, in protest at its pro-war attitude.
		In January 1919, after the German Revolution in November of the previous year, the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) was founded; Zetkin also joined this and represented the party from 1920 to 1933 in the Reichstag.
	www.germannotes.com /hist_clara_zetkin.shtml (671 words)

	Draft (Or Theses) Of The R.C.P.’s Reply To The Letter Of The Independent Social-Democratic Party of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		These parties’ repetition of the petty-bour-geois democrats’ phrases about the majority of the “people” (deceived by the bourgeoisie and crushed by capital) places them objectively on the side of the bourgeoisie against the proletariat.
		These sections do not follow the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois parties (including the “socialist” parties of the Second International) by the free expression of their will (as petty-bourgeois democrats assume) but because they are directly deceived by the bourgeoisie, because of pressure by capital and because of the self-deception of the petty-bourgeois leaders.
		It is the task of the revolutionary party of the proletar-iat to explain to the workers and peasants that they must have the courage to meet this crisis boldly and rind in revo-lutionary measures a source of strength with which to over-come the crisis.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1920/mar/x01.htm (1440 words)

	Weimar Germany and the Rise of the Nazis
		The armistice, signed on November 11 after the Social Democrats had proclaimed a republic and formed a government, was later repudiated by the military, which, together with the extreme right, created the myth of the "stab in the back" that blamed defeat in World War I on left-wing elements.
		But democratization of suffrage strengthened the Reichstag, and in theory both the military and the bureaucracy were subordinated to cabinet control.
		A prerequisite for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926, the treaties accepted the demilitarization of the Rhineland and guaranteed the western frontier as defined by the Treaty of Versailles.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Weimar.html (4769 words)

	Ebert, Friedrich(The Weimar Republic Was Not Libertarian) [Free Republic]
		With Ebert's active cooperation, a new government, headed by Prince Max of Baden and consisting of the three parties of the Black-Red-Gold coalition, was organized in October 1918 through a sweeping constitutional reform that in essential respects foreshadowed the Weimar Constitution.
		When, in January 1923, Germany was declared in default of coal deliveries under the reparations provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, France, wishing to settle the reparations question decisively, occupied the Ruhr territory.
		Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno, an independent, appointed on the eve of the Ruhr struggle as a man whom Ebert particularly trusted, was helpless in the face of the crisis.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3abfe1ff37d2.htm (1874 words)

	Germany - Social Democratic Party
		Founded in 1875, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands--SPD) is Germany's oldest political party and its largest in terms of membership.
		The party is split into two factions, one giving priority to economic and social justice, egalitarianism, and environmental protection, and the other most concerned with controlling inflation, encouraging fiscal responsibility, and playing a significant part in the European security system.
		The core of the Executive Committee is the nine-member Presidium, which represents the inner circle of party officials and is generally composed of the party leadership.
	countrystudies.us /germany/160.htm (1176 words)

	Who was Friedrich Ebert?
		He soon became a Social Democrat and trade unionist, representing the so-called revisionist – gradualist, liberal – "trade-union" wing of the party that was less involved in the ideological struggles of Marxism.
		In the midst of the war, the Catholic Centre Party, the Democratic Party (previously the Progressive Party), and the Social Democrats had formed the so-called Weimar coalition to push for a reform of the monarchy.
		The resulting loss of confidence in the ruling democratic parties was the death blow of the Weimar republic.
	www.fesnepal.org /about/friedrich.htm (815 words)

	Glossary
		The SA's own leadership and independence were finally liquidated by, Hitler and the SS on 30 June 1934, the 'Night of the Long Knives'.
		Sentenced to life imprisonment for organising fighting in Central Germany during March Action, he was released in 1928, went to Moscow and died in an accident in 1933.
		Her arrest was ordered by the Social Democratic government for her participation in the uprising, and she was brutally murdered by the SDP-instigated Freikorps at the same time as Liebknecht.
	www.marxist.com /germany/glossary.html (1896 words)

	Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the matter of Jewish religion versus secularism, the status quo achieved by David Ben-Gurion with the religious parties in the declaration of independence is still mostly held today.
		The prevalent balance between the largest parties means that the smaller parties can have disproportionately strong influence to their size, Due to their ability to act as tie breakers; they often use this status to block popular legislation or promote their own even contrary to the manifesto of the larger party in office.
		Parties of the Left dominated Israel's Elections until 1974, when Following the Yom Kippur War, the ruling Labour party began to lose popularity.
	israel.iqnaut.net (5016 words)

	East Germany - Problems of Parliamentary Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Weimar Republic represented a compromise: German conservatives and industrialists had transferred power to the Social Democrats to avert a possible Bolshevik-style takeover; the Social Democrats, in turn, had allied with demobilized officers of the Imperial Army to suppress the revolution.
		The January 1919 National Assembly elections produced the Weimar coalition, which included the SPD, the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei--DDP), and the Center Party.
		The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany split as most members joined the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands--KPD), formed in December 1918, and the remainder reunited with the SPD.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-5046.html (418 words)

	MARXISMALIVE 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Bolshevik party was born as a part of “an only one entity” with the II International.
		The democratic centralization of the International was a logical consequence of the development of the struggle against “nationalist” opportunists.
		The great historic lesson to be drawn from the construction of national parties can be summed up as follows; in the epoch of imperialism and within national boundaries, there is no way of facing up to the violent pressures of the bourgeoisie and imperialism.
	www.marxismalive.org /potyguar9ging.html (1233 words)

	German Social Democratic Party
		The German Social Democratic Party (SDP) was established in 1875 with the publication of its Gotha programme.
		After the anti-socialist law ceased to operate in 1890, the SDP grew rapidly and in 1912 the party won 110 seats in the Reichstag.
		The Nazi Party banned the SDP in June 1933 and most of its leaders were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERsdp.htm (1030 words)

	ANDRÉ BRIE \| MITGLIED DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS
		The fight against the war and for a more social policy was the smallest common denominator on which one might have built.
		Ultimately destructive were, in my opinion, the twenty-one conditions, tightened by Lenin, for acceptance into the Communist International, among them the factual abandonment of independence by the member parties and the commitment to the orders by the executive committee of the Komintern, which left no space for a pluralist and democratic left party development.
		In October 1920, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany split.
	www.andrebrie.de /english/disput-07-2005.htm (681 words)

	Friedrich Ebert (1871 — 1925) - German Politician, Chancellor and President, Leader of the Social-Democratic Party SPD ...
		He became involved in politics as a trade unionist and Social Democrat, and soon became a leader of the more moderate "revisionist" wing of the Social Democratic Party, becoming Secretary-General of the party in 1905, and party chairman in 1913.
		In August 1914, Ebert led the party to vote almost unanimously in favor of war appropriations, accepting that a war was a necessary patriotic, defensive measure.
		The party's stance, under the leadership of Ebert and other revisionists like Philipp Scheidemann, in favor of the war eventually led to a split, with the more left wing elements in the party leaving in early 1917 to form the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD).
	www.germannotes.com /hist_friedrich_ebert.shtml (743 words)

	Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism
		Proof of what was the true social, or rather, the true class character of the war is naturally to be found, not in the diplomatic history of the war, but in an analysis of the objective position of the ruling classes in all the belligerent countries.
		The building of railways seems to be a simple, natural, democratic, cultural and civilising enterprise; that is what it is in the opinion of bourgeois professors, who are paid to depict capitalist slavery in bright colours, and in the opinion of petty-bourgeois philistines.
		Imperialism is the eve of the social revolution of the proletariat.
	www.dsp.org.au /dsp/LeninImp/prefaces.htm (2229 words)

	math lessons - Communist Party of Germany
		In 1928, this leadership, headed by Ernst Thälmann, supported the so called Third Period conception that the Social Democrats were a greater enemy than the National Socialists or Nazis.
		In the Weimar republic era, the KPD pursued (on direction from Moscow) the disastrous policy of concentrating on the Social Democrats first, assuming that this would lead to a Nazi regime that would soon collapse and be replaced with socialism.
		In West Germany, the party was banned in 1956 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/KPD (912 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Kautsky, Karl Johann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A leading figure in the effort to spread Marxist doctrine in Germany, he was the principal deviser of the Erfurt Program, which set the German Social Democratic party on an orthodox Marxist path and established him as a dominant figure in the Second International.
		He was a consistent opponent of Eduard Bernstein and other socialists who advocated revision of Marxist doctrines.
		After initial hesitation he opposed the Social Democratic party's support of the German effort in World War I and helped form, with Hugo Haase, the Independent Social Democratic party.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Kautsky.asp (226 words)

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