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Topic: Independent Subway System

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	Independent Subway System - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Independent System was not called the IND until after Unification in 1940, when the name IND was assigned to match the three-letter initialisms of the IRT and BMT.
		The entire original IND system, as built, was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of a section of the IND Culver Line containing two stations spanning the Gowanus Canal in the Red Hook/South Brooklyn section of Brooklyn.
		The Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown Subway is the only major line in the IND system that is almost entirely a two-tracked subway and only the second such line in the entire system like this (The 14th St.-Eastern District (Canarsie) Local (L) is the only other line of this type.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Independent_Subway (2757 words)

	New York City Subway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The New York City Subway system, a large rapid transit system operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in New York City, is one of the most extensive public transportation systems in the world.
		Subway cars (R44s) operate on the Staten Island Railway, opened in 1860, but that is not usually considered part of the Subway.
		The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_York_Subway (4249 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Independent Subway System
		Effects of sarin on the nervous system in rescue team staff members and police officers 3 years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack.
		The Independent - London; 9/20/2001; John von Radowitz; 218 words; NEW YORK'S underground rail system is in danger of being flooded because...
		The Independent (London, England); 9/20/2001; Von Radowitz, John; 218 words; NEW YORK'S underground rail system is in danger of being flooded because...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Independent+Subway+System (1194 words)

	The Independent Subway
		The Independent, or IND, was the last of the three former competing subway systems.
		Built by the city to be "independent" of the interests of the IRT and BMT, it contributed six major lines to what is now the unified New York Subway.
		It covers the development of the Independent system from early planning and construction, its ambitious expansion plans, its role in the unification of the three competing systems, and recent developments in planning future subway lines.
	www.nycsubway.org /indsubway.html (300 words)

	A Brief History of New York Transportation (Gotham Gazette. June 9, 2003)
		The subway fare rises to 10 cents, the first fare hike since the system began operation 44 years earlier.
		Subway tokens debut on July 25 as the subway fare rises from 10 to 15 cents.
		New York City subways and buses stop accepting tokens, as MTA New York City Transit hikes fares on its buses and subways by 33 percent from a $1.50 to $2.00.
	www.gothamgazette.com /article/issueoftheweek/20030609/200/419 (1426 words)

	Hobart and William Smith Colleges :: News Releases
		Two of the city's subway lines - the A and the C - have been crippled and may not return to normal capacity for three to five years after a fire Sunday afternoon in a Lower Manhattan transit control room that was started by a homeless person trying to keep warm, officials said yesterday.
		The first segment of the Independent Subway System, of which the A and C are a part, opened in 1932.
		As a policy, the police do not eject them from the subway system during freezing weather, and the fire was an indication of the extensive use of subway tunnels as shelter.
	www.hws.edu /news/update/showwebclip.asp?webclipid=1964 (1221 words)

	2 Subway Lines (A and C) Crippled by Fire - Wired New York Forum
		The subway is also no place for the homeless, and it's a sign of the system's shaky state that hundreds of people have been allowed to live in its grapevine of tunnels and passageways.
		The limits of the system were brought into focus on Sunday afternoon when a Depression-era signal relay room, one of dozens distributed throughout the 722-mile subway network, was destroyed in an underground fire north of the station on Chambers Street that serves the A and C lines.
		Notices on subway platforms and advice from transit workers did little to temper the frustration of riders of the city's A and C lines, as those passengers got a taste of what their daily commute might be like for many months.
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?p=40911 (6503 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The dual contract subway system overcame the New York region’s waterway barriers and finally succeeded in unifying Greater New York.
		Low subway fares were important for many working class New Yorkers who now lived in outer boroughs and depended on mass transit for their daily commute to their jobs.
		He disregarded the fact that municipal operation could not make the subways solvent, as well as the fact that it was legally impossible under the recapture agreements of the dual contracts until 1925 for the IRT and until 1926 for the BRT lines.
	web.mit.edu /mkhusid/Public/Part4.doc (1694 words)

	New York City Subway - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		As a general rule, trains on the lines inherited from the IRT (the numbered lines) are shorter than the trains that operate on the other (IND/BMT) lines (those designated with letters).
		Although certain stations close overnight or on weekends, the New York City subway is the only rapid transit system in the world, with the exception of the PATH which connects New Jersey with Manhattan, and parts of the Chicago 'L', that operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
		New York City Subway, History, The subway system today, Lines and routes, Rolling stock, Trivia, In popular culture, Film, See also, External links and New York City Subway.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/New_York_Subway (4138 words)

	Abandoned Stations : IND Second System unfinished stations
		The newly constituted Board of Transportation of the City of New York planned a new system of subway routes in 1924, to be operated independently of the existing Dual System that was run by the IRT and BMT companies.
		It became known as the the Independent Subway on opening of the first portion in 1932, and later as the IND division.
		A Board of Transportation map from 1929 shows the never-built Second System routes in thick fl, the (eventually) constructed first IND system in alternating fl and white, and the older subway and elevated routes in thin lines.
	www.columbia.edu /~brennan/abandoned/indsecsys.html (1318 words)

	NYC Subway Turning 100 - Addict Baseball and Football Forum
		From the first subway trip in 1904, when a single fare cost a nickel, the trains have forced New Yorkers hip to hip and stitched together their neighborhoods, essentially creating the city north of midtown and linking it with far-flung areas of Brooklyn, the Bronx and Queens.
		For the 42 years since the first subway opened in 1904 the fare had remained a nickel, and the nickel fare was inadequate for maintaining trains, stations, equipment, and aging infrastructure.
		As the MTA rehabilitated subway stations to make them safer and more convenient, it began for the first time to focus on accommodating the needs of the disabled, making the subways more accessible to people with disabilities by introducing elevators, ramps, signage, and other features in conformity with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
	www.addictsports.com /baseball/showthread.php?t=44643 (3197 words)

	Hobart and William Smith Colleges :: News Releases
		In 1932, the city started its own subway network, the Independent Subway System, to compete with the two private companies, which were widely detested for their poor service.
		The subway's chronic financial problems have never been fixed, and its renewal is now imperiled by fiscal pressures facing a city government that has greater needs and yet commands fewer resources than before.
		So for now, it all boils down to this: the New York subway system will be forced to chug along, and straphangers will have to deal with it, just as they have for the last century.
	www.hws.edu /news/update/showwebclip.asp?webclipid=1975 (825 words)

	Subway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Subway (underpass), an underground walkway, usually a tunnel
		Subway (canyoneering), a canyon in Zion National Park
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subway (127 words)

	History
		At the beginning of the 20th Century, Manhattan had a large elevated system dating from 1870 run by the Manhattan Elevated RR Co, one branch of which reached into the Bronx.
		The City of New York became a subway operator in 1932 when the municipally built Independent System (IND) was opened.
		The BMT and IND systems were merged in 1967 with the opening of the Chrystie St connection in Manhattan.
	www.subwaywebnews.com /history.htm (1973 words)

	Lawrence Biemiller's Stories from 'The Chronicle': New York Subways
		Hood's tour of the subway is as much a scholar's review of New York's growth as it is a fan's catalogue of underground curiosities.
		Hood notes, the system's aging infrastructure is supported on half as many fares as were collected 50 years ago.
		He blames the drop in ridership for the rise in crime, too: When the system was crowded at all hours, it was harder for muggers to surprise victims alone in cars or corridors.
	www.iceandcoal.org /nfa/subway.html (1363 words)

	The American Experience/Technology/New York Underground/Beyond the IRT
		The Dual Contracts doubled the size of the current system, pushing Manhattan's population northward and fostering residential growth in Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Queens.
		In addition, the subway operators sought and received a guaranteed five cent fare for the length of their forty-nine-year lease on the system.
		On March 14, 1925, after years of public bellicosity and private maneuver, John Hylan broke ground for the Independent Subway System, or IND. Built to the track and car specifications of the BMT so the two systems could be linked, the IND was wholly financed, owned, and operated by the city.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/technology/nyunderground/beyondirt.html (1427 words)

	2Bangkok.com - The Bangkok Subway
		The Bangkok subway is similar to the one in Singapore with doors along the platform to save on air-conditioning, prevent accidents and suicides, and stop hazardous chemicals from easily circulating through the system in the event of a terrorist attack.
		The reason for the subway being out of order on Sunday, February 19: the debris from a leftover pen crushed by the subway wheels jamming the signal box and causing MRTA to temporarily stop the service at Chatuchak Station.
		Praphas Jongsa-nguan, governor of the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTA), who stressed that the incident was a minor one which had not compromised passenger safety, blamed the failure on a temporary glitch in the door sensor system, possibly caused by dirt...
	www.angkor.com /2bangkok/2bangkok/Subway (3120 words)

	H-Net Review: Zachary M. Schrag on Subway City: Riding the Trains, Reading New York
		The subway made New York what it is today, allowing skyscrapers to sprout in midtown Manhattan and residential neighborhoods to bloom in Harlem and Queens.
		Inventors and speculators hoping to build a new system had to put as much effort into publicity as into engineering, to reassure a public worried about pollution from steam engines, streets darkened by elevated tracks, and water mains disrupted by tunnel construction.
		In his final chapters, Brooks traces the subway's reputation as a dangerous place, from the 1940s, when real security systems seemed unnecessary, to 1984, when a white man named Bernard Goetz could gain sympathy from thousands of New Yorkers for shooting four fl teenagers whom he felt were threatening him.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=29041886100683 (1866 words)

	Franchise 500: Subway sandwiches #1
		With an astonishing 26,197 locations worldwide, it’s the 15th time that Subway has claimed the top spot in Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500® --and the franchise is as ambitious as ever.
		An all-kosher Subway, located within a Jewish community center in Cleveland, recently made headlines as a successful example of this strategy to expand into innovative locales.
		The Subway Franchisee Advertising Fund Trust and the North American Association of Subway Franchisees have brought lawsuits against Subway corporate, Doctor’s Associates Inc., alleging that DAI’s recent changes to its franchise agreement take control of franchisee advertising funds away from independent franchisee boards and give it to Subway corporate.
	www.entrepreneur.com /magazine/entrepreneur/2007/january/172060.html (713 words)

	Today in History: October 27
		The system opened to the general public at 7 P.M Before the evening was out, the Interborough Rapid Transit Company had tunneled some 150,000 passengers around the city.
		In the fall of 1894, New Yorkers voted overwhelmingly for municipal ownership of the subway system, clearing some of the legal and political hurdles.
		That film, Interior N.Y. Subway, 14th St. to 42nd St., and forty-four others are available in the collection The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/oct27.html (1055 words)

	SUBWAY LINE NAMES
		IND Subway Services from 1932 to the present as they changed with expantion and merger with the BMT.
		While the loss of life far overshadowed the subway service disruptions, here are the services the TA was able to operate during the disaster.
		Because our subway system runs 24 hours, seven days a week, planned service changes will be necessary to facilitate work to restore the signal system.
	thejoekorner.quuxuum.org /suball.htm (3577 words)

	MTA NYC Transit - Info
		Coin-operated subway turnstiles took nickels and then dimes when the fare became ten cents.
		Although a few air-conditioned buses were in service previously, air-conditioning becomes a regular NYC Transit bus feature with the arrival of 682 vehicles known as the 8000 series.
		The first "Subway Series" (World Series between two New York City baseball teams) since 1956 begins between the New York Yankees (Bronx) and the New York Mets (Queens).
	www.mta.nyc.ny.us /nyct/facts/ffhist.htm (2739 words)

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