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Topic: Indeterminate music

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	Essentials of Music - Glossary
		A musical instrument with a small keyboard and free-vibrating metal reeds that sound when air is generated by pleated bellows.
		World music classification for instruments that produce sound by using air as the primary vibrating means, such as flute, trumpet or whistle.
		Indeterminate music in which certain elements of performance (such as pitch, rhythm or form) are left to choice or chance.
	www.essentialsofmusic.com /glossary/a.html (594 words)

	THE BUSINESS OF MUSIC Reflections of a music Publisher by Ernst Roth Part 2.9: MusicWeb(UK) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Past music was never felt to be an adequate expression of the present; it was not worth preserving for the future, it was discarded and forgotten.
		At a time when music might have required a more dedicated effort from the amateur his ambition was blunted or paralysed by the fact of listening to music while leaving all the making of it to the professional performer.
		Music by composers who had been dead for fifty years or more ('non-copyright' music) took up 3,571 minutes or 60 % of the total, and of this 2,711 minutes were taken up by music written before 1867, or a hundred years or more ago.
	www.musicweb.uk.net /Roth/public.htm (3729 words)

	Essentials of Music - Glossary
		Indeterminate contemporary music in which some details of a composition are clearly indicated, but the overall structure is left to choice or chance.
		Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes.
		Music that is transmitted by example or imitation and performed from memory.
	www.essentialsofmusic.com /glossary/o.html (481 words)

	[No title]
		Of course, the history of music is, in a sense, the history of its construction.
		As music became still more complex after the Second World War - as the method of twelve-tone manipulation was also used to isolate rhythm, dynamics, etc. - sound began to emerge as a disproportionate element too immense to be ignored.
		Though indeterminate music was decried as antuntellectual and even irrational, the methods used to arrive at it began, after a time, to arouse a certain interest.
	www.muw.edu /honors/predeterminate.htm (959 words)

	Frog Peak Artist: Philip Corner
		Frog Peak Music is an artist-run composers' collective dedicated to publishing and producing experimental and unusual works by its member artists, and is committed to the idea of availability over promotion.
		Frog Peak Music is a not-for-profit organization in which member artists determine the form and content of their own work.
		Frog Peak Music is proud to distibute the scores, recordings, writings and art objects of the composer Philip Corner, one of the most important figures in American minimalist and experimental music.
	www.frogpeak.org /fpartists/fpcorner.html (1524 words)

	Biomusic—An Emerging Field of Scientific Research
		Mozart's "Musical Joke" was the subject of research by ornithologists Luis Baptista and Meredith West, who were able to demonstrate that the piece—composed as a requiem to Mozart's pet starling—features exact musical quotations from this bird.
		An example in electroacoustic music might be the indeterminate playback of one or more autonomous tapes, tracks, soundfiles or audio streams (thus the component materials are ’fixed’, but their ordering in time, counterpoint, or even spatial disposition may vary from listening to listening).
		Systems and musical strategies that involve humans interacting with computers, including the Internet, may often leave choices to the user/listener in terms of selection and ordering of musical materials, much as the reader of hypertext fiction will normally be free to navigate his/her own ’route’ through the text.
	cc.usu.edu /~aaronovici/utf/t4helpsheet.htm (2390 words)

	Mito Chamber Orchestra 61st/62nd Regular Concerts (English)
		In modern Europe, classical music was being termed as an "art based on tempo." In time, the organization of the tonality of the tempo-based music came to crumble, and I believe that this trend is intimately related to changes in the European social way of being.
		Music in the past involved reading the flow from left to right, or along a horizontal axis, but in the newer kind of music no such directionality exists, without a fixed beginning and end.
		One characteristic of Schoenberg's 12-tone music is the implementation of a tone series employing each of the 12 tones, to serve as the building blocks of his music.
	www.arttowermito.or.jp /music/ichiyanagi05.html (2466 words)

	Steve Reich
		The listener is invited, not to follow a complex musical "argument", but to concentrate upon a slowly changing sound and focus with microscopic awareness on different aspects of it.
		Xenakis had observed that in serial music there is a discrepancy between method and auditory result; for while the compositional method is highly mathematical, the outward impression is one of randomness.
		He felt that in any music which depends upon a regular pulse it is actually the tiny variations in that pulse created by human beings which gives vitality to the music.
	media.hyperreal.org /zines/est/articles/reich.html (3204 words)

	NewMusicBox
		The process character of music, its transitory nature, and its significance as a "time" art was emphasized, whereas "opus music" due to its object character became suspicious, conservative.
		Due to misconceptions in regard to improvisation and due to varying new artistic approaches, many composers came up with new terms such as indeterminacy, aleatory, open form, experimental, and meditative music and provided their own new definition of improvisation.
		The manifold new concepts of improvisation that were developed in the middle of the last century indeed puzzled a great many performers and listeners as well and stirred up the conservative music world.
	www.newmusicbox.org /page.nmbx?id=35tp00 (670 words)

	Providence Music Publishing Company
		Our foremost desire is for music to reach both listeners and performers on a spiritual and emotional level, and strongly believe that art, and artistic music— by definition— must speak to the heart as well as inspire the imagination in order for it to be of any communicative power or lasting value.
		Music which emphasized the means, methodology, and mathematical approaches to composing became vogue.
		Whether music for recital performance or for prayerful worship, whether for amateur church choir or professional concert soloist, we seek to make available to you the highest in quality music which will be both artistically pleasing as well as spiritually gratifying.
	www.providencemusicpublishing.com /about.html (766 words)

	Polish Music Journal 6.1.03 - Ryterband on Contemporary Music
		However, all the music of the past was once "contemporary" and it has to fight out a struggle for acceptance as long as it was evolving innovations.
		What was decisive in creative music in the past will be also in the future: the individual taste and honesty, the genius of the tonemaster, his innate intuition leading to artistic results often in controversy to the actual likes of the world which embraces him.
		By doing so we will "understand" modern music better, we will get accustomed to it—our children already are—we will possibly like it, and we will be at any rate more in the position to distinhuish good from bad and to discern and appreciate the beautiful.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/6.1.03/ryterbandcont.html (1384 words)

	Morton Feldman - Feldman Edition 4: The Straits of Magellan - Indeterminate Music
		The fourth is called "Indeterminate Music" and involves pieces such as the Projections series, where the score is laid out like a graph and the performers choose the specified number of pitches in high, middle or low registers.
		In fact, it is the nature of indeterminate scores (and those that allow improvisation) that the music will ultimately reflect not only the composer's original context, but also the personality, technique, experience, and conception of the players.
		Feldman understood that on the one hand, over-familiarity with new music would influence the performers to play things that sounded like what they already knew, or on the other hand, lack of experience would cause them to find awkward or uninteresting solutions to the choices they were confronted with.
	www.moderecords.com /catalog/103feldman.html (2819 words)

	The Songs of Harold Budd
		Harold Budd, a modern poet of the piano, has been playing music since his teens, yet it was not until his late 30s that he found his true voice as a composer.
		In the early 60s, under the spell of John Cage and Motron Feldman, he produced an indeterminate, improvisatory music, moving on, as the decade progressed, to a much more spare and minimalistic style: pieces consisted of quiet drones or simple instructions to the performers.
		While 1992's "Music for 3 Pianos" (with Ruben Garcia and Daniel Lentz) is again only instrumental, 1994's "She Is a Phantom" continues the music and poetry direction of "Dawn's" and marks a return to composing for ensemble.
	www.umusicpub.com /spotlight.aspx?id=560 (598 words)

	MICROCOSMS: Texturalism
		Texturalism is a term to define large musical gestures and textures which exist beyond simple melody and harmony, or stated differently, gesture and texture assume the status which more traditional music reserves for melody and rhythm.
		Texture is a vital aspect of all music, but in the second half of the 20th century, there has been unprecedented attention paid to it.
		Write an Indeterminate and Textural piece for a chorus of class members, one page or less, which is a complete musical thought.
	campus.udayton.edu /~music/faculty/magnuson/microcosms/texturalism.html (341 words)

	John Cage
		This will make available for musical purposes any and all sounds that can be heard." Cage spoke often at subsequent compositional discussions, centering on the differences and validity of noise and so-called musical sound.
		By understanding the necessary limits and traditions of European art music, Cage was able to expand his musical boundaries to include the audience, ambient sound and the dimension of chance into his music.
		Cage understood that music is a victim of a business oriented, commodity driven society in which something has value only in so far as we can trade it for some thing else.
	www.emayzine.com /infoage/lectures/music/john_cage.html (695 words)

	John Greschak - Composers on Mathematical Music: A Subtext Poem
		Electronic music in europe: permutations and logarithms, and homemade hieroglyphics...
		Mathematics in the context of music, and vice versa...
		The language of music; the language of science......
	www.greschak.com /poems/comm/index.htm (578 words)

	Steve Reich - Reinventing Classical Music, Classical Notes, Peter Gutmann
		While serial and indeterminate music may be governed by strict logic, it sounds like random noise, dissonant and arbitrary, inaccessible to all but a handful of theorists (or perhaps psychics).
		He wiped the slate clean to reduce and simplify music to its essence, a lifeblood regulated by the natural laws of pulse and tone.
		The accompaniment, too, harks back to the earliest human music; the work begins with a single voice, clapping and an ancient tuned drum, to which are eventually added two more sopranos, an alto, winds weaving among the voices, and strings providing ostinato harmonic underpinning.
	www.classicalnotes.net /columns/reich.html (3793 words)

	[No title]
		UF: Notation, equitone (Music) BT: Musical notation term: Frame notation (Music) scope: A set, controlling framework, such as a box or rectangle, encloses a group of pitches which are to be played with a free or flexible interpretation.
		Music for the gift term: Proportional notation (Music) scope: Instead of expressing duration with symbols, durational proportions are transmuted into the graphic equivalent of notes spaced out horizontally along the staff according to their durations.
		The Thames and Hudson encyclopaedia of 20th-century music.
	library.music.indiana.edu /tech_s/mla/wgt2cm.txt (3372 words)

	Glossary of Musical Terms and Explanation of Program Page Symbols and Abbreviations Aleatoric music Compositions ...
		Aleatoric music Compositions in which factors such as pitch, duration, rhythms, dynamics, order of events, etc., are not, or not completely, specified by the composer.
		Theme and variations Form in which a self-contained musical unit is presented and then followed by a series of modifications of the original material.
		Twelve-tone music 20th-century system of composition in which a certain order of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, and derivations of that order, are systematically followed throughout a work.
	www.huntel.net /nkramer/notes/musical_terms.htm (1952 words)

	(A) Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program.
		Bagpipes are aerophones frequently used in some traditional musics.
		French sacred polyphonic musical style from the period c.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/music/enj9_lessons/glossary/a.htm (427 words)

	University at Buffalo Libraries - Music - June in Buffalo 25th Anniversary Exhibit - Performers
		The role of the performer in the generative process of contemporary music is significant.
		Indeterminate music seeks this same state -- to combine composer and performer(s) into a single functioning entity, though they be separate people, and once again the listener is essential to complete the experience.
		The list of performers who have participated in programs of contemporary music in Buffalo is as full of notable names as that of the list of composers whose works have been performed.
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/units/music/exhibits/june/performers.html (1166 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		I refer to the acoustic experience of music, for it is of course possible to read a score, or watch a dance that follows a piece of program music.
		We have seen how music is indeterminate to composer, performer and to listener.
		For example, in Golliwogís Cakewalk, by Debussy (a piece that is not indeterminate to the composer) there is a slow B (-ish) section, which is interrupter by short staccato phrases.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/music414/questions.html (441 words)

	University at Buffalo Libraries - Music - June in Buffalo 25th Anniversary Exhibit - First Festival, 1975
		The first three concerts were devoted to the compositions of John Cage, the fifth concert was a program of music by Earle Brown, and the eighth and ninth concerts were devoted to the music of Christian Wolff.
		Art Lange emphasizes the role of the performer in performing indeterminate music in his comments about December 1952 in the program notes he wrote to accompany the Hat Hut Records CD recording, The New York School.
		Such scores carried musical implications, but did not pretend to represent musical expression in and of themselves.
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/units/music/exhibits/june/first.html (1355 words)

	Music Theory Definitions
		Referring to that period from approximately 1750-1800, characterized musically by objectivity of the composer, emotional restraint, and
		-- music in which the the compositional process is undetermined, but the end result constant.
		-- in music of the middle ages, musica ficta was the use of notes out side of the hexachord systems in use at the time.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /zentaoguy/page9.html (1080 words)

	Week 13
		A move toward greater organization in music through extension of serial principles is covered, as are movements away from organization, including aleatory or indeterminate music.
		The contemporary music movement in Canada is highlighted, as are this country’s league of Composers, National Youth Orchestra, and music information center.
		The effects of non-Western music on contemporary composers is surveyed with particular emphasis on the music of John Cage, George Crumb, Gyorgy Ligeti and Tan Dun.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /mush101/weeks/13/13.htm (720 words)

	press
		A piece of music that is indeterminate — to borrow a word from John Cage, one of Kirschner's role models — has no inherent end.
		My original vision for these indeterminate pieces was to have a function through which you could "request" an MP3 of any duration, a sort of "MP3 generator": you'd, say, ask the program for a 5-minute version, and it would compile a downloadable MP3 for you.
		I've wanted for several years now to be able to create a music that doesn't depend at all on repetition: everything happens once, only once, and yet the piece hangs together, there's a logic and a necessity to each moment, each event.
	www.12k.com /kirschnerdisquiet.html (5609 words)

	Lesson 72 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		John Cage, who conceived of aleatoric (chance) music after studying the Chinese I Ching (Book of Changes) and whose prepared piano works evoke the sounds of a Javanese gamelan orchestra.
		Examples of drumming from Uganda in East Africa and traditional Chinese music played on a bowed string instrument (erhu) illustrate some of the ideas and techniques that have been imported into Western art music.
		John Cage wrote indeterminate music and explored the sounds of the gamelan with a "prepared" piano.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/music/enj9_lessons/Part_8/lesson72.htm (716 words)

	Music Critics III:
		I'm a fan of indeterminate music, and the combination of sounds was probably a more interesting experience than rehearing the warhorse I was trying to listen to at the time, but even I have my limits!
		It's been said that "classical music" is more a way of listening to the music than the actual music itself and I think much needs to be done to get people to listen more attentively, no matter the context.
		Music; This is the Golden Age "Moaning about the state of classical music has itself become an industry.
	www.artsjournal.com /best-worst/2006/07/free_has_a_price_too.html (879 words)

	Bug Off! Aleatoric Music Contest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Aleatoric Music: Music in which either composition or method of performance is determined by elements of chance or unpredictability.
		Terms such as chance music, indeterminate music, or aleatoric music are applied to many works written after World War II, the pioneers being Cage, Lutoslawski, Stockhausen, and Xenakis, each of whom approached the technique in his own way.
		Only those who own the rights to the music may submit their music and in the interest of a clear playing field for all, we ask that the submitted piece must be originated with this contest in mind, (please do not submit any masterpieces that you have previously labored on for many months or years).
	www.synthtopia.com /news/05_01/Bug_Off_Aleatoric_Music_C.html (385 words)

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