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	METTLER TOLEDO - Sverige - Refractive index concentration tables
		With predefined formulas or concentration tables the refractometer converts the measured refractice index automatically into the desired concentration unit.
		The refractometers from Mettler Toledo have already built in formulas and concentration tables for the most common applications.
		The concentration tables are based on the "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" 70th Edition and can be downloaded as EXCEL files.
	se.mt.com /mt/filters/applications_analytical_refractometry/Refractometry_concentration_tables_browse_0x000248e100025ba40005d14e.jsp (197 words)

	Refractive index
		Refraction is due to a change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another.
		The ratio of sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is a constant.
		The incident and refracted rays are on opposite sides of the normal at the point of incidence.
	www.fisk.edu /~aburger/Published03_06/Introduction/Optical/Refractive_index/refractive_index.html (276 words)

	Refractive index - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum.
		Since the refractive index of a material varies with the frequency (and thus wavelength) of light, it is usual to specify the corresponding vacuum wavelength at which the refractive index is measured.
		The refractive index of certain media may be different depending on the polarization and direction of propagation of the light through the medium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractive_index (1330 words)

	Refractive index: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In optics, the sellmeier equation is an empirical relationship between refractive index n and wavelength λ for a particular transparent...
		The kerr effect or the quadratic electro-optic effect is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to the intensity of an external electric...
		Gradient index optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradual variation of the refractive index of a material....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/refractive_index.htm (3184 words)

	Reading on Refraction Part II
		For light, the index of refraction n equals the ratio of the velocities of light in vacuum (c) to that in the medium (v), that is n = c/v.
		Refractive indices are most easily determined from the measured values of the incident angle and the angle of refraction and their geometric relationship.
		The transmitted ray is refracted at an angle of 28° to the normal and exits the glass at an angle of 45° to the normal, an angle equal to that of the incident ray.
	acept.la.asu.edu /PiN/rdg/refraction/refraction2.shtml (755 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Light and Color - Refraction of Light
		Refraction (or bending of the light) occurs as light passes from a one medium to another when there is a difference in the index of refraction between the two materials, and is responsible for a variety of familiar phenomena such as the apparent distortion of objects partially submerged in water.
		Refractive index is defined as the relative speed at which light moves through a material with respect to its speed in a vacuum.
		Before adding the liquid of unknown refractive index to the cell, the microscope is focused on the mark at the bottom of the cell and a measurement of the mark's position on the reticle is noted.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/lightandcolor/refraction.html (2097 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Concepts and Formulas in Microscopy: Refractive Index
		Refractive Index (Index of Refraction) is a value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density.
		It is obvious from the equation that increasing the refractive index by replacing the imaging medium from air (refractive index = 1.333) with a low-dispersion oil (refractive index = 1.515) dramatically increases the numerical aperture.
		As the refractive index of a material increases, the greater the extent to which a light beam is deflected (or refracted) upon entering or leaving the material.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/formulas/formulasri.html (538 words)

	Bob's Rock Shop: Refractive Index and Critical Angle
		When the refracting interface is the surface of a lake, the observed object is a fish which unhooked itself before being pulled through the surface, and the observer is a fisherman, the result is a whopper.
		The index of refraction or refractive index (R.I.) of a particular substance is equal to c (the speed of light in empty space) divided by the speed of light in that particular substance.
		Light entering actual gemstones from the crown side is first refracted through a crown facet, and the angle at which a ray is directed towards a pavilion facet is dependent on the angle of the crown facet and the angle with which the ray enters it in addition to the refractive index of the material.
	www.rockhounds.com /rockshop/gem_designs/refractive_index (3551 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Light and Color - Refraction of Light: Interactive Java Tutorial
		The effects of refraction are responsible for a variety of familiar phenomena, such as the apparent bending of an object that is partially submerged in water and the mirages observed on a dry, sandy desert.
		The refractive index of the upper medium in the tutorial (air) is fixed at 1.0002, and the incident angle range is zero (normal to the interface) to 80 degrees for both white and monochromatic light.
		The refractive index of a transparent substance or material is defined as the relative speed at which light moves through the material with respect to its speed in a vacuum.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/refraction/refractionangles (1076 words)

	Refractometry: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		refracted) when it moves from air into a sample and is typically used to determine the index of refraction (aka refractive index or n) of a liquid sample.
		The italicized n denotes refractive index, the superscript indicates the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the subscript denotes the wavelength of light (in this case the D indicates the sodium D line at 589 nm).
		The refractive index is commonly determined as part of the characterization of liquid samples, in much the same way that melting points are routinely obtained to characterize solid compounds.
	www.ups.edu /faculty/hanson/labtechniques/refractometry/intro.htm (207 words)

	Refractive Index - R.I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The refractive index of a gemstone is an important characteristic which helps to determine the appearance of the gem.
		The absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of electromagnetic radiation in free space to the speed of that radiation in that medium.
		The relative refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in one medium to that in an adjacent medium.
	www.24carat.co.uk /refractiveindexri.html (233 words)

	refractive index Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb
		In general, the refractive index varies based on the frequency of the light as well, thus different colors of light travel at different speeds.
		The refractive index of a vacuum is 1.0, and air is a tiny fraction greater than 1.0.
		The higher the index, the slower the speed of light through the medium, because the speed through the material is the speed of light (c) over the refractive index (n), thus speed = c/n.
	www.techweb.com /encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=refractive+index (415 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Refractive index
		refractive index Measure of the bending or refraction of a beam of light on entering a denser medium (the ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence of the ray of light and the sine of the angle of refraction).
		A measure of the degree of refraction of light or other radiation at the interface of two media, equal to the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction, which in turn is equal to the ratio of the wave propagation speed in the first medium...
		High accuracy ultraviolet index of refraction measurements using a Fourier transform spectrometer.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Refractive+index (785 words)

	Refractive index contrast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refractive index contrast, in an optical fiber, is a measure of the relative difference in refractive index of the core and cladding.
		is the maximum refractive index in the core and n
		is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refractive_index_contrast (94 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Anatomy of the Microscope - Oil Immersion: Interactive Java Tutorial
		The refractive index of the imaging medium is critical in determining the working numerical aperture of a microscope objective.
		As the refractive index value of the imaging medium is increased by moving the slider to the right, successively more light rays are able to refract into the objective front lens until, at the highest n value, all 12 rays enter the objective.
		By using an immersion medium with a refractive index similar to that of the glass coverslip, image degradation due to thickness variations of the cover glass are practically eliminated whereby rays of wide obliquity no longer undergo refraction and are more readily grasped by the objective.
	www.microscopyu.com /tutorials/java/objectives/immersion (1067 words)

	Refractive Index-UCCS
		the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light in vacuum, (r) to the sine of the angle of refraction in the medium (m), which is equal to the ratio of the wave velocity of light in vacuum to the wave velocity in the medium.
		The refractive index is a physical property of the medium that depends on the wavelength of the light, and the temperature.
		The measurement of the refractive index is based on the determination of the critical angle of reflection.
	web.uccs.edu /bgaddis/chem337/expts/nD/nD.htm (690 words)

	Refractive corrections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The index of refraction of air is not precisely unity, but is slightly larger than unity.
		The refractive index of air, minus one, is proportional to the density of air.
		An array of refractive indices was then formed by using Equation B.1 on a uniformly spaced array of heights extending from sea-level up to a maximum altitude of 40 km.
	nis-www.lanl.gov /~stanleym/dissertation/node88.html (796 words)

	Refractive index
		Each value of refractive index corresponds to a "rainbow angle" derived from geometric optics: the computed values for the primary rainbow are shown in Fig 2, whilst those for the secondary rainbow are shown in Fig 3.
		The refractive index of any substance is best described as a complex number, such as 1.34 + i 0.00067.
		The following table shows numerical values for the refractive index of water as a function of wavelength in the visible part of the spectrum, together with the approximate colour (the colour has been calculated according to the method shown on the previous page).
	www.philiplaven.com /p20.html (755 words)

	Study of the Refractive index increment of polyelectrolytes and neutral polymers
		A sample of polymer molecules dissolved in solvent flows through the detection system, and the concentration of the sample is determined by measuring the change in the refractive index of the solvent caused by the presence of the sample.
		All index measurements were made with the temperature of the samples controlled at 25 °C. All measurements of refractive index were made using a Chromatix KMX-16 laser differential refractometer (LDC/Milton Roy, Riviera Beach, FL), which was a gift from DSM CoPolymer, Inc. (Brusly, LA).
		(1) is assumed, and the refractive index increment is obtained from the slope of a plot of index change as a function of concentration, we obtain a value of 0.149006±0.000545 cm
	www.selu.edu /Academics/ArtsSciences/connections/journal1/k-hery/Hery.html (1891 words)

	PIRA 6A40.00 REFRACTIVE INDEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Index of refraction is determined by measuring the distance between minima with a movable plane mirror in a container of liquid.
		A mixture of crushed glass and a liquid with the same index of refraction as glass is warmed in a container and exhibits colors.
		Analysis of the apparent inner diameter thick cylinder of a liquid of different index of refraction.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/6optics/6A40.html (765 words)

	Estimation of Refractive Index
		The index of refraction (n) and molar refraction (RD) are indications of the manner in which a molecule interacts with light.
		The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in the medium (v):
		The refractive index, n, is affected by changes in temperature, pressure, and wavelength of radiation.
	www.pirika.com /chem/TCPEE/RI/ourRI.htm (314 words)

	Sensitivity to Aerosol Refractive Index
		This is shown in Figure 5.12 as a function of refractive index from 1.36 to 1.50 at 750 nm.
		The glory peak decreases with decreasing refractive index through the range of refractive indices relevant to this study (van de Hulst, 1957).
		It would appear that refractive index is, in general, not a good candidate for retrieval as the uncertainty in the retrieved value will be roughly the same as the expected range possible for stratospheric sulphates.
	www.ess.uci.edu /~cmclinden/link/xx/node59.html (363 words)

	Refractive Index
		The refractive index of the glass very nearly matches that of the oil, so light passing through the oil is not disturbed by the glass.
		However, the refractive indices of the water and glass are not quite the same.
		Refraction is bending of light on traveling from one medium to another.
	www.coe.missouri.edu /~pgermann/DiscEvent/Light/Refractive_Index/refractive_index.html (292 words)

	Measuring Refractive Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is this light that shines at an angle to the surface ot the block of glass, and whose path is bent, allowing you to find the refractive index of the glass sample.
		It is the ratio of the sines of both these angles that is the refractive index of the block of glass.
		is the sine of the angle of refraction.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/CellBio/RefIndex/RI.Main.html (721 words)

	Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - refractive index
		The refractive index of a transparent optical medium is the factor by which the phase velocity is decreased relative to the velocity of light in vacuum, assuming linear propagation (i.e., with moderate optical intensities).
		Typical refractive index values for glasses and crystals in the visible spectral region are in the range from 1.4 to 2.8, and typically the refractive index increases for shorter wavelengths (→ normal dispersion).
		A precise knowledge of wavelength and temperature dependence of the refractive index is important for phase matching of nonlinear frequency conversion in nonlinear crystal materials.
	www.rp-photonics.com /refractive_index.html (460 words)

	Refractive index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		refractive index (or indices) may be determined using a variety of methods depending on the precision required.
		If a particle has the same refractive index as the media surrounding it then the edge of the particle will disappear.
		Consequently, one method employed is to systematically immerse particles in liquids of various refractive indices.
	www.sewanee.edu /chem/Chem&Art/MS/AO/ref1.htm (91 words)

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