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	An Indian Boarding School Photo Gallery
		The Tulalip Indian School opening on Jan. 23, 1905, and during the next two years it held enrollment of 200 students.
		Every student at the boarding school spent at least half of his or her day working in some part of the operation.
		Note: Administrators of the Indian Boarding Schools took some pride in creating "before" and "after" photographs that showed their power to suppress traditional Native American clothing and culture.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/a_f/erdrich/boarding/gallery.htm (719 words)

	American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Recent Studies from Native Perspectives \| Julie Davis \| OAH Magazine of ...
		Perhaps the most fundamental conclusion that emerges from boarding school histories is the profound complexity of their historical legacy for Indian people's lives.The diversity among boarding school students in terms of age, personality, family situation, and cultural background created a range of experiences, attitudes, and responses.
		Child's focus on Minnesota Ojibwe people's experiences in boarding schools reflects her own identity as a member of the Red Lake Band of Ojibwe, and her analysis of letters between students and parents incorporates the histories of several family and community members.
		In Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940, Child uses letters written by students and parents to explore the relationship between boarding schools and Ojibwe families in three off-reservation, federal institutions from 1900 to 1940: Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas; the Flandreau Indian School in South Dakota; and the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania.
	www.oah.org /pubs/magazine/deseg/davis.html (2134 words)

	Indian boarding school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Indian boarding school is one of many schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century to educate American Indian youths according to American standards.
		These schools which were primarily run by missionaries [1] proved traumatic to Indian children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity instead of their native religions and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Indian identity[2] and adopt European-American culture.
		There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools [3].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_Boarding_School (164 words)

	PlanetPapers - Indian Boarding School
		The boarding school may have been a real place she went to, or where mistreatment of her people was not uncommon, or it could simply be a tool she used to express racism towards them in general.
		Boarding schools were not an exception to this fact either.
		School authorities probably did take advantage of the fact that boarding schools are away from home and not under the watchful eye of any parent.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/2144.php (1612 words)

	American Indian Boarding Schools
		In order to undo the boarding school legacy, it is important for every teacher with American Indian students in the classroom to have an awareness of past events and their continuing impact.
		Indian boarding school students wore military uniforms and were forced to march.
		Boarding school students were expected to spy on one another and were pitted against each other by administrators and teachers.
	www.kporterfield.com /aicttw/articles/boardingschool.html (1776 words)

	ASU Libraries: Bibliography of Indian Boarding Schools
		Bibliography of Indian Boarding Schools: Approximately 1875 TO 1940
		The philosophy and intent of this and most subsequent schools was to assimilate Indian children by removing them from their native cultures, and teaching them the manners, dress, and job skills that were deemed important by the school founders and administrators.
		Indian autobiographies from many published sources give an overview of life at the boarding schools.
	www.asu.edu /lib/archives/boardingschools.htm (1311 words)

	::: American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection :::
		Federal Indian policy called for the removal of children from their families and in many cases enrollment in a government run boarding school.
		The boarding schools had what came to be called the "half and half" system where students spent half of the day in the classroom and half at a work assignment or "detail" on the school grounds.
		Most of the boarding schools were closed by this time, Tulalip in 1932 and Cushman in 1920, leaving Chemawa as the sole government boarding school remaining in the Pacific Northwest.
	content.lib.washington.edu /aipnw/marr.html (3576 words)

	boardingschools.html
		Thereafter, all Indian schooling efforts would be characterized by the desire to persuade Indian parents that their children needed to attend Euro-American schools where they could be Christianized and ìcivilizedî;.
		Upon graduation, Indian children in western non-reservation boarding schools were encouraged to either return home to the reservation where they were to lead their people into a more civilized life, or to find menial employment in white society.
		School was structured with academic subjects for half the day - usually reading, writing and arithmetic - and industrial trades the other half - flsmithing, carpentry, and tinsmithing for the boys, and cooking, sewing, laundry, and other domestic arts for the girls.
	www.humboldt.edu /~go1/kellogg/boardingschools.html (7242 words)

	Carlisle Indian School - wordsasweapons.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The goal of the Carlisle school and its founder, a U.S. Army officer named Richard Henry Pratt, was total assimilation of Native Americans into white culture, at the deliberate cost of their Indianness.
		Subscribing to the ideas of the "Indian reformers" of the time - many of whom were Quakers and Christian missionaries - Pratt believed the solution to the so-called "Indian problem" was not separation, which was the function of the reservations, but assimilation.
		Since the closing of the Carlisle Indian School, the descendants of its students and the descendants of the community into which they were to be assimilated have never come together to consciously honor he students' memory.
	www.wordsasweapons.com /indianschool.htm (3644 words)

	Archaeology of the Phoenix Indian School
		Our investigations at the off-reservation boarding school in Phoenix have yielded subtle archaeological evidence that--along with early records of the school (including its newspaper), biographical accounts of employees and students, and historical records of school life--documents the students' reactions to this attempt to suppress their tribal traditions and identities.
		Wearing school clothing and marching uniforms was mandatory, and we found evidence of the use of clothing to impose conformity and military discipline on the students in the form of brass buttons from uniforms and glass buttons from shirts, dresses, and undergarments.
		The introduction of school clothing to pupils on their arrival was traumatic, as their traditional clothing, seen as a shell of savagery by the school officials, was literally cast off.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/phoenix (3339 words)

	Indian School
		According to records, the school owned "8 horses, 1 mare, 1 pony, 44 cattle, 38 calves, 2 bulls and 6 good pigs." The cattle were branded with I.D.F.L. indicating ownership by the Department of Interior and Fort Lewis School.
		One of these schools was built in Ignacio, CO for the Ute tribe.
		The focus of the school would change to a high school that would emphasize agricultural and mechanical arts and be placed under the control of the State Board of Agriculture and the State Agriculture College.
	oldfort.fortlewis.edu /indian.htm (559 words)

	Cherokee Boarding School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		boarding schools were opened all across the nation in the attempt to "civilize" Native American children by forcing them to think and act like the dominant white culture while simultaneously erasing all ties to their traditional language and culture.
		This was done by removing the children from their homes and placing them in boarding schools, away from their family and often, their communities.
		The Cherokee Boarding School opened on the Qualla Boundary, commonly known as the Cherokee Reservation, in 1880 and remained in operation until 1954.
	aam.wcu.edu /beck (174 words)

	Euchee Mission, Creek Nation, Indian Territory
		Fifth and sixth graders attended Woodlawn School which was located on the two acres given to the City of Sapulpa by the Creek Nation.
		The Euchee school was located on a large plot of ground that extended from Mission and Lee streets south to Lincoln and East to what is now Watchhorn.
		When the Nuyaka Boarding School was closed the students of that school were transferred to Euchee Boarding School, which is still in use and retains its same name.
	www.rootsweb.com /~okcreek/schools/euchee.htm (834 words)

	flandreau indian boarding school (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Indian boarding schools have operated parallel to the mainstream education system The Bureau of Indian Affairs continues to run the historic boarding school in Flandreau.
		Indian boarding schools have operated parallel to the mainstream education system An off reservation Indian boarding school in South Dakota located between Sioux Falls and Brookings Flandreau is the oldest boarding school in continuous operation in the United States.
		An off-reservation Indian boarding school in South Dakota located between Sioux Falls and Brookings, Flandreau is the oldest boarding school in continuous operation in the United States.
	boarding-school.veryspecial.info /flandreau-indian-boarding-school (608 words)

	News > Indian boarding school looking into abuse charges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The St. Joseph Indian School in South Dakota is looking into claims of sexual abuse made by a former student.
		The school is asking alumni to find out if there are other claims and has set up a toll-free number for those who may have been affected.
		Indian boarding school abuse suit seeks $25B (4/14)
	www.indianz.com /News/archives/002556.asp (249 words)

	Teacher Lesson Plan - Indian Boarding Schools: Civilizing the Native Spirit
		I am a Indian girl, and my Dakota name is Winona, and my English name is Fannie Frazier I am 12 years old.
		There are twenty-four in the boarding school, their ages range from about six to eighteen years.
		Indian Education at Hampton and Carlisle.[Harper’s new monthly magazine.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/lessons/01/indian/journal2.html (1007 words)

	Tewecado Mission School
		María Dolores was gravely ill, and her mother knew the sisters at the Virgin of Guadalupe School for Girls would be her last - and best - hope for a chance at life.
		Unable to care for them, their parents turn to the small group of nuns who operate this school in Cerocahui, Mexico.
		For 60 years, the Servants of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Poor have labored tirelessly to protect, educate and change the lives of Mexico's neediest and most defenseless children.
	www.tewecado.org (249 words)

	ASU Libraries: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS,
		In this comprehensive history of American Indian education in the United States from colonial times to the present, historians and educators Jon Reyhner and Jeanne Eder explore the broad spectrum of Native experiences in missionary, government, and tribal boarding and day schools.
		Called Dine Bi'olta, The People's School, in recognition of its status as the first American Indian community-controlled school, Rough Rock was the first to teach in the Native language and to produce a body of quality children's literature by and about Navajo people.
		This book covers the educational experiences of four American Indian women who were educated in schools such as the Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools, off-reservation public schools, and Indian mission schools.
	www.asu.edu /lib/subject/BoardingSchool.htm (2033 words)

	State Archives Exhibit Recounts Indian Boarding School Experience
		Federal Indian policy makers in the late 1800s and early 1900s sought to use the schoolhouse -- specifically the boarding school -- as an instrument for acculturating Indian youth to "American" ways of thinking and living.
		Only by removing Indian children from their homes for extended periods of time, policy makers reasoned, could white "civilization" take root while childhood memories of "savagism" gradually faded to the point of extinction.
		The exhibit includes stories of Indian boarding school survivors told in the oral tradition of their ancestors and through historical photographs and student artwork dating from the late 1800s through the 1950s.
	www.sos.state.or.us /executive/pressrel/041200.html (377 words)

	Fort Spokane Indian Boarding School Web Tour Stop 4
		And this would not be a school that you could leave at the end of the day.
		This was a boarding school-the students would not only take classes there but they would live there as well in the old soldier barracks.
		Attendance at the Fort Spokane Indian Boarding School was mandatory.
	www.nps.gov /laro/ibstour/ibs4.html (149 words)

	The Pawnee Indian School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Pawnee Indian School in Pawnee, Oklahoma, was one of many federally funded boarding schools built around the turn of the century for the purpose of assimilating Indian youth into white American culture.
		Although the school closed over forty years ago, the sandstone buildings have survived to this day, and the campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
		Much has been written in recent years of the flawed and detrimental philosophy of the Indian schools, whose fundamental purpose was to take Indian children away from their parents in an attempt to separate them from their natural heritage.
	native.brokenclaw.net /articles/pawnee.html (942 words)

	Indianz.Com > News > Lawsuit filed over abuse at Indian boarding school (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The lawsuit names the school, the Congregation of Priests of the Sacred Heart and the Benedictine Sisters of Yankton as defendants.
		It was filed in county court by the same lawyer who filed the $25 billion Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding school suit that was dismissed by a federal judge who said the plaintiffs failed to go through the BIA before going to the courts.
		Indian man files lawsuit over boarding school abuse (01/26)
	www.indianz.com /News/2005/008284.asp (349 words)

	Heard Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Federally run Indian boarding schools became a key element of the widespread national effort to "Americanize" Native Americans beginning in the late 19th century.
		The number of Indian boarding schools established since 1879 is estimated to be in the hundreds.
		Each of the exhibition's 10 sections is constructed to emulate different boarding school experiences and environments, from the arrival to classrooms and dorm rooms.
	www.heard.org /show-exhibit.php?id=6 (588 words)

	Nicole Marie Butt, American Indian Education- boarding school resources
		Child uses interviews,letters from children, and archival sources to describe boarding school life from the perspective of former students and their families.
		Examines literacy practices at Genoa Industrial Indian School through the use of student essays, student letters, and literature for instruction.
		Children of Wind River: From the Shoshone and Arapahoe perspective, describes traditional child rearing practices and the impact of the boarding school experience.
	www.uwm.edu /People/nicbutt/boarding.html (473 words)

	Amazon.com: Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Books: Heard Museum,Margaret L. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The institutional life of boarding school is a common thread running through American Indian history-a history that will not be forgotten.
		Away From Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences is a magnificent collection of writings, poems, photographs, and paintings and illustrations that document American Indian boarding school experiences in the U. between 1879-2000.
		The shattering impact on family and ethnic identification of the boarding school student is not avoided.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0934351627?v=glance (871 words)

	Boarding School History Webquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		At some point, it became a policy to build boarding schools far away from the homes of the children who had to attend them.
		Some well-known boarding schools were Phoenix Indian School in Arizona, Ft. Lewis School in Colorado, Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, and Shawnee Mission School in Kansas.
		The act of taking children from their families and sending them off to boarding school would be called kidnapping in any other context than the government.
	www.kayenta.k12.az.us /KMS/webquest/boardingschool (781 words)

	Sherman Indain Museum
		Bureau policies, students did not return home for several years, many of whom died and were buried in the school cemetery.
		The Perris Indian School was established in 1892.
		This was the first off reservation Indian Boarding School in the state of California.
	www.shermanindianmuseum.org (276 words)

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