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Topic: Indian Independence Struggle

	critique, Gandhi, jayanti, india, indian national congress, leaders, biography, freedom movement, independence ...
		Yet, as India enters a new century, it is imperative that we examine the man and his role in the Indian independence struggle with greater objectivity.
		For Gandhi to demand of the poor, downtrodden, and bitterly exploited Indian masses to first demonstrate their unmistakable commitment to non-violence before their struggle could receive with Gandhi's approval (just a few years after he had unapologetically defended an imperial war) was simply unconscionable.
		Conquered Indians were repeatedly lectured on how they must be concerned with the highest morality when dealing with their British oppressors - even as the British conquerors were little restricted by any 'Dharmic' pressures, and enjoyed the ultimate authority to take away the life of Indians they chose to put on trial for 'sedition'.
	india_resource.tripod.com /gandhi.html (4058 words)

	Significance of African and Indian Joint Struggle
		The alliance of all racial groups in the struggle for the abolition of racism and the establishment of a non-racial democratic society was cemented by this Charter.
		The Indians were, however, in a peculiar position – on the one hand as a class between the Coloured people and the African majority and on the other as a totally insecure community since the regime did not even accept the permanence of the community until the 1960s.
		The Indian national movement demonstrated its solidarity with the nations of Asia and Africa because of its conviction that India’s own long struggle for independence was part of the wider struggle against imperialism and was not complete until colonialism and racism were abolished all over the world.
	www.anc.org.za /un/reddy/struggle3.html (10184 words)

	INDIA :: Indian History - Indian Independence Struggle - Fight against the British Rule
		Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army, drawn mostly from Muslim units from Bengal, mutinied at the Meerut cantonment near Delhi, starting a year-long insurrection against the British.
		The Indian Mutiny was even called the 'epic of the Race' by historian Sir Charles Crostwaithe and though in the modern context, this sounds ridiculous but it was nothing more than an illustration of Victorian British confidence and arrogance.
		Meerut witnessed the first serious outbreak of the Indian Mutiny when angry sepoys broke open the town jail and released their comrades, who had refused to bite the new cartridges.
	www.kuttyjapan.com /india/india-independence-struggle.asp (1506 words)

	Indian Politics and the Historical Legacy
		Indian National Congress founded in 1885 essentially as a reformist, rather than a revolutionary organization.
		The Indian National Congress was rewarded for its role in spearheading independence by a long, uninterrupted stretch in power, as the Congress Party.
		Legitimacy from the independence movement was transferred to his person and to his dynasty (Nehru-Indira Gandhi-Rajiv Gandhi-Sonia Gandhi).
	people.uncw.edu /tanp/IndiaPoliticsHistoricalLegacy.html (1045 words)

	Indian Freedom Struggle
		A century of accumulated grievances erupted in the Indian mutiny of sepoys in the British army, in 1857.
		During this struggle, he had developed the novel technique of non-violent agitation which he called 'satyagraha', loosely translated as moral domination.
		The progress and triumph of the Indian Freedom movement was one of the most significant historical processes of the twentieth century.
	www.indialife.com /History/freedomstruggle.htm (1064 words)

	Mahatma Gandhi :: Famous Indians
		The Indians who had been living in South Africa were without political rights, and were generally known by the derogatory name of 'coolies'.
		In South Africa he used satyagraha in the struggles of the Indians to claim their rights, and their resistance to oppressive legislation and executive measures, such as the imposition of a poll tax on them, or the declaration by the government that all non-Christian marriages were to be construed as invalid.
		When the moment of freedom came, on 15 August 1947, Gandhi was nowhere to be seen in the capital, though Nehru and the entire Constituent Assembly were to salute him as the architect of Indian independence, as the 'father of the nation'.
	www.ceeby.com /people/mahatmagandhi.cfm (2492 words)

	BBC NEWS \| South Asia \| Tamils dispute India mutiny date
		If you accept the version of most historians and the Indian government, it was in 1857, when Indian soldiers of the British army rebelled against their colonial masters in what was known as the "sepoy mutiny" or the "first war of independence".
		In fact so convinced is the Indian government of the date that it is now drawing up elaborate plans to commemorate the 150th anniversary in a grand manner next year.
		One of their greatest grievances is that south India's participation in the Indian independence struggle is neither recognised nor recorded - hence the debate over when the first "sepoy mutiny" took place.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/5168550.stm (629 words)

	DRUMS AND DUST: Pune India
		As evening arrived I struggled against the crowd to get back to my flat; I was planning to brave the last night of Ganapati, where the crowd was at its thickest and the music the hottest.
		Then a floppy, long-sleeved Indian kurta, with the cable going through the sleeve and connected to a small microphone wrapped in plastic and covered with two socks and mounted on the end of a 2-foot stick; the headphones went in my ears.
		Indian brass bands have had little exposure in the West; most play primarily for weddings and festivities, and their members have other jobs as primary income sources.
	www.rootsworld.com /rw/feature/pune.html (1296 words)

	Bangla3b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The goal of this new party was Swaraj or independence and the distant goal of the moderate congress was self rule under the colonial control of England through slow steps of reforms.
		Bose wanted independence or self government in return for aiding the British in the World War II but Gandhi who was a lover of the British empire wanted to give unconditional support.
		The Indian history is misrepresented to make Gandhi and the Congress the hero of India and to downplay the history of those that opposed Gandhi and actually did the real work.
	www.geocities.com /raqta24/bangla5a.htm (11317 words)

	Indian Independence -- Itihaas © Anant Kartik Mithal, 1992-2000
		Indian Independence -- Itihaas © Anant Kartik Mithal, 1992-2000
		Akhilesh experienced the freedom struggle first hand, and it had a great deal of influence on his writing.
		These articles area about the Indian struggle for Independence from British Rule.
	members.tripod.com /anantmithal/Itihaas/themes/IndianIndependence.html (39 words)

	Maha Bharatha & Tamil Eelam - Sachi Sri Kantha
		China's liberation struggle (for the same end, but with different means) under the leadership of Mao Tse Tung took almost the same length of time.
		The Indian statesman replied as follows: "His (Gandhi's) analysis of the situation in India was essentially that we were suffering terribly from fear, so he just went about telling us; 'Don't be afraid.
		In essence according to Nehru, Gandhi's prime motivational contribution to the Indian freedom struggle was dispelling the sense of fear among the Indian people.
	www.tamilnation.org /forum/sachisrikantha/drona.htm (957 words)

	ReadingGroupGuides.com - The House of Blue Mangoes by David Davidar
		I chose the first half of the twentieth century to frame the novel because it is perhaps the most tumultuous in modern Indian history--two world wars, the end of the Raj, caste conflict, the Indian independence struggle, the largest mass movement in history, and so on.
		Yes, there is still prejudice against darker-skinned Indians, especially women, not so much in daily life but when it comes to marriage, jobs in TV and the movies and so on.
		The way I see it, Christianity and Indian tradition (which is not the same thing as Hindu tradition given that India is the confluence of several major religions) are absolutely intertwined, depending on which region in the country one is surveying.
	www.readinggroupguides.com /guides3/house_of_blue_mangoes2.asp (869 words)

	Pre-Independence : Sikhs Contribution to Freedom & Promises Made
		Out of 2646 Indians deported for life to the Andaman Islands (where the British exiled political and hardened criminals) 2147 (80%) were Sikhs.
		In the Indian Liberation Army, out of the 20,000 ranks and officers, 12,000 (60%) were Sikhs.
		The Sikhs, who had thrown themselves, heart and soul, into the Indian independence struggle, were the third party with whom the British negotiated for the transfer of power.
	www.neverforget84.com /history.php?id=sacrifices (433 words)

	At the time of independence, India was just recovering from the effects of second world war and the post-war ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		At the time of independence, India was just recovering from the effects of second world war and the post-war reconstruction schemes had to be completed without delay.
		The mere fact that India has not like so many other Third World countries, succumbed to dictatorships, military rule or wholesale foreign invasion is a testament to the basic strength of the country's government and institutions.
		Today, the Indian economy is a dynamic one and a vibrant one.
	library.thinkquest.org /22678 (268 words)

	Indian Independence movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the revolt was crushed, the British partitioned the region into British India and the Princely States, They tried to develop a class of educated elites, whose political organizing sought Indian political rights and representation.
		On 3 June 1947, Viscount Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into a secular India and a Muslim Pakistan.
		According to the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, during whose regime India became free, it was the INA and the RIN Mutiny of February 18–23 1946 that made the British realise that their time was up in India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_independence_movement (8232 words)

	EYE-WITNESS TO SIKH HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Sikhs in Punjab are in the throes of a struggle to regain control of their places of worship.
		While only 2 percent of the Indian population, it was contributing to more than 80 percent of the arrests and sacrifices made to the Independence Movement.
		He, however, borrows this event to convey the power of personal sacrifice and to portray a seminal turning-point, not in the Sikh struggle to free the gurdwaras - as it actually was - but as part of the culminating days of Indian Independence Struggle itself - which it never was.
	www.sikhpoint.com /community/sher/EyeWitnessToSikhHistory.php (5821 words)

	IHRO: Punjab Day: A Day of Deceit & betrayal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		After a struggle for sovereignty throughout the eighteenth century, the Sikhs established their sovereign state in 1799.
		They made disproportionate sacrifice in men and materials in the cause of Indian independence.
		The general feeling was that the Hindu-Sikh partnership had failed abysmally and had been dissolved in favour of the Hindu.
	www.mahapunjab.org /ensaaf/PRF/ihro04.html (1145 words)

	Vikasini: educating girls of urban Indian slum \| GlobalGiving (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She is the author of Herstory, a book on the role of women in the Indian Independence struggle in the states of Orissa and Bihar.
		Uma also has a background in herbal and traditional practices and is the co-author of a book on the topic.
		She also co-authored a book on the role of women in the Telengana Peasant Struggle.
	www.globalgiving.com /pr/100/proj88c.html (358 words)

	Hindu Pilgrimage tour :: Allahabad
		One of the most sacred pilgrimage centres, it is visited by millions of pilgrims who come here to wash away their sins and attain enlightenment.
		One of the oldest cities, Allahabad came to the forefront during India’s independence struggle.
		Over the centuries that followed, Allahabad remained on the forefront of national importance - more so during the days of the Indian independence struggle.
	us.makemytrip.com /indiabest/allahabad.htm (1107 words)

	lazygeek.net: The Rising of Marudhanayagam :
		Also called as the Sepoy Mutiny, the first war of indian independence started because of a rumor that new rifle cartridges that british introduced had lubricant oil made from the fat of animals.
		The fat of sacred cows was against religious beliefs of Hindus and for muslims it was the pig fat.
		Especially Indian Independence struggle was my second favorite history topic after the renaissance.
	www.lazygeek.net /archives/2003/11/the_rising_of_marudhanayagam.html (2037 words)

	SikhSpectrum.com Monthly Hidden Agenda
		Their pasts intersect under the Mughal rule, the British rule and the struggle for independence that culminated into the fires of partition with over a million losing their lives.
		The movie based within the context of Kashmir conflict portrays a lone Sikh soldier, with a fake beard, among a group of Indian soldiers standing at the edge of a platform sitting on top of planted explosives.
		At last he wets his pants and is assisted by the brave Indian hero to jump off the platform.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /012003/bollywood_sikhs_v.htm (1925 words)

	Vikasini: educating girls of urban Indian slum \| GlobalGiving
		In the Addagutta slum where residents live below the poverty line without drinking water or streetlights; mothers work on construction jobs or as domestic help; and only 34% of girls attend school, the desire to improve circumstances is intense.
		Nirnaya, which means "decision," increases the decision-making capabilities of Indian women through economic independence; political empowerment; cultural equality; knowledge of, and control over, their bodies; and the development of technical and managerial skills.
		She also prepares budgets and project proposals for Nirnaya, and provides similar assistance to grantees.
	www.globalgiving.com /pr/100/proj88p.html (440 words)

	SAPRA INDIA: Regional Issues: Pakistan''s Internal Conflict: Cause for Bad Relations with India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It follows in accordance with the classical theory and practice of nation states that there should be a state to accommodate the Muslim nation.
		The British Labour Government, acting under a sincere but hasty desire to concede independence, found it expedient to reluctantly and eventually go along with the practical implemation of this two nation theory.
		Pakistan started as a theory, which had to be proven.
	www.subcontinent.com /sapra/research/regional/regional20001001a.html (1055 words)

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