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Topic: Indian Intercourse Act

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	Indian Intercourse Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indian Intercourse Acts were several acts passed by the United States Congress regulating commerce between American Indians and non-Indians and restricting travel by non-Indians onto Indian land.
		The acts generally expired and were renewed every two years until March 30, 1802, when a permanent act was passed.
		This land was described as being "…all that part of the United States west of the Mississippi and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas…" This is the land that became known as Indian Territory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_Intercourse_Act (197 words)

	Chronicles of Oklahoma
		Laws were adopted by the Indians in council to prevent the introduction and sale of whisky in their country; and in 1849 a petition was circulated and signed by many people praying the Texas legislature to prevent the sale of whisky by citizens of that state to members of the Choctaw tribe.
		An important Indian council in the summer of 1843 at Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee Nation, was attended by representatives of eighteen western tribes of Indians.
		Congress provided for this in an act that permitted the admission to the Union of a new state to be formed of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory combined, with a number of conditions, including a provision that the constitution should prohibit for twenty-one years the introduction of liquor into the new state.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /chronicles/v012/v012p133.html (3008 words)

	Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
		The idea behind the act was to lure the nomadic hunting tribes away from their communal village existence and to encourage a sedentary, rural agricultural life on separate allotments.
		This Act, which authorized the formation of the state of Kansas, explicitly states that the establishment of the state would not be construed to extend state jurisdiction over Indians of the Kansas territory or to impair the rights of Indians on their property in the territory.
		This act was designed to maximize tribal jurisdiction and to reduce the exercise of state jurisdiction in child custody or adoption proceedings involving Indian children who are tribal members or eligible for membership in a tribe.
	www.pbpindiantribe.com /crtcase.htm (2996 words)

	The Intercourse Act of 1834, and Progress of the Indian Tribes-1908-OK history
		This act is best described as the "intercourse act" since it regulated the relations which were thenceforward, with occasional amendment, to subsist between the legal residents of the Indian country and the surrounding states and territories.
		Among other provisions of this act were those concerning the licensing (for a not longer period than three years) of all persons engaged in trade in the Indian country, and the regulation of intercourse with the Indians, including fine and removal of all persons unauthorized to reside in the country.
		By act of June 30, 1834, a superintendent of Indian affairs for the Indian country west of the Mississippi was created with residence at St. Louis.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/historical/ok_10.htm (3706 words)

	A Fragment of Kansas Land History: The Disposal of the Christian Indian Tract by Paul W. Gates, Kansas Historical ...
		Efforts to enforce the intercourse act by expelling the intruders and punishing those violating section 12 of the act were largely fruitless.
		It was contrary to the intercourse act; it did not adequately compensate the Indians for their land; and it created a new problem as to the future policy to be followed towards the Christian Indians.
		The Indian agents who were seeking to expel squatters from the Kansas half-breed lands found that Isaacs, then attorney general, was actually opposing their efforts by advising the squatters to remain on the tracts, and maintaining that they had a right to settle upon the lands.-Geo.
	www.kshs.org /publicat/khq/1937/37_3_gates.htm (5710 words)

	Virginia's First People - Past and Present - History Today
		The Virginia Council on Indians is an advisory board to the Governor and the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
		The Chickahominy Indians Eastern Division was formally recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1983.
		The Pamunkey Indians were the most powerful of the tribes in the great Powhatan paramount chiefdom, which consisted of approximately 35 tribes with an estimated population of 10,000 people under the leadership of Chief Powhatan.
	virginiaindians.pwnet.org /history/today.php (3199 words)

	AllRefer.com - Indian Territory (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Indian Territory, in U.S. history, name applied to the country set aside for Native Americans by the Indian Intercourse Act (1834).
		The Indian Territory included present-day Oklahoma N and E of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska; the lands were delimited in 1854, however, by the creation of the Kansas and Nebraska territories.
		With the opening of W Oklahoma to whites in 1889 the way was prepared for the extinction of the territory, achieved in 1907 with the entrance of Oklahoma into the Union.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/IndianTe.html (279 words)

	Indianz.Com Message Board - Right of ways
		Indian lands not transferred to the federal government under treaty became known as Indian reservations.
		The unspoken premise of the proponents of the study is that removing tribal consent from the rights-of-way equation is a legitimate objective and an appropriate exercise of Congress.
		In one sense, Indian tribes welcome the section 1813 study because we know it will show Congress and the American people that for years, Indian lands were seriously undervalued by the federal trustee when it controlled the granting of rights of way.
	www.indianz.com /board/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=20177 (1388 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This Congressional Act authorized the President to allot portions of certain reservation land to individual Indians - 160 acres to each head of family and 80 acres to others - to establish private farms, and authorized the Secretary of Interior to negotiate with the tribes for purchasing "excess" lands for non-Indian settlement.
		Indians were to select their own lands, but if they failed to do so, the Indian agent would select land for them.
		In sum, Indian tribes still possess those aspects of sovereignty not withdrawn by treaty or statute, or by implication as a necessary result of their dependent status." In short, Indian nations were sovereign, but such sovereignty was limited and subject to Congressional whim.
	www.humboldt.edu /~go1/kellogg/Chrono.html (6619 words)

	Ex Parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556, 3 S.Ct. 396, 27 L.Ed. 1030 (1883)
		And the president, on advising with the commissioner of Indian affairs, shall prescribe rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper.
		The Indians, parties to this agreement, do hereby solemnly pledge themselves, individually and collectively, to observe each and all of the stipulations herein contained; to select allotments of land as soon as possible after their removal to their permanent home, and to use their best efforts to learn to cultivate the same.
		That this legislation could constitutionally be extended to embrace Indians in the Indian country, by the mere force of a treaty, whenever it operates of itself, without the aid of any legislative provision, was decided by this court in the case of U.S. v.
	www.utulsa.edu /law/classes/rice/USSCT_Cases/EX_PARTE_CROW_DOG_1883.HTM (2159 words)

	Permanent Indian Frontier
		Many white settlers tried to make peace and coexist with the Indians, but in the end the quest for land, power, and wealth was too great and the Indians were forced to leave their homes.
		The Intercourse Act of 1834 attempted to control the removal and gave a location for the Indian lands, “that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the states of Missouri, Louisiana, or the Territory of Arkansas.”
		One was to maintain peace between the Indian tribes and the white settlers by providing a military presence along the military road between Osage land and the state of Missouri.
	www.nps.gov /fosc/pif.htm (812 words)

	indians.html
		This Congressional Act divided Indian land into two territories in what is currently the state of Oklahoma: the Territory of Oklahoma in western Oklahoma was opened up to non-Indian settlement; and the Indian Territory in eastern Oklahoma was retained for continued Indian settlement.
		The Court ruled that Indian were neither US citizens, nor independent nations, but rather were "domestic dependent nations" whose relationship to the US "resembles that of a ward to his guardian." Thus, Indian nations did not possess all the attributes of sovereignty that the word "nation" usually implies.
		All surviving Indians had been forced onto reservations or lived on allotted lands where they were expected to shed their "Indianness" and become civilized, Christianized, and Anglicized.
	www.humboldt.edu /~go1/hist110/unit3/indians.html (2242 words)

	ICT [2005/10/20] Coulter: Equal justice under law - except for Indians? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Cayuga Indian Nation had to wait more than 185 years to be allowed to bring its historic land claim lawsuit, and for 25 years thereafter litigated to gain some redress for the illegal taking of its lands by the state of New York.
		The law declared transactions that violate the act to be of ''no validity in law or equity'' and forbade all transfers of Indian land without the federal government's approval.
		But Indian lands continued to be sold away by unauthorized individuals in nefarious transactions; and the Six Nations, weakened by the economic desperation and political oppression that followed the Revolutionary War, were unable to resist the greed for their lands.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096411770 (1056 words)

	Indian Tribal Sovereignty: It's Alive
		The method of dealing with Indian by treaty was abandoned with the passage of the Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871.
		Indian people have often found that when courts speak to protect their interested the courts are not always heeded.
		Indian tribes have been uniformly held to possess sovereign immunity, in the sense that they are immune from suit in the absence of express congressional waiver of such immunity.
	www.airpi.org /pubs/leventhl.html (5510 words)

	NIGA RESOURCE LIBRARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While Indian gaming may now be considered a sexy, even glamorous topic, American Indian history and Federal Indian policy should never be reduced to a plot line, and questions of American Indian identity should not be addressed through fictionalized dialogue.
		Indian gaming has helped re-vitalize the economy for entire the state of Connecticut and has had a ripple effect throughout the region.
		The American Indian Chicago Conference of 1961 was composed of representatives of some of these communities; their Declaration of Indian Purpose was presented to President Kennedy at the White House in 1962.
	www.indiangaming.org /library/articles/novel-attack.shtml (3464 words)

	Onondaga - Indian Law Resource Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Under the terms of the Constitution and the Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790 and its subsequent re-enactments, no "purchase, grant, lease or other conveyance of land" from an Indian nation is valid without the participation and approval of the United States Congress.
		Several other Indian nations in the eastern United States have filed similar land cases, seeking to win recognition of their titles to lands taken by various states in violation of the Trade and Intercourse Acts.
		In a 1985 decision on an Oneida Nation land rights suit brought under the Trade and Intercourse Acts, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of Indian nations to sue in federal court for the recovery of lands and damages.
	www.indianlaw.org /onondaga.html (1661 words)

	Program 8: People of the Dawn \| MPBN'sHOME: The Story of Maine
		The United States Congress, in 1790 passed the Indian Non-Intercourse Act prohibiting all Indian land transactions that did not have the federal government's approval.
		The Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1790, since amended reflected the federal commitment to protecting tribes' treaty lands and the early federal assertion of legislative primacy over transactions with tribes.
		The Indian Non-Intercourse Act declared invalid any "purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands" from any Indian tribe or nation unless properly approved by the United States.
	www.mpbc.org /homestom/p8nonintercourse.html (322 words)

	The Avalon Project : Statutes of the United States Concerning Native Americans
		The said superintendents, and persons by them licensed as aforesaid, shall be governed in all things touching the said trade and intercourse, by such rules and regulations as the President shall prescribe.
		And no other person shall be permitted to carry on any trade or intercourse with the Indians without such license as aforesaid No license shall be granted for a longer term than two years.
		And be it further enacted, That this act shall be in force for the term of two years, and from thence to the end of the next session of Congress, and no longer.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/statutes/native/na024.htm (158 words)

	The Indian Civil Rights Act
		II. The Government of the United States has failed to provide for Indians living on reservations guarantees of those fundamental rights it is obliged to secure for all U. citizens living on territory controlled by the United States and under the laws of the United States.
		A. In abandoning by act of Congress individual U. citizens to the indeterminate control of tribal governments without recourse to federal courts of judicature the United States thereby fails to provide the just constitutional claims for which all citizens may pray.
		B. A comprehensive guarantee of the natural and civil rights of American citizens of Indian descent demands that we resolve the constitutional ambiguity in the relation between individual Indians, their tribal governments, and the government of the United States; such a resolution will embrace the either/or choice of full sovereignty or citizenship.
	www.msu.edu /~allenwi/reports/Indian_Civil_Rights_Act.htm (2700 words)

	Non-State War: The War Against The Plains Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 forbade the intrusion of unauthorized white men
		Indians were to live close to white men, they must abandon their own way of life
		Indian nations, the Teton Sioux or Teton Dakotas.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/AMH/XIX/PlainsIndians.htm (3630 words)

	Indian Removal Act
		The land given to the Native Americans in Oklahoma was known as the Indian Territory.
		An Act to provide for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi.
		To these districts the Indians are removed at the expense of the United States, and with certain supplies of clothing, arms, ammunition, and other indispensable articles; they are also furnished gratuitously with provisions for the period of a year after their arrival at their new homes.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /WWindianremove.htm (1505 words)

	SparkNotes: The Constitution (1781–1815): Washington’s Troubles at Home and Abroad: 1790–1796
		By the end of the eighteenth century, relations between settlers and Native Americans, who were angry that they received no compensation for their lands, were tense.
		In 1790, Congress passed the first of the Indian Intercourse Acts to resolve the situation peacefully.
		These acts stipulated that the United States would regulate all trade with Native Americans and that it would acquire new lands in the West only via official treaties.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/american/constitution/section5.rhtml (1161 words)

	Northwest Ordinance (1787) and Trade and Intercourse Act (1790)
		...(t)he utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress.
		(N)o person shall be permitted to carry on any trade or intercourse with the Indian tribes, without a license of that purpose under the hand and seal of.
		(N)o sale of lands made by any Indians, or any nation or tribe of Indians within the United States, shall be valid to any person or persons, or to any state.
	www.swarthmore.edu /Humanities/kjohnso1/interc.html (167 words)

	SCORE History/Social Science: Browse Lessons by Grades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Anthony Wayne's victory against the Indians at Fallen Timbers led to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which opened the Northwest Territory to white settlement.
		President Jefferson retaliates by establishing the Embargo Act and the Non-Intercourse Act.
		Description: By the terms of the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, Indian land could be acquired by the United States only when ceded by treaty.
	score.rims.k12.ca.us /lessons/grades/?u=106 (906 words)

	Indian Territory — Infoplease.com
		The paradox of freedom: tribal sovereignty and emancipation during the reconstruction of Indian territory.(Native American slaveowners......
		Murderers all: the treatment of Indian defendants in Arizona Territory, 1880-1912.
		No Indians allowed on Aboriginal territory at Sun Peaks by order of the government of British Columbia.(INDIAN COUNTRY)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0825124.html (355 words)

	Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790
		An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse With the Indian Tribes (1790)
		And no other person shall be permitted to carry on any trade or intercourse with the Indians without such license as aforesaid.
		No license shall be granted for a longer term than two years.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mjdennis/courses/hist469_trade.htm (147 words)

	The First Americans and Their Descendants
		The “Indian Question: From Reservation to Reorganization
		Wounded Knee: The Significance of the Frontier in Indian History
		Francis Anasa Walter, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
	www.shsu.edu /~his_bxp/INDIANS.htm (109 words)

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