Indian astronomy - Factbites

Indian astronomy - Factbites
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Topic: Indian astronomy

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	Research
		Team Leader for the Indian Team to the 9th International Astronomy Olympiad, Ukraine, 2004, All 4 students got GOld medals and 1 got Bronze, India came 1st for the 3rd year.
		Team Leader for Indian Team to the 5th International Astronomy Olympiad, SAO Russia, October 20 to 27, 2000.
		Team Leader for Indian Team to the 4th International Astronomy Olympiad, Crimea Ukraine, September 25 to October 2, 1999.
	www.tifr.res.in /~vahia/research.html

	Search India - Indian Science and Technology Overview, Planetariums and Research Centers
		Indian Astronomy- Developments in astronomy from Jantar Mantar to Kavalur
		Indian Astronomy- Research article on origin of Sun& other planets
		Indian Science Congress Association - Promotes the cause of science in India
	www.searchindia.com /search/Science/index1.shtml

	History & info - Indian calendars
		Indian astronomy underwent a general reform in the first few centuries C.E., as advances in Babylonian and Greek astronomy became known.
		The history of calendars in India is a remarkably complex subject owing to the continuity of Indian civilization and to the diversity of cultural influences.
		Each year during Kartik Purnima, which is the full moon in the Indian calendar month of Kartika, thousands of Rajputs lead their camels across the desert to the town of Pushkar for the annual camel fair.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-indian.html (1211 words)

	Indo-Greek Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. Indian astronomy is widely acknowledged to be derived from the Alexandrian school, and its technical nomenclature is essentially Greek: "The Yavanas are barbarians, yet the science of astronomy originated with them and for this they must be reverenced like gods" (The Gargi-Samhita).
		Indian Museum in Calcutta), represents a foreign soldier with the curly hair of a Greek and the royal headband with flowing ends of a Greek king.
		The Majjhima Nikaya explains that in the lands of the Yavanas and Kambojas, in contrast with the numerous Indian casts, there were only two classes of people, Aryas and Dasas (masters and slaves).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Indian (1211 words)

	archaeoastronomy ancient astronomy
		__ "In India the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C." You will find an overview of ancient Indian astronomy, glossaries and links to other areas of ancient Indian technology.
		Archaeogeodesy, by combining fundamental astronomy, geodetic knowledge, applied mathematics, accurate positional data and archaeology, presents a methodology for investigating the placements, interrelationships, spatial properties, arrangements and architecture of prehistoric sites and monuments." There is a great deal of information here.
		"Archaeogeodesy can be defined as that area of study encompassing prehistoric and ancient place determination, point positioning, navigation (on land or water), astronomy, geodynamic phenomena, and measure and representation of the earth.
	www.archaeolink.com /archaeoastronomy.htm (1211 words)

	HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA
		Astronomy was then interwoven with astrology and since ancient times Indians have involved the planets (called Grahas) with the determination of human fortunes.
		In Indian languages, the science of Astronomy is today called Khagola-shastra.
		Astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginnings of history.
	www.hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/india_contribution/astro.html (1044 words)

	Calendars and their History
		Indian astronomy underwent a general reform in the first few centuries A.D., as advances in Babylonian and Greek astronomy became known.
		The history of calendars in India is a remarkably complex subject owing to the continuity of Indian civilization and to the diversity of cultural influences.
		Tabulations of the religious holidays are prepared by the India Meteorological Department and published annually in The Indian Astronomical Ephemeris.
	astro.nmsu.edu /~lhuber/leaphist.html (1044 words)

	Astronomy Olympiad
		Given below is the list of the winners of the 4th Indian Astronomy Olympiad who will represent India at the International Astronomy Olympiad in Russia from October 22 to 29, 2002.
		Following Pune students have been selected for the Fourth Indian Astronomy Olympiad Camp to be held during May 14 - 29, 2002 at Nehru Science Centre:
		For the first time, there are 2 girls in the team.
	www.iucaa.ernet.in /~scipop/iao.html (1044 words)

	Pune lads star at astronomy Olympiad
		Impossible as it may sound to many, but not to the five-member team of young Indian lads, including two from Pune, who walked off with one gold and four bronze medals at the third International Astronomy Olympiad that concluded in Russia on October 26.
		Varun attributed his success to his school which runs an astronomy club and his deep interest in the subject.
		Four of the five students and two team leaders were sponsored by ASI, with financial support from Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19981030/30352224.html (1044 words)

	International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: India
		Research programmes in space sciences are undertaken in the disciplines of astronomy and astrophysics, planetary and space sciences, Earth sciences, theoretical physics, laser physics and quantum optics.
		Indian space capabilities are available to international customers through the Antrix Corporation of DOS.
		IRS-P3, launched in March 1996, carries an X-ray astronomy payload.
	www.oosa.unvienna.org /natact/2000/india.html (1044 words)

	Indian National Science Academy History of Science
		Abraham, George, “The Gnomon in Early Indian Astronomy,” 16.2 (1981) 215-18.
		K., “Evaluation of the Accuracy of Measurements in Indian Astronomy – 1: Samanta Chandrasekhara,” 31.3 (1996) 281-89.
		H., “The Concepts of Generation, Reproduction, Evolution and Human Development as found in the Writings of Indian (Hindu) Scholars during the early Period (upto 1200 A.D.) of Indian History,” BNISI, 21 (1963) 206-25.
	www.insaindia.org /History/comijhs2.htm (1044 words)

	APS Publications
		Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic and Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu and Muslim observers, and produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.
		Arising in the first decades of the twentieth century, the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements came into existence in Britain in an era of social and political unrest and were initially the center of intense controversy.
		Through the years, Guiding and Scouting broke down class, race, and gender distinctions and helped youth cope with an emerging mass culture and allowed boys and girls to stretch gender and generational boundaries.
	www.aps-pub.com /inprint.htm (9074 words)

	Science Journal Winter 2005 Eberly College of Science
		This prize is named in memory of Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, who established the Indian Statistical Institute and was an Honorary President of the International Statistical Institute.
		Rao also was awarded the 2003 Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal by the Indian National Science Academy.
		Brandt was recognized with the award for his outstanding contributions to X-ray astronomy.
	www.science.psu.edu /journal/Winter2005/HonorisWin05.htm (4815 words)

	Articles - Science and technology in ancient India
		Ancient Indiaâs contributions in the field of astronomy are well known and well documented and earliest references to astronomy are found in the Rig Veda, which are dated 2000 BC.
		Geometrical theories and pattern were not unknown to ancient Indians and find display in motifs on temple walls, which are in many cases replete with mix of floral and geometric patterns.
		Algebric theories, as also other mathematical concepts, which were in circulation in ancient India, were collected and further developed by Aryabhatta, an Indian mathematician, who lived in the 5th century, in the city of Patna, then called Pataliputra.
	www.xclimbing.net /articles/Ancient_Indian_science_and_technology (4815 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		A particularly important development in the history of Indian science that was to have a profound impact on all mathematical treatises that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		The science of astronomy was also spurred by the need to have accurate calendars and a better understanding of climate and rainfall patterns for timely sowing and choice of crops.
		Records of the Indian origin of many proofs, concepts and formulations were obscured in the later centuries, but the enormous contributions of Indian mathematics was generously acknowledged by several important Arabic and Persian scholars, especially in Spain.
	india_resource.tripod.com /mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory, by James Q. Jacobs
		Indian astronomy utilized a prime meridian, situated at Ujjain.
		Archaeogeodesy, by combining fundamental astronomy, geodetic knowledge, applied mathematics, accurate positional data, and archaeology, presents a methodology for investigating the placements, interrelationships, spatial properties, arrangements, and architecture of prehistoric sites and monuments.
		The length of an arc of meridian and of longitude are variable functions of latitude due to the oblate ellipsoidal shape of the geoid.
	www.jqjacobs.net /astro/aegeo.html (2887 words)

	Indian Numerals
		He also wrote a lot of texts devoted to certain aspects of Indian astronomy and mathematics, which were of particular interest to him.
		The Brahmi numerals were the first to be found.
		His most famous work is the book 'India', which is a direct result of the studies he made while he was in the country.
	everyschool.org /u/logan/culturalmath/inumerals.html (471 words)

	Nothing at Last - Indian Mathematics
		Indians loved astronomy, like the Greeks, and Indians had rope stretchers, like the Egyptians.
		Check which other mathematical systems influenced Indian mathematics.
		The Indians understood the interplay of numbers in a new way and recognized the existence of negative numbers for the first time.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_35_197.html (471 words)

	Ancient Indian History: Philosophy, Development, Scientific Method, Ethics, Culture, Religion
		Because astronomy required extremely complicated mathematical equations, ancient Indians also made significant advances in mathematics.
		Indian mathematicians were also the first to invent the concept of abstract infinite numbers - numbers that can only be represented through abstract mathematical formulations such as infinite series - geometric or arithmetic.
		Contrary to the popular perception that Indian civilization has been largely concerned with the affairs of the spirit and "after-life", India's historical record suggests that some of the greatest Indian minds were much more concerned with developing philosophical paradigms that were grounded in reality.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/scienceh.htm (471 words)

	Indian numerals
		In particular his account of Indian astronomy and mathematics is a valuable contribution to the study of the history of Indian science.
		All that we know is that the place-value system of the Indians, however it arose, was transmitted to the Arabs and later into Europe to have, in the words of Laplace, profound importance on the development of mathematics.
		We now turn to the second aspect of the Indian number system which we want to examine in this article, namely the fact that it was a place-value system with the numerals standing for different values depending on their position relative to the other numerals.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html (2571 words)

	Indian mathematics references
		R C Gupta, Indian mathematics and astronomy in the eleventh century Spain, Ganita Bharati 2 (3-4) (1980), 53-57.
		R Rashed, Indian mathematics in Arabic, in The intersection of history and mathematics (Basel, 1994), 143-148.
		A I Volodarskii, Indian mathematics and al-Biruni (Russian), in History and methodology of the natural sciences XX (Moscow, 1978), 49-57.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /HistTopics/References/Indian_mathematics.html (444 words)

	Months in the Hindu Calendar
		Further indian astronomy is based on 9 planets and sun including moon, even though the calendar is based on moon.
		Even though the months are same some most Indians start Indian new year with Holi and some with Deepawali.
		Since the calendar is based on the phases of the moon, the twelve as above take 354 days, 8 hours and 34.28 seconds.
	www.geocities.com /dipalsarvesh/calendarlunar.html (444 words)

	Mathematics in Ancient India -- Bibliography
		Mathematics, astronomy, and biology in Indian tradition: some conceptual preliminaries.
		"Indian Infinites-- The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics by George Gheverghese Joseph".
		New Delhi: Indian Institute of Astronomical and Sanskrit Research, 1968.
	homepage.mac.com /binsk/reports/indiamath/biblio.html (269 words)

	Re: [HM] Indian astronomy and mathematics by Chris Linton
		Al-Farghani's textbook on Ptolemaic astronomy (in its original Arabic and then in Latin translation) was the primary medium by which knowledge of Ptolemy's work spread until the 16th century.
		The _Sphere_ of Johannes de Sacrobosco (13th century) and the _New Theories of the Planets_ by Peurbach (15th century) were both extremely influential and both described the Ptolemaic system of the world as originally set out in the _Planetary Hypotheses_.
		Thus while the _Almagest_ can be read nowadays without reference to a physical system, this was not how it was read by astronomers before Copernicus.
	mathforum.org /epigone/historia_matematica/pawesming/a04301410b4d32c52cdb8@%5b158.125.33.26%5d (269 words)

	Indian Astronomy : From Jantar-Mantar to Kavalur
		Another Indian astronomer who made use of Arabic/Persian knowledge was Kamalakara (b.1658 A.D.), who wrote a big treatise on astronomy called Siddhanta-Tatva-Viveka.
		The earliest evidence of Arabic/Persian influence on Indian astronomy is of the second half of the fourteenth century.
		The Indian astronomer Chintamani Raghunathachari, who was head-assistant at the Madras observatory, discovered a new variable star R. Reticuli in the southern sky in 1867.
	www.vigyanprasar.com /dream/dec99/article1.htm (269 words)

	Kumar's curriculum on Ancient Indian Science
		This was the oral, poetic tradition of Indian thought, whose greatest purveyor in astronomy and mathematics was Aryabhata I (b.
		This method was replaced by Indian mathematicians with another system that used the half chord of an arc, known today as the "sine" of an angle.
		The present proposal is to seek funds to prepare several modules that will be used to teach the Indian civilization component of the course.
	www.infinityfoundation.com /kumargrant.htm (269 words)

	Astrology vs. Astronomy
		In astronomy, the zodiac is a 8°-wide belt in the of the sky that is centered on the ecliptic.
		Astronomy is the science that deals with the material universe beyond the earth.
		Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac and Vedic (Indian) astrology uses the sidereal zodiac.
	www.deepermind.com /48Astrology.htm (1808 words)

	Syrian Numerals vs. the East Indian !!
		Since the Arabs or “so-called Syrian/Syriac people” were pioneers in Astronomy and Cartography (mapping of terrain), many Geographical works by Ptolemy were revised to take into account of more recent “at that time” findings of the Arabs and to include settlements which did not exist in Ptolemy’s time.
		763-809), Caliph of Baghdad, scholars were gathered from every civilized country of the near east and the eastern Mediterranean, and as a result mathematical and technical works were exchanged.
		The Arabic numbers “so-called Syrian/Syriac numerals” spread in that part of the world and Europe by the Arabic center of sciences established in Baghdad.
	www.ssnp.com /cforum/_c-disc1/00000016.htm (295 words)

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In the News (Tue 22 Dec 09)