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	The Hindu : Kerala / Kozhikode News : Folklore seminar in October
		KOZHIKODE: `Folklore and discourse of marginalised' will be the central theme of a seminar that is being organised as part of the 28th edition of Indian Folklore Congress.
		The sub-themes of the programme cover a variety of topics that are considered as pressing issues in folklore as a discipline in general and Indian folklore studies in particular, Raghavan Payyanad, the head of Folklore Studies Project, said on Monday.
		As a result, folklore is considered as a channellised expression of the respective political system in which there is a centre where all powers are concentrated and most of the folks are marginalised and regulated by the centre," he added.
	www.hindu.com /2005/06/07/stories/2005060712030300.htm (309 words)

	Cultural Heritage of India: Arts, music, dance, theatre, cusine, fashion, literature and folklore
		Indian art is an art of social, political and religious influences which changed with evolving civilizations in all areas of artistic expressions.
		Indian tradition of theatre is rich and evolved with the ancient rituals and seasons of the country.
		Indian dance is a blend of Nirtta (the rythemic movement of the body without any expression of emotion), Nirtya (the combination of rhythm with expression through eyes, hands and facial movements) and Natya (the dramatic element).
	www.indtravel.com /welcome/culture.html (1748 words)

	Folklore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular population, a part of the Oral tradition or oral history of a particular culture.
		The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological goals; only in the 20th century did ethnographers begin to attempt to record folklore objectively.
		In mathematics and some related disciplines, the term folklore is used to refer to any result in a field of study which is widely known by practioners of that field, but considered too trivial or unoriginal to be worth publishing by itself in the research literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Folklore (658 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Northeast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 27th session of the Indian Folklore Congress, which was held in GU from January 31 to February 2, was a virtual melting pot of folklorists from all over the country.
		The meet was organised by the folklore research department, GU, in collaboration with the Central Institute Of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore, Indian Council for Historical Research, Delhi, Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra, Guwahati, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, Calcutta.
		Folklore and folklife (including traditional arts, beliefs, traditional ways of work and leisure, adornment and celebrations) are cultural ways in which a group maintains a shared way of life.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1050214/asp/northeast/story_4371137.asp (970 words)

	Folklore of India Information
		The folklore of India compasses the folklore of the nation of India and the Indian subcontinent.
		However, folklore as currently understood goes beyond religious or supernatural beliefs and practices, and compasses the entire body of social tradition whose chief vehicle of transmission is oral or outside institutional channels.
		The scientific study of folklore, at least under that name, was slow to begin: early collectors felt far freer to creatively reinterpret source material, and collected their material with a view to the picturesque rather than the representative.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Folklore_of_India (780 words)

	Folklore: An Axis Jump: British Colonialism in the Oral Folk Narratives of Nineteenth-Century India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The scholarship of Indian folklore since its beginning in the mid-nineteenth century has proceeded on the basis of perceptions from the British side of the colonial axis.
		The history of folklore research has shown that, since the inception of the science, the definition of "folklore" flows from the scholar's definition of "folk," and that folklore collections cannot be defined only by what they include, but have to be defined also by what they exclude (Naithani 1996, 75).
		British collectors of Indian folklore were also administrators, and their narrators were their colonial subjects; their folklore collections had intentional, incidental and potential administrative implications.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2386/is_2_112/ai_79548471 (1338 words)

	Asian Folklore Studies: Banana republics and V.I. degrees: rethinking Indian folklore in a postcolonial world.@ ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The tendency of folklore scholars to ignore changes in folklore that arise due to outside influences such as colonial powers or modernization should be discarded.
		By studying the effects of such outside influences upon the traditional folklore of a place it is possible to trace changes in worldview.
		This is not to say that all folklore should be studied as reflecting political ideologies.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:14042663&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (232 words)

	Indian folklore -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Folklore in India paints pictures of piety, valour, gods and goddesses.
		The traditions go back into antiquity.The stories were first passed down by the Oral tradition, handed down from father to son, mother to daughter and grandparents to grandchildren and so on.
		The folklore traditions of (A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947) India are rich and varied each region having its own ethos.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/indian_folklore.htm (111 words)

	folklore_studies.html
		Near the far south end of the Indian sub-continent, in a region considered by many to be one of the richest folklore areas in Tamil Nadu, is St. Xavier’s College (in Palayamkottai, near the city of Tirunelveli).
		Folklore in the Soviet Union proceeds from the problems of social order, from the understanding of the tremendously effective role of folklore, which in one way or another shapes the consciousness of the people and either contributes to the growth of socialist construction or hinders it.
		Many Tamil folklore scholars, even today, feel their primary mission is to advise the Indian government regarding how to best manage the folklore-producing people, and also how to use folklore-related material for the education of the Indian people in general.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~emiller/TamilFolkloreStudies.html (12102 words)

	Unity in Folklore
		Folklore and anthropology had defined themselves in such opposition by this time, that each tended to concentrate, as Singer noted, on particular aspects of a performance: oral texts in the case of the former, social function in the case of the latter.
		Thus, during this period, the study of Indian folklore was studied in structural and institutional terms, without much regard for the detailed historical and thematic considerations (historical reconstruction and dissemination) encouraged at the time by folklorists.
		In fact, at Indian folklore conferences many participants, coming as they do from departments of literature, wax eloquently on the distinctive beauty of folk expression, even to the extent of using the podium as a stage for their own performance of it.
	class.csueastbay.edu /anthropology/claus/AIISfolk.htm (7655 words)

	[No title]
		Folklore is a multidisciplinary field of study concerned with the documentation and analysis of verbal, customary, musical, material, and performance traditions, primarily as they are practiced within cultures, but also as they are revived, modified, even invented by artists, educators, entrepreneurs, activists, communities, and states.
		The purpose of the certificate is to acquaint students with the nature of folklore, its study, its public presentation, and its relations to a range of human experiences, intellectual currents, and professional endeavors.
		Surveys folklore in the United States and around the world, with a comparative emphasis on ways in which individuals and groups use beliefs, songs, stories, sayings, dances, festivals, and artifacts to address issues of identity, authenticity, and authority, in complex societies.
	www.wisc.edu /pubs/ug/10lettsci/depts/folklore.html (2147 words)

	McCracken, Gary F., 1993. Folklore and the Origin of Bats . BATS. Vol 11, No 4:11-13.
		In a Creek Indian variation of this tale, the bat first asks to play with the birds but is rejected by them and accepted by the animals' team.
		Folklore from Fiji, in the South Pacific, tells us that flying foxes originated when a rat stole the wings of a heron, while another Fijian tale relates that it was the rat that first had wings while flying foxes walked on four legs.
		A Pomo Indian myth tells of a bat that could swallow obsidian and then spit out perfect arrowheads, perhaps a reference to the prominent noseleaf of the California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus) found in their area.
	www.batcon.org /batsmag/v11n4-4.html (1579 words)

	The history of the Cherokee Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Cherokee Indians were one of the largest of five Native American tribes who settled in the American Southeast portion of the country.
		Despite popular folklore, the Cherokee actually lived in cabins made of logs instead of the stereotypical tee pee.
		Today, the largest population of Cherokee Indians live in the state of Oklahoma, where there are three federally recognized Cherokee communities with thousands of residents.
	www.indians.org /articles/cherokee-indians.html (307 words)

	Indian summer
		"Indian summer" is the commonly used meteorological term for abnormally warm weather in mid- or late autumn with generally clear skies, sunny, hazy days, and cool nights.
		According to New England Native American folklore, Indian summer is sent on a southwest wind from the spirit Countantowit.
		Indian summer is an example of a weather "singularity"-- a characteristic meteorological condition that recurs on or near a specific calendar date.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/1999/oct99/insummer.htm (1427 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala / Kozhikode News : Folklore seminar in October (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		KOZHIKODE: `Folklore and discourse of marginalised' will be the central theme of a seminar that is being organised as part of the 28th edition of Indian Folklore Congress.
		The sub-themes of the programme cover a variety of topics that are considered as pressing issues in folklore as a discipline in general and Indian folklore studies in particular, Raghavan Payyanad, the head of Folklore Studies Project, said on Monday.
		As a result, folklore is considered as a channellised expression of the respective political system in which there is a centre where all powers are concentrated and most of the folks are marginalised and regulated by the centre," he added.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2005/06/07/stories/2005060712030300.htm (309 words)

	editorial
		Although folkloric processes of communication and community continue to operate wherever people live, in the West most of the traditional folk storytelling and theatre forms long ago were separated from ritual, and vanished.
		The fact that so much traditional folklore -- and oral-centric culture in general -- continues to live here in Asia is a great stimulant and advantage for Asian Folklore scholars, who are living in the midst of the activity, and who have the linguistic and other cultural knowledge necessary to investigate it.
		Folklore scholars have the potential to be invaluable conflict resolution facilitators on these teams, as we know and have appreciation for both the language of the folk, and the language of institutions.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~emiller/editorial_a.html (3264 words)

	Centre for Folk Culture Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Indian folk culture is a fascinating area of study owing to its multi-cultural and pluralistic composition.
		In the context of Indian folk, myths are integral part of cultural metaphors and hence, enacted periodically for propagation of social identities.
		Course Description: Primarily, folklore is private when intimately shared by groups in informal setting as artistic communication, but it is also most public of activities when used by groups to symbolise their identity to others.
	www.uohyd.ernet.in /sss/cfolkculture/folk_cul.htm (4493 words)

	The Bigfoot
		Among many Indians tribes in North America, as widely separated at the Hopi, the Sioux, the Iroquois, and the Northern Athabascan, Bigfoot is seen more as a sort of supernatural or spirit being, whose appearance to humans is always meant to convey some kind of message.
		The Algonquin Indians of the northern forests have a legend about Witiko (or Windigo) who are human transformed into cannibalistic monsters because they have tasted human flesh in time of starvation.
		The Salish Indian tribe of British Columbia in Canada call the creature "Sasquatch" meaning ‘wild man of the woods.’ Among the legends are the stories of the "giant men" of the Mount Shasta and the "stick men" of the Washington Mountains.
	cryptozoo.monstrous.com /the_bigfoot.htm (1767 words)

	Trolls. (from folklore) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		In later folklore, trolls often appear as human-sized or as elves that are similar to the Irish leprechauns, the delightful cobblers and...
		Although they arose primarily out of oral traditions, their influence has become so great in written literature—and hence in the presentations of motion pictures, television, and the stage—that they will continue to be a part...
		In a number of ways it was connected with the religion of the Indians, and there is no sharp dividing line between their religious myths and their folktales.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-200911?tocId=200911&ct=null (745 words)

	The Questia Online Library
		IN their introduction to the volume, Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India (1986), Stuart Blackburn and A. Ramanujan surveyed the history of folklore studies in India and suggested avenues for future research.
		folklore must be studied in all its forms, we should not neglect the most contemporary.
		On the other, I examine actual folklore texts that have crept into the written record, as well as ones that I have gathered both as a trained collector and as a member of various Indian folk groups.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=5000190353 (630 words)

	California Folklore Society
		He believed deeply that folklore is a pervasive, integral, and significant aspect of social existence and that its documentation and study can provide important insights into the essence and dynamics of culture and human behavior.
		An equally fallacious view,” he continues, “is that folklore was produced by a folk in the hoary past and that folklore still extant today consists solely of fragmentary survivals.
		The waning of excitement about structural studies of folklore, which Alan initiated in the United States, and the aversion to psychoanalytically-oriented interpretations of folklore, which he so vigorously championed and defended, are disappointing.
	westernfolklore.org /AlanDundesTribute.htm (2358 words)

	May I Suggest ... : ICT [2006/07/12]
		Te Ata turned to the role that was working for her, that she seemed to have been born for: the role of an Indian folklore dramatist.
		As an Indian folklore artist, she testified to vestiges of Indianness that white folks found appealing even at the high tide of the American century, when racism toward brown-skinned peoples was obligatory in almost every cultural expression.
		And she uplifted Indian people in enduring ways throughout a career that reached from the 1920s, when Indian traditional ceremonies were banned outright, to the termination era and on into the 1970s.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096413298 (1424 words)

	Folklore and Folktales of Nepal, Tibet and India
		Indian Fairy Tales is an exciting and entertaining collection of stories, full of the colour and enchantment of India.
		There are often striking similarities between Indian tales and the tales of European myth and legend, with the Indian fairy tale characters often having close counterparts in Western traditional tales.
		Limbu Folklore is a firsthand study of the traditions and culture of one of the many ethnic groups that constitute the Nepali nation.
	www.pilgrimsbooks.com /folklore.html (3384 words)

	Indian Dances
		The Indian dances are based on Hinduism and specifically, Shiva Nataraja, "the Lord of the Dance".
		One example of Indian folklore is the Ramayana, a story of a man named Rama who slays a demon named Ravan.
		Indian dance is a complicated art that will always continue to entertain.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/India/04/trenkel/trenkelbach.htm (941 words)

	Journal of Folklore Research - Book Notes
		While the first part of the book is mainly dedicated to the ancient roots of Indian folklore, the second part discusses the changing functions of traditional narratives.
		"Folklore in Modern India" is a rich book that presents a variety of topics, as well as a number of approaches to the folkloric genres and traditions of this subcontinent.
		The book should interest not only specialists in Indian folklore but also other readers who want to know more about the diachronic and synchronic dimensions of oral traditions on a global scale.
	iupjournals.org /folklore/book/handoo.html (618 words)

	Sherman Alexie, Indian Killer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Marie is a young Indian activist who shuns her family on the reservation and devotes her time to helping feed the homeless Indians in Seattle.
		Outraged by Jack Wilson, a white mystery writer who claims he is part Indian, Marie encourages her classmates to stop perpetuating misbeliefs about Indians and Indian culture.
		Indian folklore also plays a large role in the story, with many of the scenes (espcially between John and the priest) taking on mythic proportions.
	www.rambles.net /alexie_indian.html (459 words)

	Indian Folklore Epics: Kannada
		The study of folklore is such a fascinating exercise in India because folklore is still living and functional in India.
		There is so much of language-and-culture specific folklore in India that sometimes, the very vastness and variety of it could be baffling, making it almost impossible for one to indulge in any kind of generalisations.
		In short, Indian folk epics seek to a) legitimise the existing rituals and practices of the community, and b) formally approve and thereby preserve the names of all the important people and places revered by the particular community.
	members.cox.net /folklore (959 words)

	Mythology & Folklore of America: Indian History
		There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not consider them to be folklore, such as riddles, children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors, gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-cycle rituals.
		Folklore is the body of verbal expressive culture, including tales, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs current among a particular population, comprising the oral tradition of that culture, subculture, or group.
		The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological goals; only in the 20th century did ethnographers begin to attempt to record folklore without overt political goals.
	truelegends.info /sayville/folklore.htm (2113 words)

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