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	Indian logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indian logic stands as one of the three original traditions of logic, alongside the Greek and Chinese traditions.
		The Rig-Veda (10.129), during the 2nd millenium BCE, suggests the beginnings of the representation of reality in terms of various logical divisions that were later represented formally as the four circles of catuskoti: "A", "not A", "A and not A", and "not A and not not A".
		The Navya-Nyāya or Neo-Logical darśana (school) of Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century CE by the philosopher Gangeśa Upādhyāya of Mithila.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_logic (894 words)

	Indian Philosophy
		Indian philosophy, expressed in the Indo-European language of Sanskrit, comprises many diverse schools of thought and perspectives and includes a substantial body of intellectual debate and argumentation among the various views.
		Indian philosophy of the later classical and modern periods (1200 to present) may be distinguished from most Indian religious and spiritual thought.
		As a whole, Indian philosophic reasoning and reflection advanced—both in overall sophistication of argument and in the volume and scope of new texts—by the gradual effort of numerous authors.
	www.ron-turner.com /indianphilosophy.html (3019 words)

	Indian Logic and Ontology. Bibliography: More advanced readings
		In Indian philosophy in general and in Navya-nyaya in particular, theories of meaning of sentences are regarded as a part of theories of origin of true cognition.
		The second part analyzes the differences between Indian and Western conceptions of fallacy and deals with the question whether the Indian account of the "Hetvabhasas" is totally devoid of the notion of formal fallacy as it is understood in the West.
		The concept of paksa is used ambiguously in Indian logic, where it denotes either the term whose property is the sadhya, or the relation between that term and the sadhya.
	www.formalontology.it /indian-philosophy-3.htm (8716 words)

	Indian Logic and Ontology. A survey of Contemporary Readings
		Indian philosophy is marked, in this respect, by a striking breadth of outlook which only testifies of its unflinching devotion to the search for truth.
		If Indian philosophy is once more to revive and continue its great career, it can do so only by taking into consideration the new ideas of life and reality which have been flowing into India from the West and the East, from the Aryan, the Semitic and the Mongolian sources.
		The history of Indian logic covers at least 23 centuries, and the number of works by Indian logicians, published and unpublished, is vast.
	www.formalontology.it /indian-philosophy.htm (2056 words)

	Supreme Court v. elliptical logic : ICT [2005/04/08]
		On the one hand, there is a case to be made that elliptical logic - a style of formal discussion that relies on omitting stubbornly contrary factors - isn't really logic at all because it doesn't follow the causal links that characterize that discipline.
		The ellipsis in the tribe's logic was that from then to now, non-Indian communities had established themselves on tribal land and developed their own set of expectations - expectations that didn't include a tribal restoration (a case of elliptical logic in its own right, one might think).
		By judging Indian cases according to the full record of an infamous history, the high court escapes the burden of justice.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096410715 (715 words)

	The Indian-Jaina Dialectic of Syadvad
		The fifth category of knowledge in Jaina logic predicates the existence of indetermination (which we may perhaps interpret, in modern language, as the assertion of the existence of a probability field).
		Being non-being and indefinite, the three categories of logic, are all equally available in some sense or other in all their permutations for any and every kind of judgement.
		"Logic has to work upon the data of experience and is as much an instrument as experience is." "Pure logic, prior to and independent of experience, is a blind guide to the determination of truth.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/firstep-2/indianjaina-1-1.htm (2031 words)

	FIRST INDIAN CONFERENCE
		Logic grew in India as an independent discipline for over 3000 years from the tradition of Vadavidya, a discipline dealing with debate over various philosophical and moral issues.
		Logic was also used for reasoning in the context of medical diagnosis as in Caraka Samhita (c.
		Although there was no ‘renaissance’ in Indian Logic, but the study of the four pramanas forms the core of the modern Indian logic (Navya-nyaya) as in Gangesa’s (c.
	www.unipune.ernet.in /PHSc/report_conference.htm (728 words)

	Indian Logic Forum :: View topic - Indian Logic Forum - About
		Indian Logic Forum (IFL) is a place for Indologists, philosophers, and logicians - academics, independent scholars, IT/KM professionals, translators and publishers alike - to share information on Indian Logic and all related fields of Indian cultural, religious, and intellectual traditions.
		Bimal Krishna Matilal to Indian Logic and Epistemology.
		Of course, modern logical tools with all of their power can be applied to the Indian argument form, but that is a different project from attempting to understand how the historical figures who established the field were themselves reasoning.
	nyaya.darsana.org /post1.html (1410 words)

	PREKSHADHYAN - Acharya Mahapargya
		The corpus of Indian logic is nourished by the two and contains specific contributions of individual schools as well as a general advancement achieved in common.
		An important contribution of Jaina logic to indian thought is the classification of the valid organs of knowledge (pramana).
		In the entire range of Indian logic it is indeed the Jaina tradition that is the chief and the earliest upholder of omniscience.
	www.terapanth.com /impressions/CONTRIBUTION_OF_JAINISM.htm (3923 words)

	Indian Doctrines of the Philosophy of Language .:: Institut Français de Pondichéry ::. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Indian Doctrines of the Philosophy of Language.:: Institut Français de Pondichéry ::.
		The data is obtained from various texts pertaining to the schools of Logic, Grammar, Hermeneutics, Theology, Literary criticism, as well as Buddhism and written in a very cryptic style in the time span of the last two and half millennia.
		Under the project entitled An Inquiry into Indian Theories of Verbal Cognition consisting of four volumes, the present one is the second in the series.
	www.ifpindia.org /Indian-Doctrines-of-the-Philosophy-of-Language.html (559 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> Traditional, Indian and Buddhist Logic
		Logic is based on the human brain, and we are all pretty much endowed with the same brain structures.
		Yet, many attempts have been made to show that Indian Logic is also susceptible to formalization, to mention the studies of Randle and Ingalls in the 50 and 60-ies.
		The main difference between the Aristotelean and Indian logic is that the latter is a localization logic, exploiting to the extreme the category of locus.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=288 (3818 words)

	Jaina philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		Epistemology and logic are closely linked in the Indian tradition because logical issues are largely associated with problems related to inference which, in turn, is regarded as a means or instrument of knowledge.
		The occupation with abstract, logical ideas related to inference was the favourite topic of the Nyāya school, particularly in its Navya-Nyāya form, which flourished between about the thirteenth and the seventeenth century.
		The history of Indian logic can be traced back at least to pre-Christian works on Indian medicine in which physicians are advised to know about a long list of categories, epistemological and logical, when participating in public debates.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/F005SECT2 (1022 words)

	The Indian-Jaina Dialectic of Syadvad
		This unity of being and non-being, or rather of self-being and negation of other-being, is beyond the reach of logical concepts, and hence, of linguistic symbols, which are but the vehicles of such concepts.
		Used in a purely qualitative sense, the fourth category of predication in Jaina logic corresponds precisely to the meaning of probability which covers the possibility of (a) something existing, (b) something not-existing, and (c) sometimes existing and sometimes not-existing.
		At the same time it is of interest to note that 1500 or 2500 years ago syadvada seems to have given the logical back-ground of statistical theory in a qualitative form.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/firstep-2/indianjaina-1-2.htm (1840 words)

	ICT Statement : ICT [2006/10/02]
		A former Indian Country Today reporter has made public claims about the operation of this newspaper that misstate how our editorial process is conducted.
		It is important that folks think about what is real about Indian Country Today, what the newspaper has stood for, the battles it has fought, the battles that it still needs to fight.
		The logic of Indian Country Today as a newspaper is to present the best and most important stories and perspectives of Indian people and Indian country.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096413774 (504 words)

	History of logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particular, one of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic.
		Aristotle's examination of the syllogism bears interesting comparison with the Indian schema of inference and the less rigid Chinese discussion.
		The work of Greek-influenced Islamic philosophers were crucial in the reception of Greek logic in medieval Europe, and the commentaries on the Organon by Averroes, as well as the works of Avicenna who often corrected Aristotle, played a central role in the subsequent medieval European logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_logic (1587 words)

	Jewish Logic
		If these principles were rules of logic, and if they were indeed as ancient as alleged, then the Jewish people had a functioning logic theory long before the Greeks (whose known written work in the field started around the 4th century BCE).
		What makes us, however, class it as good logic, or logic in the sense of a scientific thought process, is our ability to demonstrate its universal validity.
		The role played by Jewish translators in logic history should also be mentioned; they helped to revive interest in Aristotelean logic, bridging the contemporary Moslem and Christian cultures[15].
	www.thelogician.net /3_judaic_logic/3_jewish.htm (3623 words)

	INDOlink - Religion & Spirituality - The Spirit Of Indian Philosophy
		The philosophies of Naiyaya (Logical relation) Vaisesiki (Realistic pluralism), Samkha (Evolutionary Dualism), Yoga (Discipline of Meditation), Purva Mimamsa (Investigation of Vedas of early period), and Uttar Mimansa (Vedas in the later stage and the Vedantic period) are six great schools of thought.
		The revival of Indian consciousness, of the greatness of its own philosophy of its glorious past as of today can now be witnessed after fifty years of Indian freedom Among the modern thinkers Dr. Radha Krishna and Yogi Aurobindo occupy unique place.
		The Indian philosophy ‘ was regarded as the goal of all the highest practical and theoretical activities and it indicated the point of unity amidst all the apparent diversities which the complex growth of culture over a vast area inhabited by different peoples produced.
	www.indolink.com /displayArticleS.php?id=022205064142 (2114 words)

	The Nature of Inference in Hindu Logic (1895): by S. N. Gupta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		According to British logicians generally, Logic is the doctrine of Inference, and the end of Logic is the attainment of truth by thought, i.e.
		In the opinion of English logicians in general this cannot be the form of the conclusion, which, inasmuch as it is a judgment, must always be stated in the form of a proposition consisting of the Subject, the Predicate, and the Copula expressing the relation between the Subject and the Predicate.
		And gradually the study of Logic came to mean the study of a few selected portions of Ganges’ work with commentaries on them, till at last the study of Logic has been confined to that portion of Ganges’ work which treats of Inference.
	fair-use.org /mind/1895/04/the-nature-of-inference-in-hindu-logic (6348 words)

	Sanskrit Knowledge-Systems Project-Papers
		Theory and Method in Indian Intellectual History (papers of the EPHE seminar, Paris, June 2004), Journal of Indian Philosophy, forthcoming.
		Tubb examines the remarkable confrontation with European knowledge in the exact sciences at the Jaipur court in the early eighteenth-century, when orthodox beliefs were consciously abandoned in the face of new paradigms.
		This idea of "newness" was certainly modelled on that of the already well-established school of "New Logic" (Navya Nyaya) which had existed at least since the thirteenth century, and was in part founded on the application in new areas of the precise formal and definitional techniques devised by the new logicians.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers (3493 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum
		He theorised on the means of acquiring true knowledge, and the school came to be known as Navya Nyaya.
		Gangesha’s contribution is unique, and we can compare it to the development of modern logic in the West that is exemplified in the work of Boole, Frege, Russell.
		It was a golden period of Indian logic.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2006/20061119/spectrum/main2.htm (556 words)

	netsutra.com
		What distinguishes the text is its graded step-by-step approach to the subject, with informal logic forming the basis and Symbolic logic and Inductive logic forming the more advanced steps.
		The book also uses a hands-on approach to teaching of logic to induce self-learning, as shown in sections such as on how to create a truth table or a truth tree, on providing strategic tips for formal derivations, and on how to approach symbolization in predicate logic.
		The Appendices on relevant topics, including Indian logic and the nature of inference in Indian logic, are designed to create greater awareness about the extent and depth of the field among students.
	www.netsutra.com /books/bookdetail.php?isbn=81-203-2855-8 (220 words)

	DAWN - Letters; May 28, 2002
		THE Indians should realize that we are under the same threat as they are and the best way to resolve the problem of terrorism is through cooperation rather than suspicion.
		THERE is something terribly wrong with the Indian logic in the current standoff.
		Indian leaders seem to have forgotten that Pakistan is not the only country that has a border with India.
	www.dawn.com /2002/05/28/letted.htm (2832 words)

	plc programmable logic controls programable controller indian factory automation
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	geocities.com /smxplc (1039 words)

	NIAS:June 12, 19, 3-lectures on Indian Logic and Epistemology(fwd) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Three lectures on Indian Logic and Epistemology Three lectures on Saturday afternoons from 2.30 to 5.30 p.m.
		As is well known, Indian logical traditions have rich thematic and philosophical content.
		Indian epistemology, dominantly the pramana theory, also deals with issues that are important and relevant to modern epistemology.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /mails/1086591183.html (184 words)

	forum.DaoIsOpen.com - Indian Logic
		Posted - 08/25/2006 : 06:13:21 AM An old Indian chief sat in his hut on the reservation, smoking a
		"When white man found the land, Indians were running it.
		Indian man spent all day hunting and fishing.
	forum.daoisopen.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=852 (125 words)

	Indian Logic Forum :: Index
		Fields of application of Indian logic not covered by the individual forums.
		The logical doctrine of Lokayata as pronounced by the simhanada of Jayarasi Bhatta.
		Logical paradigms in the theory of literature, music, dance, and Indian poetics.
	nyaya.darsana.org (499 words)

	The Advaita Vedânta Home Page - Indian Philosophies
		The heterodox Indian schools explicitly reject the claim of the vedas to being an independently valid source of knowledge about dharma and moksha.
		Thus, the validity of the veda is dependent on the validity of their logical analysis.
		This is a logical fallacy committed by most theologians, and is not acceptable to the mImAm.sA and vedAnta schools of thought.
	www.advaita-vedanta.org /avhp/ind-phil.html (1374 words)

	Modern english translation of Jeev Samas of Shatkhandagam
		This series is meant to put together the elements of logic and the related original material that developed during the last 3000 years on the Indian subcontinent.
		Except in the first and the last volume little attempt is made to bring in the modern perspective.
		Elements of Indian Logic : Nay to Nyay(a)
	www.hira-pub.org (216 words)

	Act Systems & Services » Blog Archive » Indian Philosophy - A Small Look (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Indian Philosophy, along with Chinese philosophy, one of the foremost Eastern traditions of abstract inquiry.
		(The Sanskrit word buddha means awakened.) Buddhists have contributed significant ideas in epistemology and metaphysics to Indian philosophy, and have exerted a complex influence on its overall history.
		This entry was posted on Wednesday, November 30th, 2005 at 11:50 am and is filed under Uncategorized.
	stuff.infoact.net /?p=12 (3049 words)

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