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	Indian Mathematics
		This text bridged the gap between the earlier Jaina mathematics and the 'Classical period' of Indian mathematics, though the authorship of this text is unknown.
		Although earlier Indian mathematics was also very significant, this period saw great mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Mahavira and Bhaskara give a broader and clearer shape to almost all the branches of mathematics.
		Moving on from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to ''treat their limit passage to infinity'', which is considered to be the essence of modern classical analysis, and thus he is considered the father of Mathematical Analysis.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Indian_mathematics (6042 words)

	Indian mathematics
		We shall examine the contributions of Indian mathematics in this article, but before looking at this contribution in more detail we should say clearly that the "huge debt" is the beautiful number system invented by the Indians on which much of mathematical development has rested.
		Histories of Indian mathematics used to begin by describing the geometry contained in the Sulbasutras but research into the history of Indian mathematics has shown that the essentials of this geometry were older being contained in the altar constructions described in the Vedic mythology text the Shatapatha Brahmana and the Taittiriya Samhita.
		The mathematics contained in the these texts is studied in some detail in the separate article on the Sulbasutras.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Indian_mathematics.html (3631 words)

	Mathematics - MSN Encarta
		Mathematics in India was largely a tool for astronomy, yet Indian mathematicians discovered a number of important concepts.
		Their mathematical masterpieces and those of the Greeks were translated into Arabic in centers of Islamic learning, where mathematical discoveries continued during the period known in the West as the Middle Ages.
		Islamic mathematics also served religion in that it proved useful in dividing inheritances according to Islamic law; in predicting the time of the new moon, when the next month began; and in determining the direction to Mecca for the orientation of mosques and of daily prayers, which were delivered facing Mecca.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578291_7/Mathematics.html (1298 words)

	Mathematics in Ancient India - Crystalinks
		Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root.
		The success of Indian mathematics was mainly due to the fact that Indians had a clear conception of the abstract number as distinct from the numerical quantity of objects or spatial extension."
		Thus Indians could take their mathematical concepts to an abstract plane and with the aid of a simple numerical notation devise a rudimentary algebra as against the Greeks or the ancient Egyptians who due to their concern with the immediate measurement of physical objects remained confined to Mensuration and Geometry.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiamathematics.html (1955 words)

	Journal of American Indian Education-Arizona State University
		Mathematics as a technical language is not, nor has it ever been, the exclusive domain of the English language.
		According to Green (1978), factors related to the mathematics education of American Indians that must be considered include math avoidance, differences in perceived utility, distinguishing nuances of meaning in the English language, second language development, and mathematics vocabulary in the American Indian language.
		We can refer to a 'mathematics register', in the sense of the meanings that belong to the language of mathematics (the mathematical use of natural language, that is: not mathematics itself), and that a language must express if it is being used for mathematical purposes.
	jaie.asu.edu /v24/V24S3lan.html (2855 words)

	Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians and Astronomers,
		A particularly important development in the history of Indian science that was to have a profound impact on all mathematical treatises that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.
		G G Joseph, in The crest of the peacock argues that the algebraic nature of Indian mathematics arises as a consequence of the structure of the Sanskrit language.
		Records of the Indian origin of many proofs, concepts and formulations were obscured in the later centuries, but the enormous contributions of Indian mathematics was generously acknowledged by several important Arabic and Persian scholars, especially in Spain.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm (4603 words)

	Indian National Science Academy - Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Keeping this in view, the importance and impact of electronic publishing aids in Science and Academy’s mandate of promoting and publishing scientific knowledge, the INSA being a premier scientific body took the initiative to propose a project on "Building Digital Resources: Creating facilities at INSA for hosting S & T Journals Online". more...
		Indian National Science Academy plays a crucial role in promoting, recognizing and rewarding excellence.
		Another important task is to publish journals, organize scientific discussions and bring out proceedings and monographs.
	www.insa.ac.in (249 words)

	Indian mathematics Summary
		One of the biggest contributions of Indian mathematics is the modern arithmetic and decimal notation of numbers used universally throughout the world (known as the Hindu-Arabic numerals).
		The Bakhshali Manuscript is a text that bridged the gap between the earlier Jaina mathematics and the 'Classical period' of Indian mathematics, though the authorship of this text is unknown.
		Moving on from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit passage to infinity, which is considered to be the essence of modern classical analysis, and thus he is considered the father of mathematical analysis.
	www.bookrags.com /Indian_mathematics (7153 words)

	Indian Maths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Actually, we are presenting to you the Indian encoding of the enigmatic number 'PI' up to 32 decimal places in the form of a shloka !
		It is this simplicity of Indian Mathematics that we would like to introduce you to.
		We are going to present to you some of the basic techniques where you can experience the power of Indian Mathematics.
	cs.annauniv.edu /insight/insight/maths/index.htm (202 words)

	Mathematics Tips - Mathematics news and articles - Home
		Prof V.K. Gurtu (66), a retired pro¬fessor and former head of the mathematics department at Laxminarayan Institute of Tech¬nology, Nagpur, India has claimed to have given two solu¬tions to Fermat’s Last Theorem (FLT).
		This later came to be known as the “Historic Marginal Note (HMN) by Fermat.” The proposition, exponded there became famous as the “Fermat’s Last Theorom.” Here, you may like to know that the theorem was not the last, to be conjectured by Fermat, but the last to be proved.
		Fermat's Last Theorem became one of the most famous theorems in the history of mathematics.
	mathematics.science-tips.org (638 words)

	Mathematics HQ : Indian Mathematics
		Science in India: History of mathematics: Indian Mathematicians...
		Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta - who modelled the solarsystem, Bhaskar, Varahamira, and others who made important contributions in the...
		Mathematics HQ excludes all liability of any kind (including negligence) in respect of any third party information or other material made available on, or which can be accessed using, this Website.
	mathematicshq.com /indianmathematics/index.php (711 words)

	Vedic Mathematicians in ancient India PartI
		Unfortunately, Indian contributions have not been given due acknowledgement in modern history, with many discoveries/inventions by Indian mathematicians now attributed to their western counterparts, due to Eurocentrism.
		Some allege that calculus and other mathematics of India were transmitted to Europe through the trade route from Kerala by traders and Jesuit missionaries.
		Histories of Indian mathematics used to begin by describing the geometry contained in the Sulvasutras but research into the history of Indian mathematics has shown that the essentials of this geometry were older being contained in the altar constructions described in the Vedic mythology text the Shatapatha Brahmana and the Taittiriya Samhita.
	kosal.us /Mathematics/MathPartI.htm (3190 words)

	Improving Mathematics and Science Instruction for LEP Middle and High School Students
		They found both in the literature and in their own research that when teachers of mathematics and science respect and are knowledgeable of their students' native culture and emphasize writing and other language activities, American Indian students perform better and have a better understanding of mathematics and science.
		Davison and Schindler explored the relationship between the acquisition of mathematics concepts in the English language and in the Crow language and documented the existence and use of mathematics vocabulary in the Crow language by surveying Crow Indian adults and children from several communities on the reservation.
		The application of native culture situations to the mathematics classroom represents one way of helping native students see relevance of mathematics in their culture, and to use this connection as a means of teaching more mathematics.
	www.ncela.gwu.edu /pubs/symposia/third/reyhner.htm (9367 words)

	Implementation Stories: Indian River, DE
		Indian River School District in Delaware is currently in its third year of implementing the Math Trailblazers curriculum.
		Realizing the complexity of assessing standards-based mathematics curricula, the Mathematics/Science Coordinator suggested that before a choice was made, all teachers be offered a professional development program to familiarize them with standards-based mathematics and with new elementary programs.
		The Mathematics Coordinator demonstrated lessons from the three programs in some of the classrooms of teachers who weren't participating in the pilot test.
	www.comap.com /elementary/projects/arc/stories/IndianRiver.htm (1582 words)

	Indian mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics.
		Aryabhata (476-550) was a resident of Patna in the Indian state of Bihar.
		Some scholars have suggested that calculus and other mathematics of India were transmitted to Europe through the trade route from Kerala by traders and Jesuit missionaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_mathematics (5835 words)

	The Aryabhatiya: Foundations of Indian Mathematics \| Gongol.com
		Indian mathematical works often used word numerals before Aryabhata, but the Aryabhatiya is oldest extant Indian work with alphabet numerals.
		The bulk of the mathematics in the Aryabhatiya is contained in the next part, the Ganitapada or "Mathematics." He begins this section with an invocation and pays lip service to his school, Kusumpara.
		Aryabhata was not the first Indian mathematician to display that he could find square roots - Jain mathematicians had shown great proficiency at this before him - but the Aryabhatiya is the oldest extant work which provides a method for finding square roots.
	www.gongol.com /research/math/aryabhatiya (1815 words)

	¥².The European Middle Ages Mathematics:Dark Ages of Monastic Mathematics
		Gerbert was known to spread indian - arabic number without 0 to Europe and also he was known to make an abacus, a terrestrial globe, a celestial globe and watch and establish the first school at France in Europe.
		Mathematics was for the nobilities so it tended to be games they, specially, expressed mathematics in the form of verse, which brought about despising the strict demonstration and inference.
		Most people dealing with mathematics ub Arebia were astronomers because commerce, administration, measurement, the way of making maps, astronomy and the calendar method were needed to calculate and survey the area of a land.
	library.thinkquest.org /22584/emh1300.htm (1167 words)

	Ancient Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Babylonian mathematics was taught by example, and in word problems; no general algorithms for solving problems were ever given, and the somewhat more advanced concept of symbolic mathematics had not dawned upon them (Melville).
		The mathematics of each period differ, though sources from the Vedic period show more clearly that many fundamentals of mathematics were developed in India (Vasudeo 1).
		Though a slightly incorrect assertion by modern rigorous mathematical standards, the concept is mostly correct, and a similar concept of the infinite is a major part of modern calculus.
	jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu /~blee27/essays/ancient_mathematics.htm (2230 words)

	History of Mathematics - Facets of India : Ancient and Modern
		This proves at that time various mathematical methods were not in concept stage, rather those were getting used in a methodical and expanded manner.
		In fact the clarity and elaboration by which Mathematics is described in Jain literature, indicates the tendency of Jain philosophy to convey the knowledge to the language and level of common people (This is in deviation to the style of Veda which told the facts indirectly).
		Indians used Trignometry in deciding the position, motion et-cetera of the spatial planets.
	www.geocities.com /dipalsarvesh/mathematics.html (3242 words)

	FAQ on Vedic Mathematics
		The ancient vedic Indics were interested in very practical aspects of mathematics, namely the positions of the stars, developing a Panchanga (calendar), ordinary mathematics for everyday use, measurements, such as that of land and weights etc..
		The earliest works on Mathematics by the Vedic savants are recorded in the Sulvasutras, the sacred books of altar construction in the Vedas, in particular the Apastambha Sulvasutra, the Baudhayana Sulvasutra and the Katyayana Sulvasutra (named after the mathematicians who developed the mathematics and wrote the sutras.
		Unfortunately when all the major advancements in science and mathematics were happening in Europe in the 17th and 18th century, India was stagnant, caught in interminable wars and conquests and was finally subjugated by the British.
	www.indicethos.org /Mathematics/FAQmath.html (3915 words)

	INDIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA, ALGORITHM, GEOMETRY, TRIGNOMETRY & MENSURATION) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The fact that this name was chosen for this system of computation implies that it was recognised as a parallel system of computation, different from the conventional one which was used since the past and was till then the only one.
		Th system of mathematics they observed in India was adapted by them and given the name 'Al-Jabr' meaning 'the reunion of broken parts'.
		The Arab scholar Mohammed Ibn Jubair al Battani studied Indian use of ratios from Retha Ganita and introduced them among the Arab scholars like Al Khwarazmi, Washiya and Abe Mashar who incorporated the newly acquired knowledge of algebra and other branches of Indian mathema into the Arab ideas about the subject.
	www.freeindia.org /sudheer/maths.html (2087 words)

	HERE-NOW4U :P. K. Srivatsa :A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CREATIVE EDUCATION THROUGH ANCIENT INDIAN MATHEMATICS - A NEW ...
		Many dread mathematics, because the teachers themselves teach in an unimpressive way and the joy of making learning of mathematics a pleasurable experience is almost lacking.
		The Vedic Seers and Ancient Indian Scientists and Mathematicians perceived mathematics in Nature, in the form of primordial concepts, the different shapes and patterns symbolising the cosmic truths in the Micro and Macro aspects.
		Mathematics was also brought into worship by use of Mantrabandhas which are nothing but mystical geometric diagrams inscribed with digits or cosmic energy capsules (beejaksharas).
	www.here-now4u.de /eng/a_holistic_approach_to_creativ.htm (2904 words)

	Syllabus for "History of Indian Mathematics" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Course Overview: "History of Indian Mathematics" is open (without enrollment limitations) to undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in mathematical ideas and their development, and/or in South Asian intellectual history.
		The course will cover the generation of the major mathematical features that modern mathematics owes to South Asia---the decimal place-value system, the trigonometric functions, and algebra---as well as the Indian forms of those that had a parallel development in the West, such as arithmetic, geometry, combinatorics, and series.
		The ultimate aim of the course is to bridge the gap between the typical approaches to the study of mathematics (which invariably omits consideration of its historical or cultural context) and the study of history (which avoids subject matter that is quantitative or "technical").
	www.brown.edu /Departments/History_Mathematics/hm137syllabus.html (301 words)

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