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	Hindu nationalism Summary
		Hindu nationalism is the political and cultural expression, histriographical and political theories of Indian nationalism distinctive to Hindu society in India, which asserts being Hindu as not merely a religious identity, but a national identity.
		This article endeavors to explore the roots of religious nationalism in the history of India and Hinduism, the political and cultural expression of nationalism of the mainstream Hindu population, as well as fundamentalism and the contemporary revival of Hinduism.
		The main inspiration of Hindu nationalism arises from the glories of the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire, under whom India was politically and military dominant and prosperous, and Hindu religion and culture at its greatest heights.
	www.bookrags.com /Hindu_nationalism (4216 words)

	Perversion Of India's Political Parlance - Chapter 8 - Towards A Language of Indian Nationalism
		A second and supplementary note in the symphony of Indian nationalism is the vast complex of a culture and civilisation created and sustained by the spiritual vision of Sanatana Dharma.
		The national genius and tradition of experimenting with a variety of social and political institutions and cultural patterns should be preserved.
		The basic notes and their implications being clear, it should not be difficult ot develop a language of Indian nationalism such as would not only enshrine India's eternal aspirations but also challenge and defeat the several languages of imperialism which have been ruling the roost for some time.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/pipp/ch8.htm (2469 words)

	Indian nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indian nationalism refers to the consciousness and expression of political, social, religious and ethnic influences that help mould Indian national consciousness.
		Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse.
		Indian armed forces have achieved goals like destroying most tanks in a post World War II battle theatre during battle of Asal Uttar, taking the maximum number of post World War II prisoners of war during the Bangladesh Liberation War and capturing the world's highest battlefield, the Siachen glacier.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_nationalism (4709 words)

	Perversion Of India's Political Parlance - Chapter 8 - Towards A Language of Indian Nationalism
		A language of Indian nationalism has not to be invented or synthesised from a floating mass of syllables.
		A second and supplementary note in the symphony of Indian nationalism is the vast complex of a culture and civilisation created and sustained by the spiritual vision of Sanatana Dharma.
		The basic notes and their implications being clear, it should not be difficult ot develop a language of Indian nationalism such as would not only enshrine India's eternal aspirations but also challenge and defeat the several languages of imperialism which have been ruling the roost for some time.
	www.voiceofdharma.com /books/pipp/ch8.htm (2469 words)

	V.T. Sambanthan fifth president of the MIC
		The ethnicity and sectionalism in Indian society troubled him and this was to influence his later advocacy of racial tolerance, harmony and cooperation in Malayan politics.
		Indian plantation workers, the main group of wage workers in Malaya at the time, experienced enforced segregation because of plantation compound housing.
		Sambanthan served as president of the MIC from1955-71 and was largely responsible for the transformation of the party from an active, political organisation to a conservative, traditional one, emphasising Indian culture, religion and language.
	www.indianmalaysian.com /sambanthan.htm (1673 words)

	Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is a study of the Indian National Congress, the first political association to approach the government of India at an all-India level.
		In the early twentieth century the Indian Congress was split between the ‘Moderates’ and the ‘Extremists’.
		Tilak, Gokhale and the Indian National Congress, 1895 to 1906; 4.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521202590&print=y (272 words)

	Indian Muslim Nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent.
		The Muslim League idea of a Muslim Nationalism encompassing all of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent seemed to lose out to ethnic nationalism in 1971, when East Pakistan, a Bengali dominated province, fought and won its independence from Pakistan, and became the independent country of Bangladesh.
		While many Indian analysts see it as proof positive of the failure of the two-nation concept as purported by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, its formation is more due to socio-economics and political feudalism than a strong desire by the members of the state to step away from the idea of a Muslim homeland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_Muslim_Nationalism (3343 words)

	Indian Muslims and the â€˜mainstreamâ€™ media \| IndianMuslims.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Negative portrayals of Muslims in the â€˜mainstreamâ€™ media reflect, to a large extent, the widely-held assumption that Indian nationalism is somehow synonymous with Brahminical Hinduism, the bedrock of the world-view of the â€˜upperâ€™ castes.
		And today, with the Indian ruling classes, largely â€˜upperâ€™ caste Hindu in composition, slavishly toeing the American line, it is hardly surprising that the tendency to stigmatise Muslims and generalise about them has been given a new, powerful impetus by the â€˜mainstreamâ€™ media.
		By focusing on isolated, sensational events, it is sought to be suggested that Muslims themselves, particularly â€˜obscurantistâ€™ maulvis, are responsible for all their manifold problems, and that the state, the wider society and the structures of caste, class and institutional inequality and discrimination have nothing to do with these whatsoever.
	www.indianmuslims.info /articles/yoginder_sikand/articles/indian_muslims_and_the_mainstream_media.html (1837 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Indian capitalist class, according to the author, post-first world war, emerged not only as an economic category with a growing independent base for capital accumulation, but was also able to organise itself on a nationwide basis as a self conscious “class in itself”.
		In fact, an inability to situate the Indian capitalist class in relation to growing economic nationalism whose origins preceded the formation of the capitalist class as such, is one of the major short-comings of the book, which has ‘making’ of the Indian capitalist class as its title.
		If Indian nationalism had not taken the specific form that it did, the relationship of the capitalist class with the national movement could have been entirely different.
	www.epw.org.in /showArticles.php?root=2003&leaf=12&filename=6611&filetype=html (2932 words)

	OJPCR 3.1 - The Indian National Project: Failures and Successes
		Therefore, this paper argues that Indian nationalism was as striking a failure as it was a success when considering the extent to which post-colonial India brought substantially tolerant equality to its citizenry regarding both civic/political and social/economic human rights.
		Hence, nonwestern Indian nationalism in and of itself was a dichotomously paradoxical and vexing nationalist discourse.
		The Indian male nationalists claimed these Hindu cultural rituals and practices were necessary for the salvation and liberation of the Indian nation and to reestablish India's traditional social identity for the creation of a future Indian state in a post-colonial liberated India.
	www.trinstitute.org /ojpcr/3_1starr.htm (13790 words)

	esamskriti- History Writing and Nationalism
		For all their advocacy of empiricism, the main impulse for these nineteenth-century histories was nationalism, even as the ferment of revolution on the European continent was carving out new nation states from old monarchies and the concept of nations and nationalities was taking a concrete intellectual and social shape.
		Mill was unequivocal about the immorality and despotism of Indian ‘civilization’ and though Islamic civilization was ‘comparatively superior’ to the Hindu, till the arrival of the British India had been ‘condemned to semi-barbarism and the miseries of despotic power’.
		It points to the ‘failure of the Indian bourgeoisie to speak for the nation’, and aims to reveal patterns of domination and subjugation, for ‘there were vast areas in the life consciousness of the people which were never integrated into their [the nationalist elite’s] hegemony.
	www.esamskriti.com /html/readcont_inside.asp?cat=742&subcat=741&cname=history_writing_and_nationalism (3191 words)

	The Rediff On The NeT Special: Sonia=Indian?
		Catholicism is a religion, not a nationality; and India is a nation, not a religion.
		Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism are also different because the former, believing in tolerance, pluralism and multiculturalism, easily incorporates non-Hindu minorities, not questioning their loyalty, but Hindu nationalism argues that religions not born in India -- Islam, Christianity, Judaism etc -- are basically suspect and their practitioners must prove their loyalty.
		She is an Indian -- by her citizenship, by her act of living in India, and by the way she has adopted a new home.
	www.rediff.com /news/1999/apr/21sonia.htm (1248 words)

	The American Muslim (TAM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although these ulama were conservative in religious and social matters, they were unflagging in their commitment to a form of Indian nationalism that transcended religious boundaries.
		This use of religious arguments to advocate the cause of united nationalism is brilliantly illustrated in an essay contained in the booklet penned by a leading Deobandi scholar, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, then rector of the Deoband madrasa and head of the Jami’at ul-’Ulama-i Hind.
		While recognising that the Indian Muslims have a spiritual bond with Muslims elsewhere owing to adherence to a common religion, Madni argues that this does not come in the way of their patriotism.
	theamericanmuslim.org /tam.php/features/articles/islam_and_indian_nationalism/0010346 (1793 words)

	The Joy and Pain of Being an Indian Muslim \| IndianMuslims.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For all Indians the resurgence of India in recent years is an occasion pf pride and joy.
		However it pains Muslims to find that most Muslims continue to be marginalized and stereotyped in India and often suspect in their nationalism, not to mention their utter social, economic and educational backwardness, far in excess of the national average.
		When someone doubts their nationalism or alleges that they may be sympathizers of Pakistan, just because they are Muslims, it causes them a lot of anguish.
	www.indianmuslims.info /articles/kaleem_kawaja/articles/the_joy_and_pain_of_being_an_indian_muslim.html (754 words)

	Perversion Of India's Political Parlance - Chapter 5 - The History of Leftist Language
		Indian people by themselves were incapable of evolving political consciousness, patriotism or nationalism.
		The Non-Coperation movement led by the Mahatma Gandhi was exploitation of the ignorance of the Indian masses.
		Indian nationalism, which remains their topmost target, has to guard against them.
	voi.org /books/pipp/ch5.htm (2110 words)

	note on Chakrabarty, Dipesh, “Subaltern Studies and Postcolonial Historiography”, Nepantla: Views from South 1.1, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The history of Indian nationalism, said Seal (1973, 2), "was the rivalry between Indian and Indian, its relationship with imperialism that of die mutual clinging of two unsteady men of straw."
		Chandra and his colleagues saw Indian history of the colonial period as an epic battle between the forces of nationalism and colonialism….
		In all writings of this kind [ i.e., elitist historiography] the parameters of Indian politics are assumed to he or enunciated as those of the institutions introduced by the British for the government of the country....
	www.houseofdavid.ca /subaltern.htm (853 words)

	Rise of Indian nationalism
		Indians lacked equal job opportunities.They were not allowed to advance to high positions in government service or to become officers in the army.
		Indian lawyers and professionals formed the Indian National Congress.
		Indians protested this action with a boycott of British goods and a series of bombings and shootings.
	www.linkup.au.com /india/rise_of_indian_nationalism.htm (526 words)

	ALLAMA IQBAL- The founder of Muslim politics in the Indian Subcontinent
		By first decade of twentieth century, when Indian National Congress emerged as a political force, Iqbal also joined with political Islamists for political domination of Muslims as they were against a democratic system of governance in the Hindu-majority country.
		The period when freedom movement under Indian National Congress got momentum Iqbal created a vent to this frustration in his presidential narrative in the Allahabad session of Muslim League by expanding the two-nation theory for its logical conclusion.
		He separated nationalism from patriotism and thereby created an intellectual division between the two though both are two sides of the same coin.
	www.saag.org /papers9/paper895.html (3196 words)

	Working Paper from the National Seminar on Nationalism
		The central theme of Indian Nationalism was treated from historical, cultural, traditional as well as educational viewpoints, and this provided a rich variety of presentations and debates.
		It was also noted that the present system of education has failed to inspire such values in students, mainly because of an overburdened syllabus and a dry, mechanical teaching of history in the form of largely irrelevant facts and dates that are forgotten soon after the examinations are over.
		For the purpose, the Central or State Governments should develop well-equipped National Resource Centres in a number of cities, where such material will be available to students, teachers and the general public in print and electronic medium and in the form of permanent exhibitions.
	www.geocities.com /ifihhome/reports/nationalismworkingpaper.html (887 words)

	The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Languages make Indian nationalism unique: theorist
		Ahmad stressed on the uniqueness of Indian nationalism, saying India was perhaps the only nation in the world that had no single language and was at ease with the multiplicity of languages within its boundaries.
		It was this historical context that enabled Indian nationalism, as it emerged during and in contest with British colonialism, to be so plural and inclusive, he said.
		Ahmad said that part of the ambiguity was due to the use of the word `India' to connote both an ancient civilisation and a modern nation.
	www.hindu.com /2004/08/07/stories/2004080708260400.htm (375 words)

	Gandhi and Indian Nationalism - essay titles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Examine the ways in which the British in India claimed to be superior to Indians, and the ways in which Indian nationalists sought to rebut these claims in the late nineteenth century.
		Reading: see ‘Indian nationalism – origins and interpretations.’ Works by Chatterjee, Guha and Kaviraj are particularly important.
		Reading: ‘Indian nationalism –conflicting interpretations.’ You will need to review the mainline Indian nationalist position, the critique of this by the Cambridge School, the Subaltern Studies critique of both of these positions, and look at some more recent critiques of Subaltern Studies.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/arts/history/undergrad/modules/hi161/essays (704 words)

	Indian Nationalism and the Gandhi murders
		Of the three Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated because of Indian nationalism, the other two were assassinated because of regional nationalism.
		These leaders believed that the Indian government would not dare send an army to a holiest place of Sikhs, because of the social consequences this might cause and also because many Indian soldiers belong religiously to the Sikh religion.
		The Tamils at first accepted the Indian army with open hands, but slowly a warfare began between the Indian army and the Tamil rebellions in which many Tamilis died.
	adaniel.tripod.com /Gandhis.htm (466 words)

	Indian nationalism cannot be anti-Hindu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But she has delivered a body blow to the polity at large by projecting the proliferation of mosques and seminaries intended as sanctuaries for ISI's nefarious activities against the Indian State and people, as an issue of the religious freedom of one community.
		It is true that a growing number of citizens feel, quite legitimately in my view, that the nation's foundational ethos should derive from its ancient and living civilization.
		And that is that if India is to survive as a nation, we can no longer endorse a definition of nationalism that is constructed in anti-Hindu terms.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0400/17.html (1173 words)

	Jaswant Singh: A Servant of Indian Nationalism Embraces the Nasdaq Age - Los Angeles Times - September 24, 2000
		Q: Human-rights groups have criticized India for the increasing incidents of violence against minorities, including Christian missionaries, the use of force in Kashmir and Punjab and the growing emphasis on Hindu nationalism in the new school curriculum and the emphasis on one culture, one religion and one identity.
		Q: Indians are contributing an extraordinary percentage of the expertise in developing software programs for U.S. companies, many in California.
		Of the 80 national groupings that constitute the U.S., for last five years, Americans of Indian origin have consistently ranked at the top in education and income.
	www.indianembassy.org /press/interview/jsingh_september_24_2000.htm (1731 words)

	Amardeep Singh: Absolute Borders: Partition, Pluralism, and Indian Nationalism
		Kesavan is pointing to a kind of paradox in the constitution of the Indian state -- it was founded on a principle of pluralism across religious, linguistic, ethnic, and caste differences.
		But once it was defined as such and those borders were consecrated, if you will, in blood during the Partition, the possibility of allowing one or another territory to secede on the basis of ethnic or religious difference became an impossibility.
		Indian nationalism refused the temptation of a single collective identity; as a result, the republic it created had no way of discriminating between borders that were negotiable and those that were written in stone.
	www.lehigh.edu /~amsp/2006/12/absolute-borders-partition-pluralism.html (857 words)

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