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Topic: Indic script

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Brahmic scripts

ISCII

ISO 15919

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Kannada alphabet

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Suzanne Spaak

	ISCII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) is a coding scheme for representing various Indic scripts as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used to depict Romanised Indic languages.
		So ISCII tries to encode the logical structure of the Indic scripts, while script-specific letter shape are expected to be selected by markup or font specification in rich text.
		It is claimed that manually switching between scripts will easily achieve automatic transliteration, though this is not always straightforward as the various Indic scripts have incompatibilities among themselves that prevent round-tripping.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ISCII (260 words)

	Indic script blocks
		Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level.
		The treatment of combining characters in Indic scripts also necessitates the use of context-based rules in the font to ensure the correct positioning and behaviour of displayed glyphs (a glyph being the visual representation of an underlying character).
		Where scripts use glyphs that hang from the baseline, rather than sitting on the baseline, it is important to ensure that any glyphs from another, intermixed script (eg.
	www.w3.org /2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html (5709 words)

	Devanāgarī - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both are immediate descendants of the Gupta script, ultimately deriving from the Brāhmī script attested from the 3rd century BC; Nagari appeared in approx.
		Nāgarī is in Sanskrit the feminine of nāgara "urban(e)", an adjectival derivative from nagara "city"; the feminine form is used because of its original application to qualify the feminine noun lipi "script" ("urban(e) script", i.e.
		This has led to the establishment of such a close connection between the script and Sanskrit that it is erroneously widely regarded as the Sanskrit script today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Devanagari (1133 words)

	rel.writing.systems
		This script was the ancestor to the all-important Phoenician and Aramaic scripts.
		As shown in Figure 1-3 the Aramaic script was the ancestor of the Indic script (e.g., Gauer 1984; Gelb 1952).
		The Indic script is the ancestor to the Tibetan script, which in turn is the ancestor of the Mongolian script called Paspa, which was used for 100 years in the Middle Ages.
	www.mmtaylor.net /Literacy_Book/DOCS/relwritingsystems.html (595 words)

	introduction to indic scripts
		Most of the Indic examples in the XHTML can be viewed on-screen if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font.
		As with other complex scripts, and unlike text in English, it is common to find situations where there is not a one-to-one mapping of characters to glyphs.
		The first 85 characters in each Unicode block are in the same order and position, on a script by script basis, as the 1988 ISCII characters for the respective script.
	people.w3.org /rishida/scripts/indic-overview (6218 words)

	Script Type Index Of Neographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ubyx - This is an Arabic-type script for an extinct Caucasian language.
		Mannaci - This script could be called a linear Abugida, but it is classified as an Alphabet, despite that the vowel @ (schwa) is inherent in each consonant symbol, unless a vowel symbol follows it.
		rMjun-bsPa - This is a linearized Tibetan-style script.
	www.langmaker.com /db/alp_index_scripttype.htm (2694 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The scrips are all of the same basic type, though with considerable variations.]]} {north-indic, definition, [[The north indic scripts are the scripts derived from the northern branch of Ashokan brahmi.
		These scripts show clear family resemblances.]]} {south-indic, definition, [[The south indic scripts are the scripts derived from the southern branch of Ashokan brahmi.
		It is relatively sparsely attested.]]} {south-iberian, description, [[The script is partly alphabetic and partly syllabic, and its ancestry is unknown, though clearly Greek or Semitic.
	www.ontopia.net /omnigator/docs/i18n.ltm (894 words)

	Challenges in Supporting Indic Scripts in the Solaris Operating System
		The scripts of South and Southeast Asia have many structural similarities: most are phonetic, most are written from left to right, most use spaces or marks between phrases, and so on.
		Unfortunately this is not the case with Indic scripts, where standards either do not exist or are in the process of evolving.
		This is possible because the script reflects the sounds of the individual aksharas, and thus the same phonetic information may be written in different scripts as long as there is a well-defined way to write the aksharas in each script.
	developers.sun.com /dev/gadc/technicalpublications/articles/indic.html (1984 words)

	Multilingual Support in C# (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Script is the writing style of language.For example, English and many western languages are written in Roman Script.
		Arabic Script is written from left to right and characters changes their shape according to the context.
		Arabic Script is written from Right to Left(The rightmost character is first character of string, and leftmost is the last character of string).
	www.c-sharpcorner.com /Code/2002/Jan/MultilingualSupportKS006.asp (587 words)

	U&lc: Upper & lowercase Magazine: 26.1.1 - ITC Fonts - Download PostScript and True Type Fonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Indic scripts are sometimes referred to as alphasyllabic since, although they are alphabetic with distinct signs for consonants and vowels, the basic element of Indic writing is the syllable.
		In some scripts, such as Burmese, a vowel might even be represented by a double sign, which attaches to both the left and right of the modified consonant.
		It is this aspect of Indic scripts that has posed the greatest challenge to typography, and Ross’s book follows the attempts by type founders, both European and Indian, to solve the problem of how to translate the complex Bengali writing tradition into a workable technology for setting type.
	www.itcfonts.com /ulc/article.asp?sec=ulc&issue=26.1.1&art=bengali (1173 words)

	FAQ - Indic Scripts and Languages
		The Bangla "fullstop" is similar to the Devanagari danda (0x0964) both being taken from the Brahmi script, but the corresponding point in the Bengali block at U+09E4 is reserved.
		ISCII was evolved by a standardization committee under the Department of Electronics during 1986-88, and adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in 1991.
		In the Unicode Standard, the sign indicating the absence of an inherent vowel in Indic scripts is denoted by the Sanskrit word virama.
	www.unicode.org /faq/indic.html (3101 words)

	Monotype: Non Latin Font
		Descended from the Indic Brahmi script, Khmer script is known to date back to the 6th century AD.
		The 33 consonants of Khmer script, classified into a first and second series, faithfully reflect their Indic origins rather than the phonology of contemporary Khmer.
		Consequently, Khmer script is a highly redundant alphabet where several consonants can represent the same sound.
	www.monotypefonts.com /Library/Non-Latin-Library.asp?show=info&lan=khmer (204 words)

	Microsoft Windows XP SP2: Indic Language Standards - an Introduction
		Two different scripts are used in India to write in these 18 languages.
		Indic Scripts have been supported by Unicode since its very first version.
		Also a person who has learnt to type in script can type equally fast in another script, since the keys retain their position irrespective of the language.
	bhashaindia.com /MSProducts/XpSp2/Articles/IndicLanguageStandards.aspx (793 words)

	Microsoft Windows XP SP2: Indic Language Standards - an Introduction
		Urdu, Sindhi and Kashmiri are primarily written using Perso-Arabic scripts and the rest of languages are written using scripts that are derived from ancient Brahmi Script.
		Microsoft also supports these scripts by providing Fonts that support these scripts and rendering engine capable of handling layout and display of the complex Indic Script characters.
		The Script used by Indic languages is a Syllabic alphabet representation.
	www.bhashaindia.com /MSProducts/XpSp2/Articles/IndicLanguageStandards.aspx (793 words)

	ISV: Information by Language
		Thai script descended from the Brahmi Indic script through the intermediate descendant, Old Khmer.
		Faithful to the Indic model, the consonants of Thai script all have an inherent vowel.
		Part of the high complexity of Thai script is owed to the excessive number of consonant symbols.
	www.monotypeimaging.com /isv/wt_info.asp?lan=thai&print=true (380 words)

	THDL: Tibetan & Himalayan Scripts
		The Tibetan and Himalayan Scripts page is the central index to all of THDL's resources on the history and contemporary situation of the Tibetan language in all its written forms.
		Central to all of these developments is the scripts of Tibetan, which are the medium enabling the composition, dissemination and reading of all forms of literary Tibetan.
		This site is dedicated to those scripts, and the Tibetan men and women who over the centuries have created, used and read them with passion, intelligence and committment to their own culture and language.
	thdl.org /collections/langling/scripts (425 words)

	ICU Userguide
		Script Transliteration is the general process of converting characters from one script to another.
		For the general script transforms, a common technique for reversibility is to use extra accents to distinguish between letters that may not be otherwise distinguished.
		Transliteration rules in Indic are reversible with the exception of the ZWJ and ZWNJ used to request explicit rendering effects.
	icu.sourceforge.net /userguide/Transform.html (6961 words)

	Introduction to Indic languages : Globalizing your e-business (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For most Indic input mechanisms, keystrokes do not correspond to the basic alphabet of the script, but are designed to ensure that they allow words to display as expected visually.
		For Indic scripts, the text pre-processor and IME reduce a script to its basic parts, and the mapping table allocates the layout to be used for the characters, based on the context in which the characters appear (i.e.
		For input and display mechanisms to address the shaping of Indic characters, a clear description of all possible combinations among the elements of the characters set is required.
	www-306.ibm.com /software/globalization/topics/indic/storage.html (980 words)

	Sustainable Development Networking Programme (SDNP)
		In the Devanagari script, and certain other scripts of the Brahmi family of Indic scripts, a dead consonant may be depicted in the so-called half-form.
		In Indic scripts, certain vowels are depicted using independent letter symbols that stand on their own.
		The name of a sign used in many Indic and other Brahmi-derived scripts to suppress the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is applied, thereby generating a dead consonant.
	www.sdnpbd.org /mother_language_day/terms_glossary.htm (7275 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Bangla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Bangla alphasyllabary is a cursive script with 12 vowel characters and 52 consonant characters.
		With these minor inconsistencies and redundancies, the Bangla script cannot be described as a entirely phonetic.
		This same script, with a few small modifications, is also used for writing Assamese.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Bangla (4688 words)

	ISCII - TheBestLinks.com - ASCII, Transliteration, Unicode, Escape sequence, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) is a coding scheme for representing various Indic scripts.
		By manually switching between scripts, an automatic transliteration is achieved.
		So now there is a series of 128-codepoints-long blocks for Indic scripts.
	www.thebestlinks.com /ISCII.html (200 words)

	OpenType Layout tag registry
		Example: In the Malayalam script (Indic), the conjunct Kla, requires a ligature which is formed using the base glyph Ka and the below-base form of consonant La. This feature can also be used to substitute ligatures formed using base glyphs and below base matras in Indic scripts.
		Used in script typefaces which are designed to have some or all of their glyphs join.
		Example: In the Devanagari (Indic) script, the distance between the vowel sign U and a consonant can be adjusted using this.
	www.eu.microsoft.com /typography/OTSPEC/features_ae.htm (3794 words)

	Unicode Phase 1: The Review
		Most of the Indic scripts of South Asia are derived from Brahmi, known to exist at least from the time of Ashok (3rd century B.C.).
		These scripts have many similarities in structure and he languages written with them can be abstracted to a small number of features and technical solutions applicable to one can often be extended to the others.
		Because scripts may be made up of combinations of letters and of diacritics character names include two special symbols along with the values, the dashed circle and the dashed box.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /SSEAL/SouthAsia/Review.html (5033 words)

	Characters, glyphs, and elements
		A script may be analyzed into a minimal set of elements (vowels, consonants, etc.), such that the linguistic meaning of any text using the script is expressible in terms of these elements.
		For example, in older English spelling the vowels e, æ are contrasting elements of Latin script, but for recent English spelling e, æ are equivalent orthography and æ is not needed as an element.
		In Indic scripts, most glyphs of consonant clusters correspond to several combined Unicode characters, and not to a separate Unicode character.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /stone-catend/trielem.htm (454 words)

	Features: Indic OpenType specification
		When using the MANGAL font to produce illustrations, the "Devanagari" script was active, and the Hindi language was chosen.
		Some illustrations based on the scripts; Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, and Tamil are also included, though these are not a part of the MANGAL font.
		Applications may need to display shaped and positioned clusters for an entire string of text, or for a string of text as it is being typed.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/indicot/features.htm (2014 words)

	Directory - Computers: Software: Globalization: Character Encoding: Indic: Unicode
		Indic Scripts in Unicode · cached · Covers Unicode support for Devanagari, Bengali, Gurumukhi, Gujarati, Tamil and other Indic character sets.
		Indic titles and input using VB6.0 · Source code, binaries, and instructions for software development involving utf-8 encoding with Indic scripts.
		Proposal for Addition of Consonant Base Marker · cached · A proposal to ISO to remove current ambiguities of a grapheme cluster's semantics in various Indic languages.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1169297 (254 words)

	Problems in Indic transliteration
		For special purposes, such as printing particular texts in an Indic script, typographic symbols could, if desired, be given an ad hoc coding outside the standard.
		A special symbol in some Indic scripts is the mystic or sacred syllable OM.
		Vedic works used to be written using three script characters like visarga, all with more than one form in the surface structure [Kittel, 1894].
	homepage.ntlworld.com /stone-catend/tr4.htm (546 words)

	The Indic Fonts HOWTO
		Indic characters can combine or change shape depending on their context.
		This constitutes a many-to-many mapping from keystrokes to glyphs as opposed to a simplistic one-to-one mapping in roman scripts.
		IndiX system uses an OpenType font to render Indic script characters, as it is the most suitable font format for Indic scripts.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /niagara/data/lindoc/Indic-Fonts-HOWTO.xml (5175 words)

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