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Topic: Indigenous Peoples of America

	South America
		The indigenous peoples (aboriginal peoples) of South America are found from the Isthmus of Panama to Tierra del Fuego.
		Since the Spanish conquest indigenous peoples have been used as laborers, poorly paid and lacking political representation; these conditions of semiservitude are changing slowly.
		Sadly, the indigenous peoples of South America continue to be assimilated into white-dominated national cultures as their traditional ways of life and homelands are being destroyed by over-population growth and industrial development.
	www.indigenouspeople.net /americas/southam (0 words)

	Indigenous Peoples, Democracy and Political Participation
		For indigenous peoples, consultation, participation and consensus are of the greatest importance in relation to decision-making - in order that the decision of the majority will prevail as a democratic principle.
		After nearly two centuries in which indigenous peoples were either excluded or marginalized from national politics, new types of indigenous social movements emerged in the 1970s and 1980s.
		Demographic and socio-economic data related to the size of indigenous populations, their locations within countries, the number of people who speak native languages, the names of the tribes and communities, poverty levels and human development indicators, and other relevant information.
	pdba.georgetown.edu /IndigenousPeoples/introduction.html (924 words)

	Mythinglinks: Indigenous Peoples of Latin America: South America
		After that, South America was equally nightmare and ecstatic wonder, snake and magical bird, death and life, breath-stopping constriction and utter freedom.
		From the 1960's onward, I became painfully aware that the habitat of those snakes and birds was being destroyed, mile by mile, inch by inch, as the rain forests vanished along with rare flowers, herbs, trees, and countless species.
		And so, South America remains a place of nightmare for me, not because of the fearsome snakes of my childhood, but because those great, beautiful snakes are now dying along with the indigenous peoples who respect them; also shriveling in the blazing sun are thousands of healing plants and birds and great trees.
	www.mythinglinks.org /ip~southamerica.html (0 words)

	Latin America Reflection
		In various countries of Latin America, the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate have continued to help the indigenous peoples, particularly in evangelization that restores their dignity, respects their cultures and traditions, and in organizing the indigenous masses in various groups and associations to defend their basic human rights.
		In Peru, amid persecution and massacre of the indigenous people by the rebels and the regular army, in the far flung zones of the country, the Oblates have taken their side to help them defend themselves and to denounce the abuses against the victims.
		Together with other missionaries and with the indigenous peoples of Latin America, they affirm gradually and unequivocally the struggle of the indigenous peoples in reclaiming their rights at all levels, especially in the political sphere.
	www.omigen.org /jpic/id80.htm (564 words)

	Indigenous peoples build their own strategy at the fourth Summit of the Americas
		The first summit of indigenous peoples, also sponsored by the Canadian government under the theme ''Indigenous Peoples Connecting to the New Economy,'' took place in Ottawa in March 2001 three weeks before the third Summit of the Americas, held that year in Quebec City.
		Many indigenous organizations from across the continent are in disagreement with the planned official indigenous summit in Buenos Aires, which they see as being manipulated by the Canadian government.
		The pow wow is a folkloric activity and cultural element of the Native peoples of parts of Canada and United States but it is not engaged at all by indigenous peoples in Latin America.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/americas/argentina/3388.html (1126 words)

	Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: The Cases of Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The concept of being indigenous is a relational term, which refers to historical processes of colonization and nation-building, through which their development as peoples has been subordinated to state control.
		Indigenous peoples' fundamental claim is therefore to be recognized as peoples with the right to self-determination.
		The level of recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples is closely linked to the political pressure exercized by indigenous organizations and is therefore a reflection of indigenous peoples' organizational processes.
	www.minorityrights.org /Dev/mrg_dev_title12_LatinAmerica/mrg_dev_title12_LatinAmerica_3.htm (780 words)

	Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta
		During the colonial period in Spanish-speaking Middle and South America, many indigenous peoples came to detest the name indio because it was accompanied by their subjugation and maltreatment at the hands of European conquerors.
		Like their counterparts in North America, the indigenous peoples themselves prefer to be identified by their specific tribal name, such as Huichol, Maya, Ynomamö, or Aymara.
		In fact, the classification of people as indigenous is usually more of a cultural distinction than a biological one, counting only those people who have not yet abandoned their indigenous ways of life.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701509044/Native_Americans_of_Middle_and_South_America.html (1297 words)

	GTZ - Indigenous Peoples in Latin America & the Caribbean
		The indigenous peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean are those sectors of the population which are historically related to the pre-colonial peoples of the American continent, that is to say, the "original inhabitants of the sub-continent".
		These differences are not only the result of diverse definitions of indigenous peoples but are also due to their self-definition and the different methods of population census.
		Coastal and dry regions are also habitats of indigenous peoples such as the Guaraní in the Gran Chaco or the Chachi on the Pacific coast of Ecuador, for example.
	www2.gtz.de /indigenas/english (312 words)

	Press kit: Issues - Racism against Indigenous peoples - World Conference Against Racism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Indigenous leaders today contend that it is essentially discriminatory that native title does not confer the same privileges as ordinary title.
		Among African peoples, there are clearly groups of peoples who have always lived where they are, who have struggled to maintain their culture, their language and their way of life, and who suffer problems similar to those of indigenous peoples everywhere, particularly when forcibly separated from their lands.
		The Imazighen (Berbers) are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa and the Sahel.
	www.un.org /WCAR/e-kit/indigenous.htm (2677 words)

	World Bank report finds little improvement for indigenous people
		Despite their increased political influence, indigenous peoples in Latin America have made little economic and social progress in the last decade and continue to suffer from higher poverty, lower education, and a greater incidence of disease and discrimination than other groups, says a new World Bank study.
		Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America: 1994-2004 considers how social conditions have evolved in the five Latin American countries with the largest indigenous populations (Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru) during the last decade, proclaimed in 1994 by the United Nations as the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
		"Although indigenous people in the region have increased their political power and representation during the last decade, this has not translated into the positive results—in terms of poverty reduction—we had hoped to find when we embarked on this research," said Gillette Hall, World Bank economist and co-author of the study.
	salt.claretianpubs.org /stats/2005/06/sh0506a.html (671 words)

	Latin America's Indigenous Peoples - Finance & Development, December 2005
		This pattern suggests that indigenous peoples may be less affected by macroeconomic trends, whether positive or negative—although evidence from Ecuador suggests that even if the negative impact of a crisis is small for indigenous households, it takes them longer to recover.
		Education is one of the main factors that propel people out of poverty, yet indigenous peoples continue to have fewer years of education than non-indigenous ones.
		Indigenous peoples, especially women and children, continue to have less access to basic health services.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/12/hall.htm (1979 words)

	Observaciones sobre la Declaracion-en-nov-99 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The recognition of legal status in respect of indigenous peoples without observing the applicable formalities would be discriminatory towards the non-indigenous population, who themselves would be required to complete such legal formalities to obtain legal status.
		Paragraph 1 promotes autonomy for indigenous peoples that could give rise to a state within another state, a situation that would certainly affect the rule of law in the states parties.
		Such peoples shall have the right to maintain their own customs and institutions provided they are not incompatible with the fundamental rights defined by the national juridical system or with fundamentally recognized human rights.
	www.summit-americas.org /indigenous/W-Group-Oct99/Guatemala-en.htm (1535 words)

	Arctic Council - Indigenous Peoples' Involvement
		The indigenous peoples considered the Rovaniemi ministerial meeting "historic" since it was the first time that indigenous peoples of the area also participated in the preparatory process of making of an international declaration.
		For indigenous peoples, the AEPS was "a long-awaited step in a mutually beneficial direction." Lynge considered the participation of indigenous peoples important, since "where the indigenous peoples have been displaced or otherwise lost control of their lands, we see that environmental destruction quickly follows."
		Indigenous knowledge is considered to be dependent on the existence of indigenous peoples and their way of life.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /NatResources/Policy/tennberg.html (2737 words)

	Indigenous people in Latin America and the Caribbean
		There are indigenous people in every country in Latin America, with the exception of Uruguay.
		About 90 per cent of indigenous people are sedentary subsistence farmers, descendants of the pre-Columbian Inca, Maya and Aztec peoples.
		Indigenous people often are excluded from development programmes, and they are more vulnerable to poverty than non-indigenous people.
	www.ruralpovertyportal.org /english/regions/americas/ip.htm (281 words)

	Indigenous Peoples Day (Perpetual Multicultural Calendar Software)
		Indigenous Peoples Day is celebrated in order to recognize those who lived on this land before the arrival of Columbus and the ”discovery” of America.
		Indigenous Peoples Day is celebrated on the same day as the traditional Columbus Day.
		Native American activist in the early 1990s thought it was appropriate to also celebrate that Indigenous people are still alive and their cultures are not gone.
	www.calendarmine.com /Holidays/American_IndigenousPeopleDay.asp (234 words)

	Healy: Morales - A historic opening for indigenous peoples of Latin America : ICT [2006/02/02]
		Across the Americas, constitutions gave recognition for the first time in history to the cultural and ethnic diversity of the nations; and in Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia, path-breaking land reform legislation granted indigenous peoples collective rights.
		Moreover, indigenous people's political empowerment was manifest in electoral triumphs for occupying new political spaces as mayors, city council members, national congressmen and senators, and as political appointees as ministers, vice ministers and even diplomats in various countries.
		The latest evidence of this disappointing outcome is a recent World Bank study showing that the indigenous people's standard of living remained the same or worsened during the past decade of economic globalization.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096412385 (1151 words)

	Indigenous Issues - issues on indigenous peoples, rights, and communities
		The authors highlight jobs and income, the distribution of land, access to financial services, access to infrastructure and basic services, and social networks, as key areas in which indigenous peoples are at a disadvantage as compared to the non-indigenous population.
		Latin America is estimated at 28 million, almost 80 percent of whom are reported to be living in poverty.
		Book review: Indigenous people around the world are becoming more interested in information technology because they see it as a way to preserve their traditional cultures for future generations as well as a way to provide their communities with economic and social renewal.
	topics.developmentgateway.org /indigenous (632 words)

	Oxfam America: "A Tapestry Woven from the Vicissitudes of History, Place and Daily Life"
		This book is the product of two years of analysis and reflection about the salient issues facing the indigenous peoples of Latin America, with a focus on the areas of territory, economy, politics, identity, and culture.
		Indigenous peoples in the Americas espouse some of the most visionary concepts of sustainable development.
		Thanks to his dedication and to the support and oversight of an advisory group of South American academics, activists, and indigenous peoples, we are happy to offer these materials to those interested in understanding and better supporting the movements for the rights of indigenous peoples in Latin America in the new millennium.
	www.oxfamamerica.org /contents/art5478.html (373 words)

	Indigenous Peoples (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The majority of these people are the descendants of the great Aztec, Maya and Inca civilizations and today they comprise around 40 million people in the region.
		The consolidation of an inter-cultural dialogue and participation of indigenous peoples in the revision of Bank operations, including CPPRs, CAS and policy documents.
		The hiring of indigenous consultants to assist Bank offices in Ecuador, Guatemala and Honduras on indigenous peoples and gender and natural resource management issues.
	lnweb18.worldbank.org /LAC/LAC.nsf/ECADocByUnid/33B71F7913587EAD85256CFD0062A94C?Opendocument (414 words)

	[No title]
		Consequently, new descriptions of the historical organisation of indigenous societies, as well as indigenous aspirations, are being formulated.
		To indigenous peoples sustainable development means meeting the basic needs for subsistence in partnership with nature.
		UN special investigator Rodolfo Stavenhagen researched the plight of Canada's indigenous peoples on a visit to the country from May 21 to June 4, 2004, at the invitation of the Canadian government.
	www.lycos.com /info/aboriginal-peoples--indigenous-peoples.html (359 words)

	Green Left - VENEZUELA: Indigenous resistance celebrated
		At a meeting in Caracas’s Plaza Bolivar, liberation theologian Roberto Becerra denounced the role of the Spanish conquerors and the Catholic Church in destroying the lives and culture of the indigenous peoples of America.
		The statement resolved to include in the Plan for the Nation 2007-2012 proposals to integrate the rights of indigenous peoples into the national life of Venezuela, which “reflect unity and diversity in construction of socialism of the 21st century”;.
		The resolution also emphasised the need to incorporate indigenous rights into the “co-administration of indigenous habitat and lands, as a mark of the alliance between the people and the government”.
	www.greenleft.org.au /2006/688/35712 (428 words)

	Narco News: Indigenous Peoples: Distinct Paths, Common Quest
		The indigenous peoples of Latin America have spent more than a decade promoting social transformations that overcome racism and exclusion, and that permit them to imagine and construct different manners of coexistence and public regulation.
		He did not clearly commit himself to the goals of his recent allies, the diverse Ecuadorian indigenous peoples organized in the Ecuador Council of Indigenous Nationalities (CONAI, in its Spanish initials) and its plurinational unity movement Pachakutik as its ad hoc political arm to intervene on the formal stage of politics.
		That’s how it is: the indigenous peoples and nationalities of Ecuador, organized in their diverse mosaic of organizations, spoke, applied pressure, mobilized, and, finally, left their alliance with the president behind.
	www.narconews.com /Issue31/article855.html (730 words)

	Technical co-operation - ILO work on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
		The objective of the programme is to contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of indigenous and tribal peoples through demonstrative pilot projects and dissemination of best practices for policy improvement.
		The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) Legal Empowerment of Indigenous Peoples in Central America project was an ILO project, funded by UNFIP, and executed by the ILO (launched in June 1999).
		The Development Objective of the Project was to strengthen the capacity of indigenous peoples and their organizations to secure and defend their legitimate rights within the framework of national legal systems.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/indigenous/assistance/index.htm (463 words)

	Indigenous organizations: rising actors in Latin America
		These threads may be grouped in five main categories: the definition and legal status of what "indigenous" means; land rights and agrarian aspects; the cultural identity of indigenous peoples; their social organization and juridical recognition of their customs, and the participation of their organizations in politics.
		The article concludes that indigenous issues stand at the point of intersection of considerations relating to human rights, democracy, development and the environment.
		It has become increasingly clear that indigenous demands do not only concern the indigenous peoples themselves but involve the whole of national society.
	www.eclac.cl /id.asp?id=20020 (139 words)

	Native Americans of North America - An Encyclopedia Article\| NRCS
		Most scientists agree that the human history of North America began when the ancient ancestors of modern Native Americans made their way across a land bridge that once spanned the Bering Sea and connected northeastern Asia to North America.
		Nevertheless, Native American cultures share certain traits that are common to many indigenous peoples around the world, including strong ties to the land on which they live.
		The indigenous peoples of North America are known by many terms.
	www.nrcs.usda.gov /about/civilrights/Native_Americans.html (728 words)

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